Earth Surface Processes and Landforms最新文献

{"title":"Biogeomorphological inheritance: The legacy of past landforms constrains future tropical coastal landscapes","authors":"Colin D. Woodroffe","doi":"10.1002/esp.70013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70013","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Coasts are some of the most dynamic environments on Earth. Coastal systems comprise physical environments together with a biological component, and, for much of the world, a human element, which in many cases imposes anthropogenic stresses. The biological component is especially prominent in the tropics, and the biogeomorphology of these coasts is dominated by the role played by key organisms: corals, which form impressive coral reefs, and mangroves, which fringe low-energy shorelines. Whereas the present is the key to the past, the past also sets the stage on which future changes play out. Coral reefs have played a prominent role in deciphering the trajectory of past sea-level change, and modern reefs are often founded on older Pleistocene reefs. Inheritance is apparent both at the scale of interglacial highstands and in terms of the Holocene landforms that characterise reef-top habitats. The stratigraphy of mangrove environments reveals their more passive response to sea-level rise, constrained by accommodation space provided by the prior topography. The suite of landforms that have developed during the past few millennia have resulted in a variable coastal landscape. Tidal incursion into low-lying terrain enables mangrove establishment, re-occupying former channel courses. The trajectory of past landform change has been contingent on biogeomorphological history, and the future response of these tropical systems will also reflect in part the legacy of their geomorphological evolution. The role of inheritance is investigated with respect to reef and wetland environments, illustrating how past coastal landforms predispose future response.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/esp.70013","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143380816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tests on the mitigation of dry granular flows induced by mountain landslides using ring-net technologies","authors":"Bin Wang,&nbsp;Hongyan Tian,&nbsp;Lijun Su,&nbsp;Siyou Xiao,&nbsp;Zhenyu Liu,&nbsp;Shuaisheng Miao","doi":"10.1002/esp.70003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70003","url":null,"abstract":"<p>ROCCO ring-net flexible barriers play a crucial role in mitigating granular flows induced by landslides in steep mountainous regions. In geotechnical engineering practice, the design of these barriers critically depends on two key factors: the maximum jump height of the granular flow and its peak impact force. While ring-net flexible barriers are known for their deformability and permeability, these characteristics remain poorly understood from a quantitative perspective. To further reveal the impact-jump mechanisms of granular flows against ROCCO ring-net flexible barriers, an array of small-scale laboratory flume experiments were conducted. To modify the permeability of the barrier, three groups of particles with different median diameters were configured to control the relative diameter ratios between the ring-net mesh size and the grains from 2.0 to 3.6. The flow depth and velocity of the incoming granular flow were adjusted by altering the channel inclination to ensure the Froude number between 3 and 10 for dynamic similarity. Specifically accounting for barrier deformation and material outflow, the semi-empirical analytical models, grounded in the principles of momentum and mass conservation, were established. Futhermore, the proposed models were validated by comparing the normalized jump height, and the impact force coefficient at the moment of peak impact force between the prediction value and the experiment data. The experimental results show that both the incoming flow characteristics and the relative diameter ratio λ jointly determine the impact-jump mechanisms: pile-up or run-up. A larger λ tends to transition the impact-jump mechanism from pile-up to run-up under the flow conditions with a high Froude number <i>Fr</i>, while the corresponding maximum granular jump height and peak impact force decrease as expected. Comparison between the proposed models and experimental results indicates that barrier deflection determines the upper limit of the jump height, while the lower limit is further controlled by the outflow mass flux. The improved hydro-dynamic impact force model can adequately address most run-up scenarios, whereas, for pile-up cases, the contribution of the hydro-static force should also be considered.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143380817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of geological features on preferential flow on karst slopes in southwestern China","authors":"Fang Hou,&nbsp;Jinhua Cheng,&nbsp;Han Zhang,&nbsp;Xianglian Wang,&nbsp;Dewei Shi,&nbsp;Ning Guan,&nbsp;Yang Yu","doi":"10.1002/esp.70018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70018","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The preferential flow phenomenon in karst mountains is subject to the influence of geophysical factors at the hillslope scale. Variations in geologic structure, stemming from hillslope orientation and slope position, impact the level of development of preferential flow. In this study, ground-penetrating radar (GPR) and field dye tracing experiments were applied on the south- and north-facing hillslopes to reveal the influence of slope aspects (south- and north-facing) and locations (uphill, mid-hill, and downhill) on preferential flow in a typical karst graben basin of Southwestern China. Results showed that the degree of preferential flow was higher on the north-facing hillslopes compared to the south-facing hillslopes, as indicated by the 3.6% higher preferential flow ratio (<i>P</i>_<i>F</i>) and 0.9% higher length index (<i>L</i>_<i>i</i>). For north-facing hillslopes, these two indices decreased with going uphill. There is a correlation between the geo-structural features reflected by GPR data and the indices (i.e., <i>P</i>_<i>F</i> and <i>L</i>_<i>i</i>) of preferential flow development. <i>P</i>_<i>F</i> and <i>L</i>_<i>i</i> were logarithmically increasing in relation to the radargram envelope parameters (i.e., maximum amplitude [Max_a] and total amplitude area [T_a]). A statistically significant correlation was found between the <i>P</i>_<i>F</i> and Max_a, T_a, and penetration depth (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.01). The response of the envelope to preferential flow was attributed to 50.3% and 30.4%, respectively, indicating that these envelope properties effectively differentiate between south- and north-facing hillslopes. Our study provides a useful approach to advance the understanding of the influence of subsurface structure on preferential water distribution in the hillslopes of the karst area.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143380201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Different styles of subglacial soft bed hydrology: Examples from Breiðamerkurjökull and Fjallsjökull, Iceland","authors":"Jane K. Hart,&nbsp;Kirk Martinez,&nbsp;Nathaniel Baurley,&nbsp;Benjamin A. Robson,&nbsp;Amelia Andrews","doi":"10.1002/esp.70014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70014","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Glacier behaviour and its response to climate change is partially controlled by the flow of water at the base of the glacier. The subglacial hydrology associated with soft -bedded glaciers is particularly poorly understood, even though numerous modern and palaeo-glaciers flow over unconsolidated sediments. We have investigated glacier dynamics at two adjacent soft-bedded Icelandic glaciers via a study of surface velocity. This included short-term changes in surface velocity using a custom-built low-cost GNSS system, as well as with Sentinel-1 velocity data. In addition, we have used PlanetScope scenes to investigate the occurrence of sediment plumes in a glacial lagoon as a proxy for meltwater discharge and modelled the hydrology associated with the lake. Our results show that at Fjallsjökull and Breiðamerkurjökull West, there is a pattern of winter speed-up events associated with warmer days (termed winter events) and similar events in spring. At Breiðamerkurjökull East and Central, there are fewer winter speed-up events and a distinct spring event. We suggest there are at least two different styles of soft-bedded glacier behaviour related to subglacial meltwater storage. At Fjallsjökull and Breiðamerkurjökull West, we propose there is a multichannel distributed subglacial hydrological system, whereby during summer, excess meltwater is stored within the subglacial hydrological system and the till, which is partly released throughout the year resulting in speed-up events. In contrast, at Breiðamerkurjökull East and Central, it is proposed there is a summer channelized drainage, caused by a combination of the presence of the deep proglacial lagoon and high meltwater flux and subglacial transmissivity. As a consequence of this, subglacial meltwater storage is limited, resulting in fewer winter speed-up events and a distinct spring event. Thus, we suggest that these different subglacial hydrological systems associated with soft-bedded glaciers can be distinguished via distinct variations in their seasonal velocity.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/esp.70014","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143380268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Global open-access DEM vertical elevation and along track neighbouring structure evaluations in the Tibetan Plateau using ICESat-2 ATL03 points","authors":"Jun Chen,&nbsp;Liyang Xiong,&nbsp;Sijin Li,&nbsp;Guoan Tang","doi":"10.1002/esp.6062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.6062","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Global digital elevation models (GDEMs) are critical in the measurement and analysis of Earth's surface, and should be evaluated prior to use. However, existing GDEM evaluations mainly use global statistical metrics to evaluate vertical elevation (VE) differences with reference data, ignoring the relationship between a centre pixel and its neighbouring pixels, which is defined as the GDEM's neighbouring structure (NS). Along track ATL03 points allow evaluation of the along track NS (ATNS). This study comprehensively accesses the VE and ATNS accuracy of 1 arc-second GDEMs, including Copernicus, NASA, AW3D30 and ASTER DEM, using for the first time ICESat-2 ATL03 along track points throughout the Tibetan Plateau, where the rugged terrains and various features make it difficult to maintain its NS's accuracy. This study first introduces continuous and discrete ATNS metrics, then evaluates their effectiveness by analysing their relationships with errors in GDEM terrain derivatives. Finally, the better-performing metric is used for evaluations across various terrain parameters, landforms and land covers. The proposed framework achieved DEM evaluations from pixel-by-pixel statistical analysis of elevation differences to local ATNS assessment. Evaluation results demonstrate that the ATNS errors of the GDEMs are linearly correlated with the RMSE of the vertical errors. Overall, the errors of the VE RMSE and ATNS are ranked as Copernicus&lt; AW3D30 &lt; NASA&lt; ASTER. However, evaluations conducted in the Andes and Alps reveal regional variations in these rankings. This study endeavours to introduce a new framework for large-scale GDEM evaluations, and the conclusions are beneficial for GDEM selection in further applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143362265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of unsteady characteristics of sediment-laden overland flow on soil detachment rate","authors":"Yuxin Wang,&nbsp;Kuandi