Earth Surface Processes and Landforms最新文献

{"title":"Evolution of a landslide-dammed lake during the Holocene: Records from lacustrine and fan-delta successions in southeastern Tibet","authors":"Anna Yang,&nbsp;Kaiheng Hu,&nbsp;Hao Wang,&nbsp;Weiming Liu,&nbsp;Qiyuan Zhang,&nbsp;Shuang Liu,&nbsp;Hao Li","doi":"10.1002/esp.70104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70104","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Landslide- or glacier-dammed lakes and associated catastrophic outburst floods represent key geomorphological agents in shaping fluvial landscapes in high-altitude, steep mountain environments. Previous studies have reported hundreds of Late Pleistocene moraine/glacier and landslide dams caused by glacier advances or seismic activity across the southeastern Tibetan Plateau, and confirmed that these dammed lakes significantly impeded river incision into the plateau interior. However, comprehensive exploration for geomorphological and sedimentological records documenting the complete evolutionary cycles of such dammed lakes remains scarce. This study identifies a well-preserved lacustrine-fan delta sedimentary succession associated with the Xiaqu dammed lake in the Yigong Tsangpo basin. Through integrated field observations, sedimentological analyses and chronological data obtained through optical stimulated luminescence (OSL) and AMS radiocarbon dating techniques, we reconstruct the full evolutionary history of the lake, which underwent five distinct evolutionary stages, including initial formation, abrupt failure, secular stability, sedimentary infilling and fluvial incision. The initial landslide dam created at a height of 2,650 m above sea level (a.s.l.) may experience rapid breaching when lake water overtopped the crest, triggering outburst flood event(s). Continuous lacustrine sediments deposited between 4.74 ka and 3.11 ka imply a relative stability period for the remnant dammed lake. Subsequent fluvial deposits, unconformably overlying lacustrine sediments post-siltation, are dated to slightly later than 1.48 ka cal. BP. Furthermore, compiled climate proxy indicators and paleo-landslide inventories at the margins of the Tibetan Plateau provide insights into the roles of extreme events and climate change in the evolution of fluvial landscapes within a regional context.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144472866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Accelerating growth of Sermilik Delta, Greenland (1987–2022), driven by increasing runoff","authors":"Rebecca Crick,&nbsp;Stephen J. Livingstone,&nbsp;Andrew J. Sole","doi":"10.1002/esp.70116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70116","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Greenland ice sheet (GrIS) produces ~8% of the global suspended sediment delivered to the oceans and is the only Arctic region where deltas are advancing. However, understanding of the dynamics of sediment transfer from source-to-sink and the impact of variations in climate and ice sheet processes on sediment yields are uncertain. Here, we investigate controls governing the annual evolution of a proglacial fjord-head delta (Sermilik Delta) located on the southwest coast of Greenland from satellite-derived shorelines and modelled tides (1987–2022). Our results reveal delta progradation of ~26 km² from 1987 to 2022 (0.78 km² year⁻¹) with an accelerating trend controlled by meltwater runoff, including increases in the annual total and frequency of extreme events. The lack of correlation between delta growth and ice velocity, with the latter decreasing over the study period, indicates a readily accessible store of subglacial and proglacial sediment that meltwater can tap into. Expansion of the proglacial zone, which is inundated during high runoff providing a well-connected source of sediment, might explain the strengthened relationship between runoff and delta growth since 2010. We highlight the importance of tides on the morphology of proglacial deltas during low runoff, and the potential of using tidal model data to remove the tidal signal and isolate real changes in delta area.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/esp.70116","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144472790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morphometry and spatio-temporal evolution of salt karren","authors":"Guillermo Pérez-Villar,&nbsp;Francisco Gutiérrez,&nbsp;Alfonso Benito-Calvo,&nbsp;Carles Roqué","doi":"10.1002/esp.70119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70119","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Morphometric data on karren developed in evaporite rocks, and especially salt, are almost lacking. Additionally, the models proposed to explain the evolution of some karren such as solution flutes (rillenkarren) and solution bevels are not based on real examples but on physical experiments or conceptual models poorly supported with data. Rocksalt, thanks to its high solubility and transport-controlled dissolution kinetics, offers the opportunity to investigate the morphological evolution of karren in short periods of time. This work uses high-resolution, multi-temporal 3D surface models generated by Structure from Motion (SfM) photogrammetry of a salt exposure in the Cardona salt diapir, NE Spain, to address the following issues: (1) morphometric characterisation of salt karren, (2) comparison with data from other lithologies and (3) morphological evolution of salt karren. Solution pits and solution flutes in salt tend to have significantly larger width and much larger depth than in carbonate rocks and gypsum. Solution flutes and solution bevels show complex evolutionary patterns that do not align with the commonly advocated parallel retreat and morphological persistence model. Instead, flutes can experience substantial morphological changes involving coalescence by the destruction of slim ridges and splitting caused by incision in the resulting broad flutes. The rillenkarren-bevel junction experiences a general downward and backward displacement, but locally can propagate forward by the development of intra-bevel flutes that merge with the rillenkarren slopes. Pedestals can grow vertically at rates as high as 5 cm/year.