Earth Surface Processes and Landforms最新文献

{"title":"Slope and sediment size in the development of pebble and cobble beaches with low permeability","authors":"Ramon Blanco-Chao,&nbsp;Manuela Costa-Casais,&nbsp;Daniel Cajade-Pascual","doi":"10.1002/esp.70378","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70378","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The relationship between beach slope, sediment size and therefore its permeability has been the subject of study for decades. Particular attention has been paid to sand and gravel beaches, but less research has focused on coarse beaches. In this work, we analyse coarse beaches characterized by a low thickness, around 35–50 cm, composed of surface pebble and cobble clasts (D50 of the <i>B</i>-axis between 41 and 102 mm) with a mixed matrix of sand and gravel (D50 between 0.76 and 12.33 mm). The most notable element is the presence of an impermeable underlying cohesive sediment up to 1 m of thickness, which gave a radiocarbon date much older than the time when sea level reached its present level. In spite of the occurrence of an impermeable layer at a low depth that reduces its permeability, the slope of the beach ranges from 7.13° to 11.3°, and the correlation between the beach slope and the bulk matrix and sand sizes of the infilling sediment corresponds to what was expected, and the underlying cohesive sediment reached the same slope as the beach. These results suggest that the development of the present coarse-grained beaches is that the erosion of cohesive sediments occurred contemporaneously with beach formation, with abrasive clasts playing a central role in shaping the equilibrium profile.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"51 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/esp.70378","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148752936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Temperature fluctuations controlled episodic rockfall activity in the Rwenzori Mountains (Uganda) during the Holocene","authors":"Audrey Margirier,&nbsp;Konstanze Stübner,&nbsp;Christoph Schmidt,&nbsp;Johannes Lachner,&nbsp;Georg Rugel,&nbsp;Salome Oehler,&nbsp;Pontien Niyonzima,&nbsp;Rosemary Nalwanga,&nbsp;Anne Voigtländer","doi":"10.1002/esp.70368","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70368","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Rockfalls and other gravitational mass movements are expected to become more frequent under ongoing global warming in temperate and cold mountainous regions. Tropical mountain ranges that have experienced past climatic warming, such as the Rwenzori Mountains (Uganda), provide natural laboratories for studying slope stability under warm and humid conditions. However, although rockfalls are frequently observed in these environments, their controls and evolution through Holocene climatic changes remain poorly understood. We used ¹⁰Be surface exposure dating to establish a chronology for seven rockfall deposits in the Rwenzori Mountains and assess the climatic conditions associated with slope destabilisation. The ¹⁰Be ages range from 13.6 ± 0.9 ka to 1.0 ± 0.1 ka and cluster into three distinct periods: 11–9 ka, 7–5 ka and ~2 ka. These periods correspond to local temperature fluctuations, suggesting that rockfalls occurred episodically in response to Holocene temperature variations. Early Holocene rockfall activity (~11–9 ka) likely reflects enhanced mechanical weathering and fracture propagation because of glacier retreat and freeze–thaw cycles. In contrast, mid-Holocene (7–5 ka) and late Holocene (~2 ka) rockfall activities coincide with warmer conditions that promoted chemical and biological weathering, fracture propagation and slope destabilisation. These results highlight the role of temperature as a key climatic control on progressive rock failure mechanisms in the Rwenzori Mountains. Rising temperatures enhance chemical and biological weathering, promoting slope destabilisation and rockfall activity in tropical mountain environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"51 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/esp.70368","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148752880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tracing river dynamics: Multi-temporal planform evolution and morphological change analyses in a meandering reach using high-resolution satellite imagery and UAV data","authors":"Aiding Kornejady,&nbsp;Mohammadreza Gharibreza,&nbsp;Christian Conoscenti,&nbsp;Behrooz Mohseni,&nbsp;Saeid Shabani","doi":"10.1002/esp.70376","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70376","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study investigates the spatiotemporal dynamics of meander evolution and morphological change along a 7 km reach of the Atrak River's Chat–Gonbad corridor in northern Iran. Addressing critical gaps in the high-resolution monitoring of river morphodynamics, the research seeks to answer the following: (Ahmed et al., 2019) Which morphometric parameters are most influential in reflecting meander instability? (Amissah et al., 2019) How do extreme hydrological events, particularly the 2019 flood, govern the magnitude and spatial distribution of channel adjustment? (Annayat &amp; Sil, 2020) Can dynamic mapping be used to reliably distinguish stable from unstable reaches to guide future management? A novel dataset of submeter satellite imagery (QuickBird, SuperView, Pleiades) and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-derived orthophotos was compiled for four time points (2005, preflood 2019, postflood 2019, 2024). For 21 meander bends, key morphometric indices—amplitude, channel width, radius of curvature and sinuosity—were extracted. Statistical analyses (ANOVA, Friedman, Wilcoxon