Drug Delivery and Translational Research最新文献

{"title":"Harnessing antiviral RNAi therapeutics for pandemic viruses: SARS-CoV-2 and HIV.","authors":"Ellen Bowden-Reid, Ernest Moles, Anthony Kelleher, Chantelle Ahlenstiel","doi":"10.1007/s13346-025-01788-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13346-025-01788-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Using the knowledge from decades of research into RNA-based therapies, the COVID-19 pandemic response saw the rapid design, testing and production of the first ever mRNA vaccines approved for human use in the clinic. This breakthrough has been a significant milestone for RNA therapeutics and vaccines, driving an exponential growth of research into the field. The development of novel RNA therapeutics targeting high-threat pathogens, that pose a substantial risk to global health, could transform the future of health delivery. In this review, we provide a detailed overview of the two RNA interference (RNAi) pathways and how antiviral RNAi therapies can be used to treat acute or chronic diseases caused by the pandemic viruses SARS-CoV-2 and HIV, respectively. We also provide insights into short-interfering RNA (siRNA) delivery systems, with a focus on how lipid nanoparticles can be functionalized to achieve targeted delivery to specific sites of disease. This review will provide the current developments of SARS-CoV-2 and HIV targeted siRNAs, highlighting strategies to advance the progression of antiviral siRNA along the clinical development pathway.</p>","PeriodicalId":11357,"journal":{"name":"Drug Delivery and Translational Research","volume":" ","pages":"2301-2322"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12137459/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143001978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gold nanoparticles as innovative therapeutics for oral mucositis: A review of current evidence.","authors":"Minati Choudhury, Paul Brunton, George Dias, Donald Schwass, Carla Meledandri, Jithendra Ratnayake, Daniel Pletzer, Geoffrey Tompkins","doi":"10.1007/s13346-024-01748-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13346-024-01748-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Oral mucositis (OM) remains a debilitating side effect in patients undergoing cancer therapy. DNA damage and oxidative stress generated by radiation and/or chemotherapy activate key inflammatory pathways, ultimately resulting in the destruction of the epithelial barrier, leading to microbial colonization, and ulceration. These ulcerative lesions are often extremely painful, compromising nutrition and oral hygiene, requiring intravenous nutritional support, resulting in longer periods of hospitalization and increased cost. Ulcers often increase the risk of secondary infection, disrupting cancer therapy and patient prognosis. Despite these issues, there is no approved therapy to mitigate OM. Ultrasmall (< 10 nm) spherical gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) with low toxicity offer unique size- and surface chemistry-dependent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. However, physicochemical design of AuNPs, including size, capping agent, and surface charge critically influence their colloidal stability, toxicity, and therapeutic efficacy. AuNP below 10 nm demonstrate increased therapeutic efficacy due to the high surface area-to-volume ratio, however, particles smaller than 2 nm also show increased potential for inducing cellular death. Furthermore, anionic capping agents make AuNPs less toxic with increased anti-inflammatory response, while cationic particles are potent antimicrobials but toxic. Thus, surface chemistry modulation is a promising strategy to design AuNPs (< 10 nm) as potential therapeutic agents for OM. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the OM pathophysiology, discusses current interventional concepts, critically analyses the existing literature on AuNP as an anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial agent and highlights the benefits and challenges associated with using AuNPs as a therapeutic agent against OM.</p>","PeriodicalId":11357,"journal":{"name":"Drug Delivery and Translational Research","volume":" ","pages":"2323-2353"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142767401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A quality by design strategy for cocrystal design based on novel computational and experimental screening strategies: part A.","authors":"Steven A Ross, Adam Ward, Patricia Basford, Mark McAllister, Dennis Douroumis","doi":"10.1007/s13346-024-01743-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13346-024-01743-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>While pharmaceutical Cocrystals have long been acknowledged as a promising method of enhancing a drugs bioavailability, they have not yet experienced widespread industrial adoption on the same scale as other multi-component drugs, such as salts and amorphous solid dispersions. This is partly due to the lack of a being no definitive screening strategy to identify suitable coformers, with the most cocrystal screening strategies heavily relying on trial and error approaches, or through utilizing a multiple and often conflicting, computational screening techniques combined with high material consumption experimental techniques. From the perspective of industry, this can often lead to high material waste and increased costs, encouraging the prioritization