Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics最新文献

{"title":"Framework for Regional Seismic Risk Assessments of Groups of Tall Buildings","authors":"James Bantis,&nbsp;Pablo Heresi,&nbsp;Alan Poulos,&nbsp;Eduardo Miranda","doi":"10.1002/eqe.4283","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.4283","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A novel probabilistic Monte Carlo-based framework to conduct regional seismic risk assessments using simplified continuous models is proposed. The hazard at rock outcrop is defined by response spectral ordinates, which are simulated to account for spatial correlation and correlation across different periods simultaneously. For sites on firm and soft soils, a simplified site response analysis using a one-dimensional continuous non-uniform shear beam model is used to transform the hazard at rock outcrops to the hazard at all sites of interest. Uncertainty in the soil properties at each site is explicitly considered. Response spectra at each site are computed at the principal orientations of each building using recently proposed directionality models that permit the estimation of the seismic hazard at specific orientations. A one-dimensional continuous coupled shear-flexural beam model is used to simulate building dynamic properties accounting for modeling uncertainty and to obtain building responses for each building. The parameters of each model only require information on the building height and the lateral resisting system. All relevant uncertainties associated with each module of the framework are explicitly incorporated and propagated. Finally, a case study of tall buildings in San Francisco subjected to a magnitude 7.0 earthquake on the Hayward Fault is presented to illustrate how the framework can be implemented.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11390,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics","volume":"54 3","pages":"833-850"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143380450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Similarity Design Method for Fluid–Structure Models in Underwater Shaking Table and Wave Tests","authors":"Yu Chen,&nbsp;Kun Wu,&nbsp;Bo Zhao,&nbsp;Zhong-Xian Li","doi":"10.1002/eqe.4286","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.4286","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>For shaking table tests, it is essential to increase the density of the structure by adding artificial masses, which serves as an equivalent density. This modification ensures adherence to the dynamic similarity criterion. However, for underwater shaking table and wave tests, the density of water cannot change, and an increase in the equivalent density of the structure results in a distortion of the test simulation of the fluid–structure interaction. To solve this problem, an innovative similarity law is proposed for the design of fluid–structure models by changing the cross-sectional dimensions of the structure. A series of bidirectional underwater shaking table tests and unidirectional wave tests were conducted to validate the proposed similarity law, and the traditional similarity law was analyzed for comparison. The test results indicated that the traditional scale model predicted the hydrodynamic pressure acting on the prototype with an error of approximately 50%. In contrast, the proposed scale model reduced this error to about 10%. Furthermore, the relative errors in predicting the displacement, acceleration, and strain of the prototype using the proposed scale model were all below 15%. This demonstrated the reliability of the proposed similarity law applied in the test design for fluid–structure models in underwater shaking table and wave tests.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11390,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics","volume":"54 3","pages":"816-832"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143380475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance-Based Seismic Design With Consideration of Safe Storage From Errors in Reinforced Concrete Member Estimated Yield Deformation","authors":"Zelin Wang,&nbsp;Koichi Kusunoki,&nbsp;Yusuke Maida","doi":"10.1002/eqe.4280","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.4280","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>While performing the capacity spectrum method in seismic design, it is essential to select a reasonable objective. In practice, the design objective is typically determined by estimated structural response. However, factors like ground-motion randomness, the deviation between the structural analysis model and the actual behavior, and other factors would introduce errors in estimation. Therefore, a redundancy design with consideration of safe storage from these errors is necessary. This study focused on errors in the structural analysis model specifically, particularly reinforced concrete members’ estimated yield deformation—an essential parameter in estimating structural response. Initially, the influence on yield deformation of the structure due to each member's estimated yield deformation was clarified theoretically in the capacity spectrum method. To supplement theoretical analysis, a pushover analysis was conducted based on an E-defense shaking table test specimen. Then, the effect of structural yield deformation on estimated response deformation was deduced according to Japanese seismic design guidelines and was verified based on a single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) numerical analysis. By integrating these discussions, errors in estimated structural response caused by members’ estimated yield deformation can be evaluated. Consequently, a redundancy factor was proposed to include the safe storage from errors in RC member estimated yield deformation.