tests) revealed that all major parameters underwent significant temporal variability: amplitude varied most strongly (ANOVA <i>F</i> = 8.89, <i>p</i> = 0.00007), while channel width (Friedman <i>X</i>² = 18.6, <i>p</i> = 0.00033) and radius of curvature (<i>X</i>² = 21.52, <i>p</i> = 0.00008) showed marked sensitivity to high-magnitude events. Cumulative bank erosion during the 2019 flood peaked at 18 383.8 m²—nearly an order of magnitude higher than in the 2005–2019 preflood interval. Notably, critical reaches (especially 15, 17 and 19) exhibited the most persistent instability. Positive Kendall's tau and Sen's slope values in 14 of 19 reaches, although not statistically significant, suggest a general tendency towards increasing sinuosity, supporting the interpretation that sinuosity is a relatively inertial planform metric that reflects cumulative long-term meander adjustment rather than abrupt event-scale response. The integration of remote sensing and UAV-derived DEMs enabled highly detailed, actionable mapping of channel change. These findings offer crucial guidance for developing adaptive, reach-specific monitoring and intervention strategies. Ongoing research should focus on linking morphodynamic metrics to hydrological drivers to further support river corridor resilience and risk mitigation initiatives.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"51 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/esp.70376","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148752641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How many tagged stones are needed to estimate the mean travel distance of sediment from tracer experiments in gravel-bed rivers?","authors":"Daniel Vázquez-Tarrío,&nbsp;Thomas Dépret,&nbsp;Laro Incera-Sañudo,&nbsp;Hervé Piégay","doi":"10.1002/esp.70352","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70352","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Tagged particles (painted, with inserted magnets, RFID labelled) used as tracers have often been deployed in field experiments focused on tracking the displacement of river gravels. In this way, fluvial geomorphologists have explored the relationships between mean travel distances and flow strength, among many other topics. However, these kinds of tracer experiments have typically been conducted without clear guidelines or rules on what constitutes an adequate sample size of tracers to minimise bias and uncertainty in displacement metrics. To fill this gap, we propose a probabilistic model that we applied to simulate and analyse the influence of the size of the tracer sample on the precision and accuracy of mean travel distances. We also used this model to explore how different causes of tracer loss (loss of frontrunners, buried tracers, due to signal collision and random) influence sample representativeness. Model results suggest that understanding the influence of sample size in particle tracking experiments in gravel-bed rivers requires an explicit consideration of the different sources of tracer loss. According to the model, the loss of frontrunners and the consequent truncation of sampled travel distances is the most important factor conditioning the accuracy in the estimation of mean travel distances. Its impact is more significant than in the case of losses of buried tracers, losses due to signal collision and random losses resulting from low tracer densities or resulting from a poor survey. Based on our analysis, we concluded that 500–1000 tagged stones is an optimal tracer sample size for estimating mean travel distances. We hope that the outcomes of the proposed model could be used as a supporting tool to assist in the design and programming of future particle tracking experiments in gravel-bed rivers.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"51 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/esp.70352","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148752625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction to “3D definition of the river bankfull stage from topographic LiDAR”","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/esp.70371","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70371","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Retat, A., Thommeret, N., Gob, F., Bailly, J.-S., Lespez, L., Depret, T. et al. (2026) 3D definition of the river bankfull stage from topographic LiDAR. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 51(6), e70338. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70338.</p><p>The authors' first and last names were swapped and have been updated in the Author list and the Author Contributions section. In addition, the running header at the top of each page has been updated from “Alexandre et al.” to “Retat et al.”</p><p>The online version of this article has been corrected accordingly.</p><p>We apologize for this error.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"51 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/esp.70371","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148752544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of an extreme storm event on a multiple intertidal barred coastal system","authors":"Melanie Biausque,&nbsp;Emilia Guisado-Pintado,&nbsp;Derek W. T. Jackson,&nbsp;J. Andrew G. Cooper,&nbsp;Edoardo Grottoli","doi":"10.1002/esp.70379","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70379","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In December 2021, the British Isles experienced Storm Barra, an exceptionally intense storm event, categorised as the second most energetic event on the east coast of Northern Ireland in the past 25 years. Dundrum Bay (Co. Down) on the Irish Sea coast features a Multiple Intertidal Bar (MITB) system, with an additional