Earth Surface Processes and Landforms最新文献

{"title":"A possible initiation mechanism of Muztag rock avalanche induced by nearby fault creep","authors":"Yingbin Zhang,&nbsp;Qingdong Wang,&nbsp;Pengcheng Yu,&nbsp;Lei Wang,&nbsp;Zhongkun Zhang,&nbsp;Jianxian He,&nbsp;Yao Xiao,&nbsp;Xinyan Peng,&nbsp;Wenfang Wang,&nbsp;Qiangong Cheng,&nbsp;Marco Bohnhoff","doi":"10.1002/esp.70066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70066","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Rock avalanches are catastrophic events that can be triggered by various geological and climatic factors. Large-scale rock avalanches have been observed near fault zones, indicating a potential relationship between fault creep motions and the initiation of rock avalanches. This study proposes a physical mechanism that explains how fault creep leads to the initiation of near-fault rock avalanches through stress redistribution. The Muztag rock avalanche which occurred near the Muztag fault in Muztag Ata, Kashgar, China is revisited using field measurements and numerical modelling. We consider the Muztag rock avalanche model with its initial slope toe supported by a portion of the fault's hanging wall. Site-specific numerical simulations using discontinuous deformation analysis (DDA) reveal that fault creep initially generates localized stress concentrations at the slope toe. Once the slope toe completely detaches from the hanging wall, the slope toe fails when the accumulated stress exceeds the local strength, resulting in a sharp stress drop. This stress redistribution triggers consecutive failure at the bottom of the rear edge and middle slope, forming a through-going shear sliding surface, which leads to the initiation of the overall rock avalanche. The kinematic processes of the avalanche, including sliding distance and deposit thickness, as modelled by DDA, are consistent with the post-failure characteristics of the Muztag rock avalanche. These findings suggest that tectonic fault creep motions can play a significant role in inducing near-fault rock avalanches.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143919718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of post-event kinematics of Baige landslide using multi-source remotely-sensed imagery","authors":"Zhenyan Lai,&nbsp;Xuguo Shi,&nbsp;Daqing Ge,&nbsp;Menghua Li,&nbsp;Chencheng Li,&nbsp;Li Zhang","doi":"10.1002/esp.70076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70076","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Baige landslide, which experienced two major collapses on October 10 and November 3, 2018, resulted in the formation of a landslide dam on the Jinsha River, causing significant socio-economic damage. Despite these catastrophic events, ongoing deformation has been observed, indicating persistent landslide activity and a continued risk of future failures. In this study, we integrated multi-source remote sensing imagery to investigate the post-failure kinematics of the Baige landslide from 2019 to 2023. Small baseline subset interferometric synthetic aperture radar (SBAS-InSAR) was employed to derive slow moving displacement rates of Baige landslide from the Sentinel-1 and ALOS-2 PALSAR-2 datasets. Two-dimensional (2D) displacement by integration of InSAR measurements revealed maximum vertical and eastward displacement rates of −357.1 mm/yr and 382.1 mm/yr, respectively. Pixel offset tracking (POT) analysis of Sentinel-2 and ALOS-2 PALSAR-2 datasets further facilitated the derivation of three-dimensional (3D) displacement rates, with maximum vertical and horizontal displacements of −7.2 m/yr and 5.4 m/yr in the upper sections, respectively. The significant variations in displacement rates are related to the fractured surfaces within the landslide. A one-dimensional pore pressure diffusion model estimated the hydraulic diffusivity of the landslide as approximately 4.95 × 10⁻⁵ m²/s, with an unstable mass thickness of ~ 65 m near the head scarp. Seasonal accelerations correlated with rainfall highlight the role of hydrological factors in landslide dynamics. This study demonstrates the value of integrating multi-source remote sensing data to monitor landslides, providing critical insights for hazard assessment and mitigation in the Jinsha River Basin and similar high-risk regions.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143919719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geochemical differences between Gobi surface soil and transported dust: Implications for dust provenance identification in northern China's Gobi deserts","authors":"Zhengcai Zhang,&nbsp;Lanying Han,&nbsp;Aimin Liang,&nbsp;Zhibao Dong","doi":"10.1002/esp.70075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70075","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Dust storms are an important consequence of aeolian sediment emissions and transport processes on Earth and other planets. Dust geochemistry and provenance are important issues for aeolian and environmental science researchers because both properties identify source areas that may require ecological restoration to reduce the formation of future dust storms. Although there have been many studies of dust geochemistry and provenance in China and elsewhere, most of the analysed dust was collected from the surface soil and was not transported dust. However, particle selection by the wind and subsequent sorting changes the geochemistry of the transported dust in the air. Unfortunately, there have been few studies documenting this difference. In the present study, we collected transported dust in northern China, and used the analysis of variance method to analyse the dust geochemistry to detect differences among land surfaces and in the near-surface transported dust and dust at heights of 0.25 and 1.5 m above the surface. We found that Sc, V, Zn, Y, Zr, Nb, Cd and Cs and all REE concentrations differed between surface dust and transported dust at 1.5 m height. Zr, Y, Lan, Cen, LREE concentrations and Nd/Sm ratios of REEs were larger in the surface soil than in transported dust. Dust geochemistry at heights ≥ 0.25 m was comparable in source and deposition regions, indicating that the characteristics of transported dust are a suitable indicator for dust provenance identification. Our results also indicate that the Hexi Corridor Desert and the Heihe River Basin are primary dust sources for downwind regions.