Zhang,&nbsp;Pengfei Wang,&nbsp;Jingxin Yan,&nbsp;Yang Yang","doi":"10.1002/esp.70009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70009","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Currently, experimental research is lacking on unsteady flow in the study of factors affecting the detachment capacity (<i>Dr</i>) of overland flow, which is critical for understanding soil erosion. This study analysed the response mechanism of <i>Dr</i> to the hydrodynamic characteristics of roll waves relative to a non-unstable sediment-laden overland flow (according to a gradually varied flow) using an indoor fixed bed test under five slope gradients, five flow rates and five sediment concentrations. Owing to the instability of the roll wave and its effect on the soil detachment-transport process, the <i>Dr</i> of the roll wave flow was larger than that of the gradually varied flow as a whole. <i>Dr</i> decreases with an increase in sediment content, but the downward trend is different with or without a roll wave; the <i>Dr</i> is more sensitive to changes in the slope when a roll wave exists. When no roll wave exists, the flow has a greater influence on the <i>Dr</i>. Sediment load improves the influence of flow on <i>Dr</i> under different flow conditions; under different experimental conditions, the flow velocity and water depth are positively correlated with the <i>Dr</i>. The specific energy can better fit <i>Dr</i> with roll waves, and the stream power can better predict the <i>Dr</i> under the two water flow conditions; by introducing the relative parameters, it was found that the detachment effect of the roll wave will decrease with the increase of the influence of the wave-current; the soil detachment prediction model of stream power and sediment concentration was constructed by introducing fluctuation influence parameters <i>δ</i> (represented by relative wave height), which has high reliability (<i>R</i>^<i>2</i> &gt; 0.8, <i>N</i>_<i>SE</i> &gt; 0.7). The results showed that the effects of the altered flow state and sediment load significantly affected the hydrodynamic characteristics of the overland flow and the soil detachment rate.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143362721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geomorphological evidence of the Malta-Sicily land-bridge during the Last Glacial Maximum inferred from seismic profiles","authors":"Sofia Rossi,&nbsp;Mariacristina Prampolini,&nbsp;Charles Galea,&nbsp;Giacomo Dalla Valle,&nbsp;Albert Caruana,&nbsp;Mauro Soldati","doi":"10.1002/esp.6061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.6061","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) witnessed substantial sea-level fluctuations profoundly impacting the geomorphological evolution of the Maltese Islands, located in the SW part of the Malta Plateau (central Mediterranean Sea). It is known that during that period, a land-bridge connected the Maltese Islands to Sicily. However, discerning detailed geomorphological evidence of past sea-level changes in offshore regions proves difficult due to the limited availability of high-resolution multibeam bathymetry data, subsurface seismic profiles and potential tectonic influences. By addressing these challenges, this study sets out to meticulously reconstruct the coastline of the Malta Plateau and to delineate the extent of the land-bridge connecting Malta to Sicily during the LGM. The study was conducted by exploiting 2D multichannel seismic profiles acquired during oil exploration seismic surveys carried out offshore Malta and EMODnet bathymetry data. This analysis enabled the recognition of the coastline of the western side of the land-bridge connecting Malta and Sicily during the LGM, at a depth ranging from 119 to 131 m b.s.l. Uncertainties about the location of the eastern coastline remain due to the quality and extent of the seismic profiles and to the more intense morphodynamics of the Malta Plateau. A coastal lagoon system, bounded offshore by a barrier corresponding to a structural high, was recognized. During transgressional phases, the emerged LGM landscape was progressively submerged and locally sealed by a thin layer of sediments, which still preserves the most significant geomorphological features. With reference to the stratigraphic sequence, two facies were distinguished, the lower one interpreted as the pre-Plio-Quaternary (pre-PQ) sequence outcropping in Malta, and the upper one consisting of Plio-Quaternary (PQ) deposits onlapping on the former one. These results provide valuable insights into the palaeoenvironmental history of the region, contributing to a broader understanding of sea-level dynamics and geological evolution in the tectonically complex Mediterranean area.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/esp.6061","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143248521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detecting evolutionary stages of karst depressions in Central Brazil with deep learning and Planet NICFI time series","authors":"Osmar Luiz Ferreira de Carvalho,&nbsp;Osmar Abílio de Carvalho Júnior,&nbsp;Anesmar Olino de Albuquerque,&nbsp;Maria Clara Correia Nogueira Mota,&nbsp;Éder de Souza Martins,&nbsp;Daniel Guerreiro e Silva","doi":"10.1002/esp.70007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70007","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Karst depressions represent significant geomorphological features crucial in environmental monitoring and conservation. This research aims to detect and classify karst depressions according to their evolutionary stages in the Bambuí Group, located between the Cerrado and Caatinga biomes in Central Brazil, using Planet time series provided by Norway's International Climate and Forest Initiative (NICFI) Satellite Data Program and deep learning-based semantic segmentation models. A new deep learning training dataset was developed containing manually labelled reference data and a time series of monthly images from Planet NICFI data over