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/esp.70119","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144482331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Susceptibility assessment of Geohazards in the Kunlun Mountain region of Xinjiang, China, based on the analytic hierarchy process and information quantity model","authors":"Zhiqi Liu,&nbsp;Kai Chen,&nbsp;Zizhao Zhang,&nbsp;Lifeng Chen,&nbsp;Jinyu Chang","doi":"10.1002/esp.70113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70113","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Kunlun Mountain region in Xinjiang is one of the areas most severely affected by geohazards in China. Significant differences exist in the development characteristics of geohazard between its eastern and western sections, due to variations in geological conditions conducive to disaster formation and natural geographical differences, and the existing susceptibility assessment results for the region are insufficient to meet practical needs. This study divides the Kunlun Mountain region in Xinjiang into two assessment zones, east and west, and based on 3,234 geohazard sites in the region, 12 and 8 indicators are selected respectively to establish an evaluation system for collapse/landslide and debris flow hazards. The indicators are then combined using the principle of higher value to conduct a comprehensive assessment of geohazard susceptibility. The Analytic Hierarchy Process-Information Quantity (AHP-INF) coupling model is applied to geohazard susceptibility assessment and classifies the Xinjiang Kunlun Mountain region into four levels: high, medium, low and non. The results indicate that dividing the Xinjiang Kunlun Mountain region into two zones for evaluation significantly improves the accuracy of the assessment, achieving an overall accuracy of 99.51%. The proposed zonal assessment method and AHP-INF coupling model can effectively reflect the assessed susceptibility of geohazards in the Kunlun Mountain region, providing scientific support for risk management, land spatial planning and land use regulation in the study area.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144482025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Channel adjustments over 50 years in response to climate change and human activities in the Parlung Zangbo River, Tibetan Plateau, China","authors":"Tianqi Yan,&nbsp;Hongshan Gao,&nbsp;Yingying Chen,&nbsp;Ruijie Li,&nbsp;Ping Li","doi":"10.1002/esp.70121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70121","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Rivers change the morphology and pattern of their channels in response to environmental changes, a central theme in fluvial geomorphology. However, short-term changes in channel morphology on the Tibetan Plateau, particularly in response to significant climate change and human activities in recent decades, remain poorly understood. This study examines five reaches of the Parlung Zangbo River, a major tributary of the Yarlung Zangbo River, integrating Landsat remote sensing imagery with hydrological records to analyse changes in channel morphology—including channel width, channel area, braided index and the number and area of mid-channel bars—between 1973 and 2020. The results indicate that all five sub-reaches of the Parlung Zangbo River underwent expansion, with significant increases in channel width, channel area, braided index, and both the number and area of mid-channel bars during this period. However, these changes occurred in distinct phases: an overall expansion of river channels from 1973 to 2000, followed by channel narrowing in the reaches of the Parlung Zangbo River trunk stream between 2000 and 2020. The initial expansion of river channels was likely driven by increased precipitation, meltwater and discharge associated with climate change. In contrast, the decline in precipitation over the southern Tibetan Plateau since 2000 has led to reduced discharge, contributing to channel narrowing. Additionally, upstream of hydroelectric stations, human activities may have altered the riverbed gradient and reduced sediment transport capacity, promoting channel expansion and the deposition of side bars. Among these factors, climate-related influences, particularly changes in precipitation and temperature, exert the most profound and long-term effects on river hydrology and channel morphology in the Parlung Zangbo catchment, surpassing the impact of human activities.