Drug Delivery and Translational Research最新文献

{"title":"Enhancing vaccine stability in transdermal microneedle platforms.","authors":"Suman Pahal, Feifei Huang, Parbeen Singh, Nidhi Sharma, Hoang-Phuc Pham, Thi Bao Tram Tran, Aseno Sakhrie, Hasan Akbaba, Thanh Duc Nguyen","doi":"10.1007/s13346-025-01854-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13346-025-01854-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Micron-scale needles, so-called microneedles (MNs) offer a minimally invasive, nearly painless, and user-friendly method for effective intradermal immunization. Maintaining the stability of antigens and therapeutics is the primary challenge in producing vaccine or drug-loaded MNs. The manufacturing of MNs patches involves processes at ambient or higher temperatures and various physio-mechanical stresses that can impact the therapeutic efficacy of sensitive biologics or vaccines. Therefore, it is crucial to develop techniques that safeguard vaccines and other biological payloads within MNs. Despite growing research interest in deploying MNs as an efficient tool for delivering vaccines, there is no comprehensive review that integrates the strategies and efforts to preserve the thermostability of vaccine payloads to ensure compatibility with MNs fabrication. The discussion delves into various physical and chemical approaches for stabilizing antigens in vaccine formulations, which are subsequently integrated into the MNs matrix. The primary focus is to comprehensively examine the challenges associated with the translation of thermostable vaccine MNs for clinical applications while considering a safe, cost-effective approach with a regulatory roadmap. The recent cutting-edge advances facilitating flexible and scalable manufacturing of stabilized MNs patches have been emphasized. In conclusion, the ability to stabilize vaccines and therapeutics for MNs applications could bolster the effectiveness, safety and user-compliance for various drugs and vaccines, potentially offering a substantial impact on global public health.</p>","PeriodicalId":11357,"journal":{"name":"Drug Delivery and Translational Research","volume":" ","pages":"3414-3438"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143991855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Therapeutic approaches for targeting the pediatric brain tumor microenvironment.","authors":"Caroline A Stockwell, Morrent Thang, David E Kram, Andrew B Satterlee, Shawn Hingtgen","doi":"10.1007/s13346-025-01839-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13346-025-01839-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Central nervous system (CNS) tumors are the most frequent solid malignant tumors in pediatric patients and are the leading cause of tumor-related death in children. Treatment for this heterogeneous group of tumors consists of various combinations of safe maximal surgical resection, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy which offer a cure for some children but often cause debilitating adverse late effects in others. While therapies targeting the tumor microenvironment (TME) like immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI) have been successful in treating some cancers, these therapies failed to exhibit treatment efficacy in the majority of pediatric brain tumors in the clinic. Importantly, the pediatric TME is unique and distinct from adult brain tumors and designing therapies to effectively target these tumors requires understanding the unique biology of pediatric brain tumors and the use of translational models that recapitulate the TME. Here we describe the TME of medulloblastoma (MB) and diffuse midline glioma (DMG), specifically diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG), and further present the current drug delivery approaches and clinical administration routes targeting the TME in these tumors, including preclinical and clinical studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":11357,"journal":{"name":"Drug Delivery and Translational Research","volume":" ","pages":"3363-3389"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143995745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Micropore visualization and lifetime following microneedle application to skin of differing pigments.","authors":"Valeria Cota, Nicole K Brogden","doi":"10.1007/s13346-025-01817-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13346-025-01817-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Solid microneedles allow dermal delivery of drugs that cannot otherwise absorb through skin, via creation of epidermal micropores. The time that the micropores remain open (micropore lifetime) directly