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143914108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Landslide monitoring from point cloud sequence using stereo feature matching","authors":"Yunfeng Ge,&nbsp;Changyang Liu,&nbsp;Huiming Tang,&nbsp;Jiangjun Chen","doi":"10.1002/esp.70073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70073","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In this study, we proposed a methodology for monitoring the deformation effects of the Baijiabao landslide in Zigui County, Yichang, China, within the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, using terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) technology. The primary objective is to refine and enhance the accuracy of point-cloud alignment techniques through the automated fitting of multidimensional stereographs. This method aims to improve early warning systems and monitoring capabilities for geological hazards by generating three-dimensional (3D) point cloud models that illustrate landslide displacement across various time intervals. Owing to the non-stationary nature of the landslide area, we applied the random sample consensus (RANSAC) algorithm to fit the point cloud to bridge piers outside the landslide zone. The centre points of these piers were then calculated, and a displacement rotation matrix was derived using the coordinates of the fitted three-dimensional model of the bridge piers. This matrix is then employed to align the landslide region, which markedly diminishes errors related to point cloud registration and improves the precision of the displacement computations. Following point-cloud preprocessing, the obtained data were subjected to graphical fitting onto stable non-target regions using the RANSAC technique. The centroid of the fitted point cloud was computed to align the target landslide area with this reference datum. After alignment, the initial phase point cloud was reconstructed as a three-dimensional model. Displacement disparities between the subsequent phase model and reference were computed using the reconstructed model as a basis using the cloud-to-mesh (C2M) method. The resulting discrepancies were visualized using colour rendering techniques. The displacement disparity model was colour-coded to highlight the overall displacement trends and deformation intensity in the Baijiabao landslide. The landslide exhibited a distinct blocky blue distribution on the nephogram near Zixing Highway, indicating significant deformation and settlement in the area. Further examination through specific deformation displacement maps showed that the average deformation value within the area was −0.2041 m. The displacement results were validated using the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) monitoring station at the Baijiabao landslide. The resulting displacement and deformation patterns were illustrated using a displacement map, enabling rapid identification of landslide activity and issuance of timely warnings. Moreover, this improves the precision of TLS in landslide monitoring, making point-cloud alignment-based monitoring technology more feasible and efficient.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143914017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The synergistic effect of soil and water conservation measures on sediment supply reduction in a typical basin on the Loess Plateau, China","authors":"Beilei Liu,&nbsp;Peng Li,&nbsp;Zhanbin Li,&nbsp;Jianye Ma,&nbsp;Chenguang Wang","doi":"10.1002/esp.70068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70068","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In this study, water and sediment changes in the Huangfu River Basin were analysed and the impacts of human activities and climate change on variations in river sediment transport were compared. This study aimed to provide scientific support for the ecological protection and high-quality development of the Yellow River Basin in the future. The sediment reduction contribution rates of various soil and water conservation measures as well as their synergistic effects, were quantified. The results showed that the sediment reduction contribution rate of check dams decreased from 28.39% during the baseline period (1954–1989) to 22.46% during the second development period (2000–2015), primarily due to the gradual loss of sediment retention capacity as the dams filled with sediment. In contrast, the contribution rate of vegetation measures increased significantly, rising from 24.97% during 1990–1999 to 32.78% during 2000–2015, driven by expanded grasslands and forests, which reduced erosion. The contribution of terrace measures remained limited, increasing slightly from 0.21% to 0.40% over the same periods, due to their restricted spatial coverage. The synergistic effects of these three major conservation measures accounted for 46.43% of sediment reduction during 1989–1999 and 44.36% during 2000–2015, highlighting their complementary roles in soil and water conservation. In conclusion, the synergistic effects of various soil and water conservation measures should be considered in the future management of water and sediment in the Yellow River. Conservation strategies should be optimized to maximize the role of these measures in reducing runoff and sediment transport, ensuring sustainable basin management.