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144482325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morphoevolutive drivers on a rapidly-evolving soft rocky cliff and connected shore platform system","authors":"Davide Torre,&nbsp;Marta Zocchi,&nbsp;Giulia Iacobucci,&nbsp;Marco Menichetti,&nbsp;Roberto Toselli,&nbsp;Francesco Troiani,&nbsp;Daniela Piacentini","doi":"10.1002/esp.70117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70117","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Coastal zones, particularly rocky coasts, are increasingly shaped by extreme natural events and processes caused by human activities, making it essential to understand the key drivers guiding their evolution. This study examines the soft rocky coast and shore platform system of Tor Caldara Natural Reserve, a site of natural, archaeological and touristic significance. The research aims to identify the drivers that influence erosion, including lithology, rock mass properties, marine wave action, slope morphology and rainfall. A comprehensive approach combining traditional field surveys, multi-temporal Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) acquisition and multispectral analysis of high-resolution satellite imagery was employed to conduct a detailed analysis of geomorphic changes in the last 15 years. Marine and meteorological datasets were analysed to assess the impact of wave action and precipitation on coastal erosion. Wave height data were correlated and subjected to Peaks Over Threshold (POT) analysis to identify the peaks, corresponding to independent events, that could potentially impact the cliff. Rainfall data were also examined to evaluate whether precipitation intensity has played a significant role in accelerating cliff instability. The study reveals a dynamic and rapidly evolving coastal environment (in some local points about 1 m/yr of retreat of the cliff) characterized by both continuous and abrupt changes. Analysis of drivers controlling morphoevolution suggests that while marine and continental forcing play preparatory roles, the cliff setting, including lithology and structural conditions, is fundamental in driving coastal evolution at the study site. The evaluation of temporal mesoscale processes shaping the rocky coastline contributes to a better understanding of erosion processes affecting soft rocky coasts, serving as a basis of future research aimed at improving coastal management and risk mitigation strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/esp.70117","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144482330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatial modelling soil texture variability in northeastern Iran: Integrating remote sensing and machine learning","authors":"Amin Mousavi,&nbsp;Alireza Karimi,&nbsp;Seyed Kazem Alavipanah,&nbsp;Mahmoud Shahabi,&nbsp;Tayebeh Safari","doi":"10.1002/esp.70110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70110","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Soil texture plays a critical role in determining soil properties, which are essential for plant growth and land use practices. This study aimed to spatially model soil particle size distribution (sand, silt and clay) and soil texture, using two machine learning models of Random Forest (RF) and Random Forest combined with Co-Kriging (RF-CoK). The research was conducted in the Mashhad Plain, Khorasan Razavi Province in northeastern Iran, using high-resolution auxiliary data derived from digital elevation model (DEM) and satellite imagery. A total of 180 surface soil samples (0–10 cm) were collected using a conditioned regular grid sampling method (~3 × 3 km). A wide range of easily accessible environmental covariates, including remote sensing (RS) indices and topographic parameters, were considered as predictors. The most relevant variables were selected using the variance inflation factor (VIF) and the Boruta feature selection algorithm. Results indicated that the RF-CoK model outperformed the RF model in predicting PSD. For sand, silt and clay in the validation dataset, RF-CoK achieved coefficient of determination (R²) values of 0.74, 0.65 and 0.62; root mean square error (RMSE) values of 7.12%, 8.37% and 2.85%; and mean absolute error (MAE) values of 5.70%, 6.70% and 2.28%, respectively. The Multi-resolution Ridge Top Flatness Index (MrRTF) was identified as the most influential environmental variable contributing to the spatial distribution of soil texture components. The generated soil texture maps provide valuable information for soil management and environmental monitoring. This approach, which relies on accessible and cost-effective data sources, offers strong potential for application in other agricultural regions with similar conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144472816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Can changes in geomorphic responses to urbanisation be predicted from stormwater outfalls?","authors":"Lukman A. Soboyejo,&nbsp;Kathryn L. Russell,&nbsp;Tim D. Fletcher","doi":"10.1002/esp.70087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70087","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Stormwater drainage is a primary pathway through which urbanisation degrades physical channel form and ecologically relevant in-stream attributes, such as the presence of large wood. However, there is a gap in the literature regarding methods or study designs that effectively isolate the specific effect of stormwater from those of catchment context, geology and other geomorphic controls. This study examines how stream geomorphology, characterised through variables such as bankfull cross-sectional area, pool-to-riffle spacing and large wood, relates to stormwater drainage inputs from urban areas. To achieve this, we employed historical data reviews, GIS techniques and field observations to assess morphological changes along a stream channel (Toomuc Creek, Melbourne, Australia), focusing on the differences between upstream and downstream of stormwater inputs. We hypothesised that: (i) stream bankfull cross-sectional area increases with catchment urbanisation and (ii) significant differences in geomorphic response variables exist between upstream and downstream of stormwater outfalls. However, contrary to our expectations, stream bankfull cross-sectional area did not follow a systematic