impacts drug delivery windows, and darker skin types have extended micropore lifetimes. Here we visualized dermal micropores and measured micropore lifetime in subjects with differing skin pigmentation (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT04867733, registered 29th April 2021). Forty-nine subjects completed the study, self-identifying as Asian, Black, Caucasian, Latinx, and Bi-/multi-racial. Using a colorimeter, skin color was objectively measured and subjects were grouped according to dark (n = 13), medium (n = 19), or light (n = 17) skin. Stainless steel microneedles, 800 μm length, were applied to the arm. Impedance measurements confirmed a breach of skin barrier, suggesting adequate micropore formation. Micropore depth immediately post-microneedle application ranged from 70.3 to 106.6 μm across all subjects (n = 98 total measurements), but was not different between skin color groups, P > 0.05. OCT images were used to calculate micropore closure over 48 h. At 24 h there was no difference in % change in micropore depth between groups. By 48 h there was an 18.1% difference in micropore closure between the lightest and darkest skinned groups, P < 0.05. These data were in agreement with impedance-predicted micropore lifetimes. The longer micropore lifetime in darker skin was independent of micropore depth, and future mechanistic studies of physiological processes underlying these observations would contribute to an understudied area in skin of color research. Proof of concept pharmacokinetics studies would also be useful to investigate the full impact of these differences.</p>","PeriodicalId":11357,"journal":{"name":"Drug Delivery and Translational Research","volume":" ","pages":"3528-3541"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12353774/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143556057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Two-step ultrasonic cavitation controlled delivery of brain exogenous nucleic acids for ischemic stroke using acoustic-cationic-polymeric-nanodroplets.","authors":"Wei Dong, Guihu Wang, Yichao Chai, Wenjuan Li, Shichang Liu, Huasheng Liu, Wenlei Guo, Senyang Li, Xinrui He, Mingxi Wan, Zongfang Li, Yujin Zong","doi":"10.1007/s13346-025-01828-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13346-025-01828-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Inefficient and low-precision delivery of exogenous nucleic acids (ENA) severely limits gene therapy on ischemic stroke (IS). Two problems need to be urgently addressed to improve the efficacy of gene therapy; first, the blood brain barrier (BBB) should be open to promote the accumulation of ENA or genetic material carriers in the ischemic brain parenchyma, and second, the efficient delivery of ENA into the ischemic cells. Previous studies applied ultrasonic cavitation either for opening BBB or for inducing sonoporation to deliver genetic materials into cells. However, the effectiveness of the two-step ultrasonic cavitation to deliver ENA in the brain remains unclear, let alone the genetic materials to be controllably delivered into the ischemic brain parenchyma of the IS. This study systematically explored the BBB opening and ENA delivery by the two-step ultrasonic cavitation using artificial acoustic-cationic-polymeric-nanodroplets (ACPNs). The results demonstrated that the first focused ultrasound (FUS), set at parameters of 3.3 MPa, 20 Hz, 200 cycles and 5 s, stimulating intravascular ACPNs cavitation effectively opened BBB to allow nonactivated ACPN extravasation and accumulation into the ischemic brain parenchyma. Then, the extravascular ACPNs enhanced the second ultrasonic cavitation that noninvasively and efficiently controlled ENA delivery to the ischemic cells through sonoporation, particularly applying 3.3 MPa, 60 Hz, 200 cycles and 9 s to control FAM-eNA delivery, and 3.6 MPa, 20 Hz, 200 cycles and 7 s for pEGFP-C1 controlled delivery. Overall, the two-step ultrasonic cavitation represented a potential strategy for IS-targeted ENA controlled delivery.