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11390,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics","volume":"54 3","pages":"799-815"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143380140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impacts of Transition Piece Designs on the Resilience of Large Offshore Wind Turbines Subject to Combined Earthquake, Wind and Wave Loads and Soil-Structure Interaction","authors":"Nadeem Fairley,&nbsp;Behzad Fatahi,&nbsp;Aslan S. Hokmabadi","doi":"10.1002/eqe.4281","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.4281","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The urgent global drive to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions has significantly boosted renewable energy production, notably expanding offshore wind energy across the globe. With the technological evolution enabling higher-capacity turbines on larger foundations, these installations are increasingly situated in earthquake-prone areas, underscoring the critical need to ensure their seismic resilience as they become a pivotal component of the global energy infrastructure. This study scrutinises the dynamic behaviour of a 15 MW offshore wind turbine (OWT) under concurrent earthquake, wind and wave loads, focusing on the performance of the ultra-high-strength cementitious grout that bonds the monopile to the transition piece. Employing LS DYNA for numerical simulations, we explored the seismic responses of four OWT designs with diverse transition piece cone angles, incorporating nonlinear soil springs to model soil-structure interactions (SSIs) and conducting a site response analysis (SRA) to account for local site effects on ground motion amplification. Our findings reveal that transition pieces with larger cone angles exhibit substantially enhanced stress distribution and resistance to grout damage, evidenced by decreased ovalisation in the coned sections of the transition piece and monopile, and improved bending flexibility. The observed disparities in damage across different cone angles highlight shortcomings in current design guidelines pertaining to the prediction of grout stresses in conical transition piece designs, with the current code-specified calculations predicting higher stresses for transition piece designs with larger cone angles. This study also highlights the code's limitations when accounting for grout damage induced by stress concentrations in the grouted connections under seismic dynamic loading conditions. The results of the study demonstrate the need for refinement of these guidelines to improve the seismic robustness of OWTs, thereby contributing to the resilience of renewable energy infrastructure against earthquake-induced disruptions.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11390,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics","volume":"54 3","pages":"773-798"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143379878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental Study on Seismic Behavior of a New Separately-Anchored Self-Centering Beam-Column Connection","authors":"Lu-Xi Li,&nbsp;Chao Li,&nbsp;Hong Hao","doi":"10.1002/eqe.4276","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.4276","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Post-tensioned self-centering (PTSC) structures that use PT tendons to assemble precast members and provide structural resistance have demonstrated superior seismic performance and self-centering capacity. Current PTSC frames generally serially connect all beams in a floor. This assembly method would induce interferences among different spans and increase the risk of progressive failure once local damage occurs in a bay. This paper proposes a new type of PTSC joint to avoid such serial connection of beams. By employing steel beams to serve as the anchorages of PT tendons, each bay of the frame is separately prestressed. The composite prestressed beams can be readily fixed to columns by high-strength bolts, hence facilitating the construction of such separately-anchored self-centering (SASC) frame building. External friction dampers are installed to enhance the energy dissipation capacity of SASC connections. Eight full-scale cyclic loading tests are performed to compare the performance of the new SASC connections with conventional PTSC joints and also comprehensively evaluate the seismic behavior of SASC connections with different parameters. The test results validate the excellent damage mitigation abilities of both types of connections while the superior mechanical performance of the new SASC connections. In addition, the effects of key design parameters such as initial prestress level, damper force, and tendon number on the seismic behavior of the SASC connection are evaluated, and design recommendations for the application of the proposed precast beam-column connection are also provided.