subtidal sandbar. Here, we examine the direct coastal impact of this event on the MITB system, focusing on (1) the morphological response of beaches, and (2) the role of the multiple sandbars in dissipating wave energy at different tidal stages. Topographic profiles showed high variability in morphological response. Distinct erosional, accretional and transitional zones were evident that reflect complex interactions between the local geology, pre-storm profile shape and the impact of previous events. Accretion occurred on profiles that were depleted by previous storms. Erosion was prevalent on profiles where the MITB features were poorly developed. Cross-shore sediment transport was dominant in the NE (Ballykinler), while sediment was transported alongshore in the SE sector (Newcastle to Murlough). Analyses of wave height and wave energy dissipation illustrate the key role of sandbars in dissipating extreme storm energy at different water levels. The storm peak occurred on a falling tide stage, and most of its energy was dissipated by the subtidal bar. Following the peak, at high tide and under moderate energy conditions, part of the wave energy bypassed the subtidal and seaward intertidal bars but was fully dissipated on the landward intertidal bars. Consequently, even though Storm Barra generated high-energy waves, the effectiveness of the sandbars in dissipating the wave energy at different tidal stages prevented severe impacts on the shoreline. This work demonstrates the important role of sedimentary bedforms in buffering storm energy before it reaches the shoreline. Additionally, the work shows the crucial role of coincidence or otherwise between storm peak and tidal stage on energy dissipation across the nearshore.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"51 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/esp.70379","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148752592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morphodynamic adjustment in a watershed affected by megafires: Deadman River, British Columbia, Canada","authors":"Gareth J. T. Wells,&nbsp;Alessandro Ielpi","doi":"10.1002/esp.70367","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70367","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Megafires have profound impacts on the movement of water and sediment along watersheds because of changes in the mechanical and hydrologic properties of soil and vegetation. Literature has often focussed on local post-wildfire mass-wasting events, although less attention has been paid to watershed-scale river responses. We present a study from the Deadman River of British Columbia (Canada), which was recently affected by wildfires, including the severe Sparks Lake Fire of 2021. Timelapse photogrammetry and multispectral remote sensing on both pre- and post-fire conditions show how fire-related changes in hydrology and vegetation influenced channel morphodynamics. The photogrammetric analysis indicates a watershed-wide increase in channel width and meander migration rate after the Sparks Lake Fire, with a sharp increase of up to 100% and 540%, respectively. Once normalised by the timespan over which migration rates are averaged, results indicate an up to ~20-fold increase in channel mobility post-fire. The remote-sensing analysis reveals that regions that burned more severely drained into reaches that migrated laterally at faster rates. These results provide a quantification of the degree to which megafires alter the morphodynamics of meandering rivers, with anticipated ramifications for natural-hazard mitigation and ecosystem recovery efforts in affected areas.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"51 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/esp.70367","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148752591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Freeze–thaw-related loess landslide accelerations detection in Ili Basin based on multi-temporal InSAR analysis","authors":"Xuguo Shi,&nbsp;Qiang Xu,&nbsp;Xiaoqiong Qin,&nbsp;Binbin Fan,&nbsp;Tengteng Qu","doi":"10.1002/esp.70370","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70370","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Intensified anthropogenic activities and the changing climate result in frequent loess geohazards in the Ili basin, accounting for &gt;80% of the total geohazards in Xinjiang. Loess landslides are particularly prevalent in northern Yining County due to the widespread distribution of loess deposits, which are characterized by high collapsibility and soluble salt content. However, the processes governing their spatiotemporal evolution and the quantitative relationships between slope deformation and coupled freeze–thaw and precipitation forcing remain poorly constrained, particularly at the regional scale. To address this gap, we integrate multi-temporal Small Baseline Subset Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (SBAS-InSAR) observations from ascending and descending Sentinel-1 data sets to derive time series line-of-sight (LOS) deformation. These ascending and descending Sentinel-1 InSAR measurements are further combined to retrieve vertical and eastward displacement components. The resulting deformation time series are then analysed using tangential angle analysis to characterize displacement stages and wavelet coherence analysis to quantify time–frequency relationships and phase lags between displacement and environmental variables. Over 130 active slopes with maximum displacements exceeding 100 mm/year were identified by both data sets. Kinematic analysis of the Hujierti landslide suggests that its initiation may have been triggered by freeze–thaw cycles in December 2016, with subsequent accelerations attributed to snowmelt and precipitation, culminating in a sliding event in May 2022. Furthermore, displacement rates at the Hujierti landslide remain above 60 mm/year, underscoring the necessity for ongoing monitoring. Time series analysis has revealed that the primary drivers of displacement are freeze–thaw cycles and concentrated precipitation, which result in groundwater accumulation, reduced slope stability and eventual landslide activation. Tangential angles exceeding 85° serve as indicators of impending sliding. Wavelet analysis has unveiled the complex interactions between displacement, precipitation and temperature. Given the challenges associated with monitoring such dynamic systems, InSAR offers invaluable insights into long-term ground displacement, which are crucial for geohazard prevention and management in the Ili Basin.