</p>","PeriodicalId":11357,"journal":{"name":"Drug Delivery and Translational Research","volume":" ","pages":"3695-3715"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12397173/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143565961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of beta and gamma radiation sterilization on growth factor-loaded nanoparticles: an innovative approach for osteoarticular disorders treatment.","authors":"Jorge Ordoyo-Pascual, Sandra Ruiz-Alonso, Idoia Gallego, Laura Saenz-Del-Burgo, Jose Luis Pedraz","doi":"10.1007/s13346-025-01829-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13346-025-01829-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The prevalence of various diseases, including osteoarticular conditions, is increasing as the world's population ages. These disorders lead to degeneration of bones and joints, diminishing the quality of life of the geriatric population and imposing a significant economic burden on healthcare systems. The aim of the present study is to sterilize nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) loaded with vascular endothelial growth factor 165 (VEGF165) and platelet-derived growth factorBB (PDGF-BB) without compromising their properties to improve osteoarticular disease prognosis. Therefore, two methods of sterilization using ionizing radiation - beta radiation and gamma radiation - and two different doses - 12 kGy and 25 kGy - were investigated. Subsequently, the study evaluated whether the sterilization process had any effect on the nanoparticles and encapsulated growth factors by assessing their physicochemical properties, toxicity, release profiles and bioactivity. The treatment with 12 kGy of beta radiation successfully sterilized the batch of nanoparticles without inducing any changes in the physicochemical properties. In addition, the release profile of VEGF165 remained unchanged, although a slight decrease was observed in the case of PDGF-BB. The biological activity of the growth factors showed a slight decrease, with the most effective concentrations being 5 ng/mL for VEGF165 and 50 ng/mL for PDGF-BB. Taken together, these findings suggest that the nanoparticles loaded with VEGF165 and PDGF-BB can be successfully sterilized while retaining both their properties and biological activity. These nanoparticles may offer a promising new approach for the treatment of osteoarticular diseases by enhancing vascularization and promoting cellular proliferation in the affected tissue.</p>","PeriodicalId":11357,"journal":{"name":"Drug Delivery and Translational Research","volume":" ","pages":"3716-3736"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12397139/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143603818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Harnessing the composition of lipid nanoparticles to selectively deliver mRNA to splenic immune cells for anticancer vaccination.","authors":"Mahmoud A Younis, Yusuke Sato, Yaser H A Elewa, Hideyoshi Harashima","doi":"10.1007/s13346-025-01824-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13346-025-01824-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Herein, we report a design for lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) that specifically delivers mRNA to splenic immune cells post intravenous administration for potential anticancer vaccination applications. A diverse library of ionizable lipids was screened in vivo, in combination with various helper lipids, where the composition of LNPs was tweaked to control their in vivo performance. The biodistribution of the LNPs was then investigated at both organ and sub-organ levels. Subsequently, the LNPs were recruited to deliver an anticancer mRNA-based vaccine to mice. The in vivo tropism of the LNPs was dramatically affected by the chemical structure of the ionizable lipids in question, where a model lipid, CL15H6, was recognized as displaying high affinity for the spleen. Further optimization of the composition of the LNPs enabled highly efficient and spleen-selective mRNA delivery, where the optimized CL15H6 LNPs demonstrated a high capacity for homing to splenic antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Furthermore, loading the LNPs with a low dose of ovalbumin-encoding mRNA (mOVA), as a model antigen, protected the mice against OVA-expressing tumor challenges and suppressed the tumor growth in tumor-bearing mice by ~ 75%, which was superior to the results of a clinically-relevant formulation. The CL15H6 LNPs proved to be biosafe upon either acute dose escalation or repeated administrations. The novel and scalable platform reported herein is promising for clinical translation as a neoantigen vaccine.