a year. The research classified three evolutionary stages of karst depressions: (1) temporary lakes, (2) depressions with concentric halos and subsidence and (3) vegetated depressions. These stages represent distinct geomorphological processes, from initial water accumulation to more advanced stages involving subsidence and vegetation development in the depression areas. The study compared six state-of-the-art semantic segmentation architectures (U-Net, U-Net++, DeepLabV3+, LinkNet, FPN and PSPNet), each combined with three backbones (EfficientNet-B7, ResNet-101 and ResNeXt-101), resulting in 18 model configurations. The best performing model (U-Net with EfficientNet-B7) achieved a mean Intersection over Union (mIoU) of 80 and IoU scores of 97.9 for the background, 80.93 for first stage, 79.89 for second stage and 63.35 for third stage, highlighting the challenges of detecting more advanced stages due to increasing vegetation cover and geomorphological complexity. The sliding window approach was employed to classify the entire image mosaic, testing various stride values (8, 16, 32, 64, 128 and 256), with smaller strides improving segmentation accuracy at the cost of higher computational demands. The results demonstrate the importance of integrating spectro-spatio-temporal data to detect multiple evolutionary stages and improve the robustness of semantic segmentation. This research provides a comprehensive dataset and benchmark for future studies on karst depressions, contributing to understanding geomorphological evolution and conservation planning in Central Brazil.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143110702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Equilibrium of morphological units in anabranching rivers","authors":"Niccolò Ragno,&nbsp;Marco Tubino","doi":"10.1002/esp.70004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70004","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Anabranching rivers are characterized by multiple sequences of interacting channels. These patterns consist of morphological units in the form of closed loops, with an upstream bifurcation controlling the partition of water and sediment fluxes, and a downstream confluence where the two anabranches reconnect. Bifurcation-confluence loops can also be encountered in single-thread rivers showing a transitional planform between meandering and anabranching, often associated with width oscillations and chute cutoffs. Individual channel loops display an average length that is proportional to the reach-averaged bankfull depth of alluvial rivers. The existence of a characteristic length scale reflects a hydro-morphodynamic interaction taking place between the constitutive elements of these morphological features, bifurcations and confluences. However, it is not clear why channel loops should organize themselves to attain a certain spatial scale, and how their planform shape is related to the morphodynamical processes governing the distribution of water and sediment between the anabranches. In this work we tackle these issues through a comparative analysis of theoretical findings and remotely sensed data from natural gravel-bed and sand-bed rivers. Two missing ingredients are included with respect to previous analyses: the case where one of the anabranches stops transporting sediment, and the case of loops with unequal lengths of the bifurcates. The theoretical model suggests that four distinct types of long-term equilibrium states can be identified, depending on the reach-averaged bankfull properties and on the planform shape of the loop. The comparison between model results and field data reveals that most of the observed river loops place themselves consistently in the region of the parameter space where theory predicts that both branches keep open in the long term.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/esp.70004","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143110701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of wildfires and forest harvesting on geohazards and channel instability during the November 2021 atmospheric river in southwestern British Columbia, Canada","authors":"Carie-Ann Hancock,&nbsp;Kyle Wlodarczyk","doi":"10.1002/esp.6065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.6065","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Sediment mobilized to rivers during extreme flood events can influence channel stability and cause significant morphological changes. A prolonged and intense atmospheric river (AR) struck southwestern British Columbia, Canada in November 2021, leading to extreme flooding and landsliding over approximately 70 000 km² of mountainous areas. Entire communities within the region were evacuated, and the transportation infrastructure connecting them was severely damaged. The locations of 1300+ geohazards (e.g., debris flows, debris flood, debris slides, shallow landslides and bank erosion) were mapped from helicopter, ground observations, orthoimagery, site photos and social media posts alongside rivers and large gravel-bed streams that experienced lateral instability. Morphological changes in two of these gravel-bed rivers were examined in more detail by comparing pre-event and post-event lidar data using three-dimensional point-based normal differencing. We found that geohazards occurred more frequently in burned areas and along forest harvesting resource roads, providing point sources of sediment that entered mainstem rivers. The geohazard mapping and lidar change detection revealed that bank erosion and lateral instability often occurred downstream of these mapped sediment sources. As the frequency of wildfires and extreme meteorological events is predicted to increase with continued climate change, future risk assessments in communities should consider sediment sources that can be mobilized by these events and the resulting downstream morphological impacts.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143120589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}