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143909026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estimating three-dimensional motion of a creeping landslide from topographic data and associated land surface parameters","authors":"Daniel R. Newman,&nbsp;Yuichi S. Hayakawa,&nbsp;Akira Kato,&nbsp;Mio Kasai,&nbsp;Kotaro Iizuka","doi":"10.1002/esp.70071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70071","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Recent advances in surveying technologies have allowed high precision measurement and monitoring of changes in the Earth's surface position over time. Lateral mass movements remain an under-explored aspect of topographic analyses despite the plethora of dynamic processes affecting surface position. This research introduces the use of a two-dimensional optical flow algorithm to estimate the three-dimensional relationships between a topographic surface and itself after displacement using a time series of bare-earth digital elevation models (DEMs). Several indices are derived from the motion fields estimated by the optical flow algorithm to define a set of properties that are used to quantitatively characterize surface motion. A preliminary investigation into the efficacy of these surface properties for analysing dynamic topography was conducted on a creeping landslide in Biratori, Hokkaido, Japan. An accuracy assessment demonstrated strong agreement between observed and estimated displacements, with concordance correlation coefficients of 0.87 for both <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>x</mi>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation>$$ x $$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>- and <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>y</mi>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation>$$ y $$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>-axis displacement, and submetre root mean squared error of 0.47 and 0.72 m for the <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>x</mi>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation>$$ x $$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>- and <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>y</mi>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation>$$ y $$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>-axis, respectively. A segmentation algorithm was applied to the translation distance and azimuth angle properties to assess the accuracy with which these variables delineate the landslide, based on the expectation that landslide motion characteristics are spatially contiguous and internally homogeneous. Segments overlapped with the landslide boundary area by up to 70%, and segments within the landslide boundary were consistently among the largest in the segment-area distribution. The results demonstrated how these surface properties can form simple and effective heuristics for analysing creeping landslides with strong potential for other dynamic surface phenomena.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143905130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inter-eruptive lahars at El Chichón Volcano (Mexico): Susceptibility analysis and numerical modelling","authors":"Omar Cruz-Vázquez,&nbsp;Lucia Capra,&nbsp;Lorenzo Borselli,&nbsp;Norini Gianluca","doi":"10.1002/esp.70070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70070","url":null,"abstract":"<p>El Chichón volcano, located in the southern part of Mexico, is one of the most active Mexican volcanoes. In 1982 it was the scene of the largest Plinian eruption recorded in Mexico during the last century. The volcano is in a climatic region with extreme rainfalls that accumulate more than 3,500 mm of precipitation per year and is frequently affected by hurricanes. The most recent climatic events were caused by Hurricane Eta in 2020 and tropical storm Karl in 2022, in addition to an atypical rainfall event in the same year that accumulated 339.9 mm of rain in 24 hours. During these episodes, hundreds of soil slips originated and transformed into inter-eruptive (e.g., secondary) lahars affecting several communities in the area.</p><p>In this work, we present a morpho-hydrological characterization of 33 catchments that drain from the volcano, including their geology and land use changes, to identify the factors promoting mass wasting processes. Moreover, rainfall frequency analysis was performed with data from six weather stations for the period 1987–2017, and precipitation scenarios with return periods of 5, 10, 20 and 80 years were defined. Based on these results, rainfall-runoff simulations using the FLO-2D code allowed us to obtain discharge curves for each catchment, which were used to simulate inter-eruptive lahars from the volcano slopes. We present the first hazard maps for inter-eruptive lahars based on the probability of occurrence and flow magnitude. These maps were subdivided into three scenarios: for 24 hours, 72 hours and an atypical event. The Ostuacán and Xochimilco villages are the most exposed inhabited areas with a total population of 4,000. These maps represent a new contribution to the volcanic hazard assessment of the El Chichón volcano and an essential instrument necessary to contribute to risk management.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/esp.70070","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143879811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mineral dust emissions from proglacial valleys of western Canada: Historical and future dynamics","authors":"Daniel Bellamy,&nbsp;James King,&nbsp;Daniel F. Nadeau","doi":"10.1002/esp.70069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70069","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Proglacial valleys of the St. Elias Mountains in western Canada are major sources of historical mineral dust emissions, as evidenced through loess records, yet no estimates of contemporary emissions exist for this region. In these landscapes, dust emissions occur at the interface of glaciofluvial and aeolian processes, not only subject to large seasonal-annual variability but facing major near-future changes following rapid deglaciation. We present a