</p>","PeriodicalId":11357,"journal":{"name":"Drug Delivery and Translational Research","volume":" ","pages":"3626-3641"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143585089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advanced lipid-based niosomes for enhanced transdermal delivery of olmesartan medoxomil via intracutaneous drug depot: a novel biomimicry approach.","authors":"Shahinaze A Fouad, Mostafa I Gebril, Fathy I Abd Allah, Mahmoud H Teaima, Mohamed El-Nabarawi, Mohammed Elmowafy, Omnia M Sarhan","doi":"10.1007/s13346-025-01982-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13346-025-01982-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Olmesartan medoxomil (OMN), a highly selective antihypertensive agent but, with problematic oral delivery due to its low solubility and limited bioavailability. Therefore, biomimetic lipid-based niosomes were adopted as a novel approach to enhance OMN solubility and boost its transdermal delivery (TD). Initially, conventional niosomes were prepared by thin film hydration method. Formulation parameters were adjusted to obtain entrapment efficiency (EE > 75%), particle size (PS < 300 nm), zeta potential (ZP > ± 25 mV), and polydispersity index (PDI < 0.5). Based on these parameters, OMN-Ns-3 was selected for further modulation. Concomitantly, screening studies of OMN in 9 liquid lipids; clove oil, Maisine^® CC, Transcutol^® HP, castor oil, olive oil, Miglyol^® 812, soybean oil, sesame oil, and cottonseed oil were performed. Among them, the first three showed the highest solubility of OMN; ~16.30 ± 1.80, 25.60 ± 2.20, and 38.35 ± 1.30 mg/mL, respectively. Hence, they were incorporated into OMN-Ns-3 to obtain the modulated niosomal formulation; M/C-OMN-Ns-T. It showed accepted EE 98.70 ± 1.40%, PS 186.30 ± 2.40 nm, ZP -36.20 ± 0.70 mV, and PDI 0.34 ± 0.03. It showed enhanced cumulative amount of OMN permeated; Q₂₄ 93.72 ± 0.49%, Q₄₈ 97.56 ± 0.66%, and Q₇₂ 98.22 ± 1.15%. Ex vivo studies showed significantly enhanced flux (J_max) compared to conventional niosomes with enhancement ratio values ~ 1.6 at 24/48 h, and 1.5 at 72 h (p < 0.0001). Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy showed vast distribution and deep localization of fluorescent M/C-OMN-Ns-T, creating in-skin depot for sustained OMN diffusion to the systemic circulation. TEM images showed nanosized, non-aggregated spherical vesicles. Physical stability studies showed no significant changes in EE, PS, ZP, and PDI. M/C-OMN-Ns-T formulated into transdermal patch (TP) showed accepted physicochemical properties including; thickness, folding endurance, surface pH, drug content Q₂₄, and Q₄₈. In vivo pharmacokinetic studies of TP showed significantly enhanced relative bioavailability ~ 674.04% compared to angiosartan oral tablets (p < 0.0001). It could be concluded that TD of M/C-OMN-Ns-T reflected its superiority over conventional lipid-free niosomes. Our study introduced the potential of liquid lipids as biomimetic fluidizing agents for enhanced TD of conventional nanocarriers. The developed TP could be a competent alternative to conventional oral delivery of OMN.</p>","PeriodicalId":11357,"journal":{"name":"Drug Delivery and Translational Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145198679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mouse mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomal miR-205-5p modulates LPS-induced macrophage polarization and alleviates lung injury by regulating the USP7/FOXM1 axis.","authors":"Yinglu Feng, Min Tang, Haopeng Li, Shanglong Yao, Bo Li","doi":"10.1007/s13346-025-01813-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13346-025-01813-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Exosomal microRNAs produced from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are crucial in the management of acute lung injury (ALI). In this work, mMSCs separated from bone marrow were used to extract exosomes (MSC-Exos). MSC-Exos treatment attenuated pathological changes and scores, and edema in ALI mice. Also, MSC-Exos administration modulated the concentrations of inflammatory factors as well as the macrophage polarization both in vivo and in vitro. Upregulation of miR-205-5p in MSC-Exos regulated the macrophage polarization and the contents of inflammatory factors in animal and cell models. MiR-205-5p targeted USP7, and negatively modulated the expression of USP7. USP7 interacted with FOXM1, and reduced the ubiquitination degradation of FOXM1. MSC-derived exosomal miR-205-5p modulated ubiquitination of FOXM1 by targeting USP7. The ameliorative effect of MSC-Exos on the macrophage polarization and the inflammatory factors release was reversed with the overexpression of USP7 in animal and cell models. Collectively, MSC-derived exosomal miR-205-5p regulated lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced macrophage polarization and alleviated lung injury by the USP7/FOXM1 axis, which developed a potential target for the treatment of ALI.