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11390,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics","volume":"54 2","pages":"747-767"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143110648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seismic Safety Evaluation of a Full-Size Reinforced Concrete Frame Infilled With Precast Modular Reinforced Blocks Using Pseudo-Dynamic Testing and Nonlinear Dynamic Finite Element Analysis","authors":"Ju-Seong Jung,&nbsp;Kang-Seok Lee","doi":"10.1002/eqe.4279","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.4279","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study proposes a novel seismic retrofitting method involving a reinforced concrete (R/C) frame infilled with precast modular reinforced blocks (PMRBs) to address the limitations of conventional infilling techniques. The retrofitting system for the R/C frame infilled with PMRB maximizes the advantages of factory-produced modular reinforcement blocks, considerably improving the constructability and joint integrity between the existing frame and the reinforcement, without substantially increasing the structural weight. Moreover, this approach uses a typical frame-infilling method to enhance lateral load capacity, simplifying the calculation of the required amount of seismic reinforcement; thus, it is ideal for R/C buildings with non-seismic detailing dominated by shear failure because it helps secure the necessary strength. A pseudo-dynamic test was conducted using a full-scale two-story frame test specimen, based on an existing R/C building with non-seismic detailing, to verify the restoring force characteristics, strength-increasing effects, reinforcement strain and seismic response control capabilities of the PMRB frame-infilling system. Nonlinear dynamic finite element analysis (FEA) was performed to compare and estimate the results of the pseudo-dynamic test. The study results showed that the average deviation ratio for the seismic response load and displacement between the nonlinear dynamic FEA and the pseudo-dynamic test was approximately 10%, indicating similar outcomes. Under a design basis earthquake of 200 cm/s² in seismic intensity, the unreinforced R/C frame experienced shear failure, whereas the PMRB-reinforced frame sustained only minor earthquake damage, even under seismic accelerations of a maximum considered earthquake of 300 cm/s² and a large-scale earthquake of 400 cm/s². Thus, the newly developed PMRB frame-infilling system shows great promise for seismic reinforcement.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11390,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics","volume":"54 2","pages":"724-746"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143120887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Physics-Based Simulation Approach for Urban-Scale Earthquake Disaster From Fault to City: Theory, Verification, and Application","authors":"Jisai Fu,&nbsp;Zhenning Ba,&nbsp;Jianwen Liang,&nbsp;Fangbo Wang","doi":"10.1002/eqe.4278","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.4278","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>By employing the frequency-wavenumber (FK) method to simulate the propagation of seismic wavefield in the crustal layer, using the spectral element method (SEM) to simulate the propagation of wavefield in the near-surface soil, and using the multi-degree-of-freedom (MDOF) model to simulate the seismic response of building clusters in city, this paper establishes the FK-SE-MDOF approach (a two-step method) for urban earthquake disaster analysis of fault-to-city based on the concept of domain reduction. The approach can simultaneously consider factors such as earthquake source parameters, propagation paths, local site effects, site-city interaction (SCI) effects, and the dynamic nonlinear responses of buildings (hereafter referred to as source-to-city factors) in a physics-based model. Firstly, the theories of the approach were introduced, and the correctness of the approach was verified. Furthermore, the applicability and the necessity of considering source-to-city factors were examined using a building cluster on an ideal sedimentary basin under the action of a point dislocation source. Finally, the seismic response of buildings in a region was simulated using buildings in the Nankai District of Tianjin as examples. This approach avoids the influences caused by expert experience differences in empirical and hybrid methods, establishes a connection between fault rupture and buildings dynamic response, and can more realistically reflect the distribution of seismic wavefields, building seismic responses, and damage state distribution under the earthquake scenario. It can be applied to earthquake disaster simulation for urban buildings at the scale of tens of thousands of buildings, and the simulation results can provide quantitative guidance for urban planning, earthquake-resistant design, risk assessment, post-earthquake rescue, etc.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11390,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics","volume":"54 2","pages":"685-705"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143120418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seismic Behavior of a Stone Curtain Wall System With Undercut Bolt Anchorage Under Various Loading Protocols","authors":"Xiaodong Ji,&nbsp;Rongwei Luo,&nbsp;Yuncheng Zhuang,&nbsp;Xiang Gao,&nbsp;Wanhui Lim,&nbsp;Zhe Qu","doi":"10.1002/eqe.4277","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.4277","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This paper presents full-scale experimental tests on the seismic behavior of a stone curtain wall system with undercut bolt anchorage (SCWS-UBA). Experimental set-ups were developed to test full-scale stone curtain wall systems subjected to three loading protocols: quasi-static in-plane loading, dynamic in-plane loading, and dynamic coupled in-plane and out-of-plane loading. In all three tests, the SCWS-UBA failed due to connector disengagement, followed by fracture of silicone sealant and transom-to-mullion connection welds and, finally, the falling out of stone panels. The SCWS-UBA specimens exhibited a large displacement capacity with an ultimate falling-out drift exceeding 3.0% in all tests. The drift ratio at connector disengagement was almost identical for both quasi-static and dynamic in-plane loading scenarios, indicating that in-plane accelerations had a minimal impact on stone curtain wall failure. In addition, disengagement of the connector was dependent on the horizontal edge distance and vertical overlap depth between the connector and the L-shaped steel angle. Simplified formulas for calculating the horizontal and vertical displacement of the connector were then developed. Based on these, seismic design recommendations were proposed for the overlap depth and edge distance between the connector and L-shaped steel angle, thereby preventing the falling out of stone panels.