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"51 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148616739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A fast method for calculating topographic envelope surfaces based on a reverse topography drainage area threshold","authors":"Chloé Valenti,&nbsp;Sébastien Carretier,&nbsp;Vincent Regard","doi":"10.1002/esp.70356","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70356","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Envelope surfaces are used in geomorphology to determine paleo-topographic model surfaces. Several automatic methods have been proposed based on the search for high points in a digital elevation model (DEM) in sliding windows of variable size. This approach can be costly in terms of computing time when the DEMs are of high resolution and the valleys are wide, as the search window must be larger than the valleys in order to capture the high points. Here, we propose an alternative method that consists in determining the high points of the topography by inverting the topography, so that the crests become rivers, and selecting the points of the inverted topography for which the drainage area is greater than a threshold drainage area, Ac. These points correspond to the crests in the real topography. We test the ability of this method to fill valleys cutting into plateaus, while adjusting as closely as possible to the altitudes of the plateaus, in southern Peru and in France. We show that the quality of the envelope surface depends on Ac and that Ac can be estimated by multiplying the maximum incision of the topography by <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>∼</mo>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation>$$ sim $$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> 8.2 in kilometres. The advantages of this method are (1) its speed of execution, in particular, because it benefits from fast algorithms for calculating drainage area and because it can be carried out on DEMs of degraded resolution without loss of quality, and (2) its applicability to all types of topography (canyons or mature landforms) because it is based on the structure of the hydrographic network of each topography rather than on a sliding window.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"51 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/esp.70356","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148467215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fifty Years of Shore Platform Erosion Monitoring at Kaikōura Peninsula, South Island, Aotearoa-New Zealand","authors":"Robert M. Kirk,&nbsp;Wayne J. Stephenson,&nbsp;Mark E. Dickson,&nbsp;Sophie L. Horton,&nbsp;Jokotola J. Omidiji,&nbsp;Md Sakaouth Hossain,&nbsp;Maree A. Hemmingsen,&nbsp;Sarah A. Hemmingsen,&nbsp;Martin D. Hurst","doi":"10.1002/esp.70360","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70360","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The shore platforms around Kaikōura Peninsula, located on the tectonically active east coast of South Island, Aotearoa New Zealand, host the world's longest running erosion monitoring record. Since 1973, a network of micro-erosion metre (MEM) stations has been used to measure downwearing across mudstone and limestone platforms to explore processes responsible for and the rate of development of the shore platforms. Here, we review and report on five decades of observations, assess spatial and temporal patterns of erosion and evaluate the consistency of downwearing rates. Fortuitously, we can now quantify the geomorphic response to 1 m of coseismic uplift associated with the 2016 M_w 7.8 Kaikōura earthquake. Pre-earthquake erosion rates for both lithologies averaged 1.00 mm/year (STDV = 0.73) across nine measurement epochs. Post-earthquake rates more than doubled to 2.54 mm/year reflecting enhanced subaerial weathering on the uplifted surfaces. Limestone platforms and new terraces tended to erode more slowly (1.30 mm/year) than mudstone (3.27 mm/year), a significant difference between the two rock types that had not been evident before the 2016 uplift. Statistically significant seasonal differences in erosion with higher rates in summer than winter observed prior to the earthquake remained pronounced after 2016, but the subaerial processes responsible have likely changed. These findings highlight the critical role of changing processes, the geomorphic significance of tectonic events on rock coasts and the pathway from shore platform to marine terrace generation. The Kaikōura dataset provides a globally significant reference for interpreting short- and long-term erosion dynamics and highlights the scientific legacy of the late Emeritus Professor R.M. (Bob) Kirk.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"51 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/esp.70360","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148615408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}