downstream increase with catchment urbanisation, largely due to historical land-use practices (e.g. vegetation clearing) and channel stabilisation interventions (e.g. grade control structures, rock lining). Nonetheless, some outfall locations did show clear evidence of disturbance, confirming that widening, deepening and a combination of both occur locally and in a spatially discontinuous manner. These findings highlight two key directions for future research. Firstly, to properly isolate urban influences on stream geomorphic adjustments, controlled study designs should prioritise sites with minimal historical disturbance and no hardpoint interventions. Secondly, and perhaps more importantly, the influence of past channel corridor management and channel evolution on contemporary geomorphic responses needs to be specifically studied in urban settings. Understanding the complex interplay between urbanisation, channel geomorphology, historical land-use and in-stream features is vital for developing more accurate predictive models to mitigate urban stormwater impacts.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/esp.70087","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144472791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Potential and constraints of uncrewed aerial vehicle orthoimagery for rivers: A direct comparison with field measurements for mapping boulders","authors":"Christopher Wård,&nbsp;Richard J. Mason,&nbsp;Ricardo Carrillo,&nbsp;Lina E. Polvi","doi":"10.1002/esp.70106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70106","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Technological advances continue to improve our ability to detect landforms and landscape changes. Remote sensing can provide geomorphological information at larger scales than previously possible but interpreting this information can be more challenging than for field data. Measuring and mapping roughness elements, such as boulders and large wood, is essential for understanding geomorphic processes and restoration in many landscapes where these are abundant. Mapping roughness elements from aerial orthoimagery is common but could produce different results than field measurements due to the 2D nature of the imagery and the variable ability to detect boulders through water and vegetation. We compared measurements of river boulders from aerial imagery collected by uncrewed aerial vehicles (UAVs) to direct measurements in the field. We surveyed boulder size, density and spatial distributions using both approaches at eight river reaches in northern Sweden. We found that the density, coverage and size of boulders mapped from UAVs were strongly correlated with those from field measurements, giving confidence in UAV methods. However, the UAV approach consistently resulted in fewer boulders (30% lower density), lower boulder coverage and smaller boulders (7% smaller mean b-axis) compared to field measurements. The difference between field and UAV measurements was strongly associated with river bankfull depth. Therefore, we conclude that UAV measurements should be restricted to sites with low depth or high visibility through the water column and where bias in boulder detection with depth is not likely to influence study conclusions. In reaches with many boulders, overlap of boulders also likely reduces the suitability of aerial imagery. We conclude that aerial imagery has high potential for mapping landforms in rivers but is not directly equivalent to field studies and the implications of hiding by water, sediment and vegetation need to be considered.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/esp.70106","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144367366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cosmogenic dating of two rock avalanches in the Ama Drime Range, Central Himalayas","authors":"Mengzhen Li,&nbsp;Qinghao Ma,&nbsp;Fangheng Liu,&nbsp;Yanmin Yang,&nbsp;Jiajing Wang,&nbsp;Jiafu Zhang,&nbsp;Gengnian Liu","doi":"10.1002/esp.70102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70102","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Himalayan region, shaped by active tectonics and complex geomorphological processes, is highly susceptible to avalanches. Among various avalanche types, rock avalanches—recognized as the most prevalent failure pattern—have been extensively studied in the western Himalayan orogen, whereas research on its central segment remains limited. In this study, two newly discovered rock avalanches, located on the eastern and western sides of the Ama Drime range in the central Himalayan region, were investigated and dated using cosmogenic ¹⁰Be exposure ages. The results show that the Pengqu (PQ) rock avalanche, situated on a river terrace, was dated to 120.0 ± 13.0 ka, and the Xiaerqu (XRQ) rock avalanche, located in a glacial valley, occurred between 5.8 ± 0.5 and 4.4 ± 0.5 ka. Considering geological, climatic and seismic factors, we propose that the PQ rock avalanche was primarily caused by prolonged warm and humid conditions during the MIS 5e period, which induced internal deformation of the Kartha gneiss. In contrast, the XRQ rock avalanche was mainly driven by glacial debuttressing, which reduced the stability of the underlying rock. Ultimately, both the PQ and XRQ avalanches were triggered by fault activity, specifically the Khatar and Dinggye faults, respectively. These findings are crucial for understanding the driving mechanisms of rock avalanches in the central Himalayan region and offer valuable insights into fault activity and geomorphological evolution.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144339460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}