</p>","PeriodicalId":11357,"journal":{"name":"Drug Delivery and Translational Research","volume":" ","pages":"3480-3496"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143499754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advances in constructing biocompatible nanocarriers.","authors":"Xuehui Duan, Xinlei Chu, Yan Du, Yixuan Tang","doi":"10.1007/s13346-025-01893-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13346-025-01893-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The design of effective drug nanocarriers requires the prevention of adverse biological interactions such as immune activation and cytotoxicity, making superior biocompatibility a critical determinant for clinical success. While existing reviews predominantly focus on the therapeutic applications of nanomedicines, systematic analyses of biocompatibility optimization strategies remain scarce. To address this gap, we present a review of three primary approaches for constructing biocompatible nanocarriers: (1) inert-material-based frameworks, (2) polymer surface engineering techniques, and (3) biomimetic functionalization methodologies. By evaluating the structural designs and biological mechanisms of commonly employed materials, we elucidated how these strategies leverage inherent material properties and biological interaction principles to regulate biocompatibility. Furthermore, we analyzed the advantages and limitations of each approach, offering guidance for selecting the optimal biocompatibility enhancement methods. This work not only synthesizes current advancements in biocompatible nanocarrier development but also provides actionable insights to advance nanomedicine research and clinical translation.</p>","PeriodicalId":11357,"journal":{"name":"Drug Delivery and Translational Research","volume":" ","pages":"3439-3465"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144324758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Innovative microfluidic model for investigating the intestinal mucus barrier: numerical and experimental perspectives.","authors":"Mohammad Valibeknejad, Reza Alizadeh, S Majid Abdoli, Julian Quodbach, Faranak Heidari, Silvia M Mihăilă, Pouyan E Boukany, Amir Raoof","doi":"10.1007/s13346-025-01818-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13346-025-01818-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The intestinal mucus layer serves as a critical first line of defense against external agents, functioning as a barrier to the absorption of drugs, food, and pathogens. While numerous in vitro studies have explored the role of mucus in preventing particle penetration, the effects of flowing luminal material, dislodging of mucus because of induced shear rate by lumen material and interfacial phenomena remain poorly understood. This study introduces a microfluidic approach to simulate the interaction between flowing luminal material and the mucus layer. The approach successfully measures both particle penetration into the mucus layer and the rate of mucus dislodgement by flowing luminal material. A biosimilar mucus model (BSM) and Hank's Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS) were employed as mimics of human intestinal mucus and luminal fluid, respectively. To investigate the effect of viscosity on the particle penetration pattern, two variants of the mucus model were used: BSM-1, representing a low-viscosity mucus model, and BSM-2, representing a high-viscosity mucus model. The velocity fields in the mucus and luminal material were extracted by tracking fluorescent particles. The results revealed significant differences between BSM-1 and BSM-2, attributed to their rheological properties. These findings were further confirmed through an assessment of the viscoelastic properties of the BSM models. The study utilized COMSOL Multiphysics for numerical simulations, successfully predicting experimental outcomes by solving fluid flow equations. Physicochemical characterizations of BSM and HBSS were performed to link the experimental results with numerical simulations, including flow sweep tests, the application of the power-law model for viscosity, and measurements of mucus density and wettability. This study proposes a microfluidic platform for examining mucus dislodgement and particle penetration in both low- and high-viscosity mucus models. The findings offer valuable insights into the intestinal mucus barrier's response to shear stress. The validated numerical approach and physicochemical characterizations provide a foundation for future studies on mucus dislodgement rates and penetration in more complex intestinal geometries and diverse flow conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":11357,"journal":{"name":"Drug Delivery and Translational Research","volume":" ","pages":"3542-3562"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12397131/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143565805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}