camera-derived observational record of dust emission activity in the A'ą̈y Chù (Yukon, Canada; 60.94°N 138.63°W) and adjacent proglacial valleys between 2016 and 2022, immediately following a major glacial drainage reorganisation. In the A'ą̈y Chù valley, we observe between 57 and 99 days of dust activity per year. Using Landsat 5–8 and MODIS retrievals, long-term variability in water, snow cover and NDVI was constrained from 1984 to 2023. Across four proglacial valleys, we identify 77.6 km² of erodible area (58% of watercourse area), prone to frequent transient meltwater inundation, exposure and potential deflation of glacigenic sediments. Significant variability in seasonal surface erodibility exists between valleys, made notable following the migration of sediment stores into adjacent valleys prone to prolonged snow cover. Ongoing glacier recession and warming climates are anticipated to yield a transient increase in erodible area, and likely dust emissions, in the region over the next several decades. The subsequent decline is anticipated with further deglaciation and the continuing paraglacial transition of proglacial landscapes. A conceptual model is presented to this effect. Understanding contemporary dust emission sources, emission activity and near-future changes in emission dynamics is critical to establish the role regional mineral dust emissions will occupy in local climatic forcing over the coming decades.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/esp.70069","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143879810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of permafrost degradation and glacier retreat on recent high mountain rockfall distribution in the eastern European Alps","authors":"Christine Fey,&nbsp;Volker Wichmann,&nbsp;Christian Zangerl","doi":"10.1002/esp.70063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70063","url":null,"abstract":"<p>High mountain environments are among the regions most affected by global warming, with glacier retreat and permafrost degradation leading to significant changes in slope stability. This study investigates the spatial distribution of rockfalls above the timberline in the Stubaier and Ötztaler Alps (Eastern Alps, Austria). Rockfalls were identified using an automated pre-classification approach and manual verification of detected rockfalls based on digital surface models (DSMs) derived from 2006 and 2017 airborne laser scanning (ALS) datasets and orthoimages. To assess the influence of permafrost, the mean annual ground surface temperature (MAGST) was modelled using a simplified surface energy balance that accounts for altitude and solar radiation. The impact of glacier retreat in recent decades was assessed on the basis of historical glacier inventories. A total of 1989 rockfalls were identified, with volumes ranging from 200 m³ to 200,000 m³. Notably, 76% of the rockfalls occurred in areas with a MAGST below 0°C, which represents only 22% of the potential rockfall area. In addition, 40% of the events occurred in areas that have been deglaciated since 1969, representing only 4.7% of the potential rockfall area. The results are consistent with published local rockfall inventories focusing on individual rock faces or glacial cirques and extend to a wider region spanning altitudes from 1800 to 3,770 m a.s.l. and an area of 1,350 km². This study provides the first comprehensive regional inventory of recent rockfalls for a large area in the Eastern Alps and shows a strong spatial relationship of rockfall to permafrost degradation and glacier retreat areas.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/esp.70063","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143879966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The change of mechanical strength and microscopic mechanism of loess in Ili area under the superposed effect of snow melting and rainfall","authors":"Qianli Lv,&nbsp;Zizhao Zhang,&nbsp;Tiandong Zhang,&nbsp;Xin Wang,&nbsp;Gulmira Amat","doi":"10.1002/esp.70065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70065","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The period with the highest water content of the slope in Ili area is from mid-March to mid-May every year. From April to June, landslide disasters occur frequently, and it is also the period of ice and snow melt water and rainfall. The formation mechanism of a loess landslide is different because of the difference in natural geography and geological environment background conditions. According to the characteristics of rainfall infiltration in the slope of Ili Valley, it is urgent to carry out research on the formation mechanism of ice and snow melt infiltration gain rainfall loess landslide. This study explores the macro and micro characteristics and their correlation of loess in the Ili area under varying water content conditions through laboratory triaxial compression tests, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). The results reveal a quadratic parabolic relationship between cohesive force, internal friction angle and moisture content, with both cohesive force and internal friction angle increasing initially with moisture content before decreasing. Water content primarily affects the cohesive force of loess in the Ili area, with minimal impact on the internal friction angle. Microstructural tests identify an optimal moisture content for Ili loess, where the particles are the largest, most equiaxed, with simple contour lines and well-arranged structures. Grey relational analysis demonstrates the closest relationships between pore size fractal dimension and loess cohesive force, as well as between particle size fractal dimension and internal friction angle. The quantitative analysis of the macro- and micro-structure of Ili loess provides valuable insights for landslide prevention and management in the Ili River Valley.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143879967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}