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11390,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics","volume":"54 2","pages":"706-723"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143120416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-Performance SMA–Based Self-Centring Precast Segmental Concrete Column: Design Concept, Test and Simulation","authors":"Zhi-Peng Chen,&nbsp;Lu Zhang,&nbsp;Jiahao Huang,&nbsp;Songye Zhu","doi":"10.1002/eqe.4275","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.4275","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This paper presents an experimental study of a novel high-performance self-centring (SC) precast segmental concrete column (PSCC) utilising shape memory alloy (SMA) bolts. The tested PSCC was constructed with four precast concrete segments and had a total height of 1555 mm. The whole column was assembled by connecting four segments through bolts solely, without using any complex anchorage for posttensioned components. Four 20-mm-diameter SMA bolts were used at the column base, whilst other segments were connected using high-strength steel bolts. Certain levels of prestrain were applied in the SMA and steel bolts when assembling, causing some minor initial cracks around the segment corners due to the casting imperfection and small gaps between the segments; however, no further crack development was observed after achieving stability. A series of cyclic and monotonic quasi-static tests were conducted to examine the working mechanism, structural behaviour, reusability, ductility and failure mode. Two cyclic horizontal loadings corresponding to a maximum drift ratio of 5% were applied consecutively, wherein the SMA bolts were retightened by hand in between. The SMA-SC-PSCC showed desirable flag-shaped behaviour under both loadings, with only some minor damages found on the concrete segments. Then, a monotonic loading was applied until the failure of the specimen, and the bottom segment fractured at a displacement of 86 mm (corresponding to 5.8% drift ratio). After the tests, a refined finite element model simulation was conducted as complementation. The satisfactory performance of the SC-PSCC showed that by using SMA bolts, the high-performance, low-damage and easy-construction design can be achieved simultaneously. The experimental and numerical results provided a promising design alternative in modern earthquake-resilient civil infrastructure.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11390,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics","volume":"54 2","pages":"666-684"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143120117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Three-Dimensional Finite Element Analysis and Simplified One-Dimensional Analysis Methods for Full-Scale Viscoelastic Damper Considering Strain Sensitivity","authors":"Daiki Sato,&nbsp;Qijun Liang,&nbsp;Dave Montellano Osabel","doi":"10.1002/eqe.4274","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.4274","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Viscoelastic (VE) dampers are capable of dissipating energy over a variety of input vibration frequencies. They supplement both displacement- and velocity-dependent restoring forces, thus, provide both stiffness and damping to the structure. For this, they are able to effectively mitigate both frequently occurring wind loads and seismic forces. They are sensitive to loading frequency, temperature, and strain level. Their combined sensitivity to both loading frequency and temperature is extensively researched through three-dimensional finite element (3D-FE) methods considering heat generation and transfer. However, they can experience a significant nonlinear reduction in dynamic mechanical properties under large strain levels. Pursuant to these, the previously developed 3D-FE method is extended in this study by combining with a nonlinear strain level–sensitive constitutive rule to investigate the behavior of a full-scale multilayer VE damper. This nonlinear 3D analysis method agrees accurately well with experimental results. Additionally, the 3D-FE analysis results suggest an approach to one-dimensional (1D) time-history analysis. Despite of large strain level, the energy dissipation obtained from 3D-FE analysis is uniform, further suggesting a framework for a simplified 1D approach, that is, considering uniform strain distribution. These 1D methods accurately predict VE damper global responses.</p>","PeriodicalId":11390,"journal":{"name":"Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics","volume":"54 2","pages":"648-665"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eqe.4274","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143119574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}