of more traditional bioenhancement techniques. Here we present a strategy for the selection of multicomponent systems involving computational modelling for screening of drug- former pairs based on a combination of molecular complementarity and H-bond propensity screening. Jet dispensing printing technology is co-opted as a mechanism for High-Throughput Screening (HTS) of different stoichiometric ratios, as a low material consumption screening strategy. This strategy is presented herein as a Quality by Design (QbD) crystal engineering approach, combined with experimental screening methods to produce cocrystals of a novel 5-Lipoxygenase (5-LO) inhibitor, PF-04191834 (PF4). Through this methodology, three new cocrystals were indicated for PF4, confirmed via DSC and XRPD, from less than 50 mg of original testing material. Part B of this study will demonstrate the scalability of this technique continuous extrusion.</p>","PeriodicalId":11357,"journal":{"name":"Drug Delivery and Translational Research","volume":" ","pages":"2448-2466"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12137494/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142675338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cell membrane fusion composite lipid nanocarrier: preparation and evaluation of anti-tumor effects.","authors":"Shengyue Wu, Hanming Wang, Lihua Zhang, Qianqian Wang, Ningze Xu, Kaihong Shi, Cong He, Yabing Hua, Ziming Zhao","doi":"10.1007/s13346-024-01750-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13346-024-01750-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>With the advancements in nanotechnology and biomaterials science, the development of nanodrug delivery systems (Nano-DDSs) has provided opportunities for the realization of precise targeted treatment of malignant tumors. Liposomes have become a type of DDS with early clinical application and mature development due to their excellent tissue-targeting capacity and outstanding biocompatibility. However, several obstacles remain, such as recognition and clearance by the immune system, a short half-life, and poor tumor targeting. To address these problems, we propose a new method to transform liposomes, using fusion to reassemble the extracted natural cell membranes and artificial phospholipids to form a composite nanolipid carrier (recombined lipid nanocarriers (RLNs)). We evaluated the different types of cell membrane composite lipid nanocarriers based on parameters such as particle size, stability, drug loading and release capabilities, in vitro and in vivo tumor-targeting efficacy, and safety. The results indicated that these novel tumor cell-derived membrane fusion lipid nanocarriers exhibited promising antitumor effects and safety profiles, offering insights for precision cancer treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":11357,"journal":{"name":"Drug Delivery and Translational Research","volume":" ","pages":"2522-2533"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142784547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research on the preparation of antimicrobial material based on thermoplastic polyurethane and drug release control.","authors":"Chengzhi Cui, Jinxing Cao, Jianlan Liu, Hui Zhang","doi":"10.1007/s13346-024-01751-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13346-024-01751-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>It's crucial of antimicrobial properties in materials is growing as people desire to live healthier. The purpose of this work was to use thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) as a matrix to produce an antimicrobial material with a tunable drug release rate. Filaments with a diameter of 1.75 ± 0.08 mm were prepared by hot-melt processing technology utilizing TPU, the modifier polyethylene oxide (PEO) and ciprofloxacin hydrochloride monohydrate (CPFX) as raw materials. The corresponding models were then printed using fused deposition type (FDM) 3D printing for performance testing. Results demonstrate the uniform fiber morphology and strong mechanical properties of the four samples, each of which was composed of a different ratio of components. The addition of PEO caused a change to the drug release mechanism, increased the material hydrophilicity, and generated extra pores during the dissolution process. This composite exhibited sustained antimicrobial activity even after 21 days of rotary immersion, as shown by in vitro dissolution and zone inhibition tests.</p>","PeriodicalId":11357,"journal":{"name":"Drug Delivery and Translational Research","volume":" ","pages":"2534-2546"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142767402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"3D-printing of dipyridamole/thermoplastic polyurethane materials for bone regeneration.","authors":"Masoud Adhami, Anushree Ghosh Dastidar, Qonita Kurnia Anjani, Usanee Detamornrat, Quim Tarrés, Marc Delgado-Aguilar, Jonathan G Acheson, Krishnagoud Manda, Susan A Clarke, Natalia Moreno-Castellanos, Eneko Larrañeta, Juan Domínguez-Robles","doi":"10.1007/s13346-024-01744-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13346-024-01744-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tissue engineering combines biology and engineering to develop constructs for repairing or replacing damaged tissues. Over the last few years, this field has seen significant advancements, particularly in bone tissue engineering. 3D printing has revolutionised this field, allowing the fabrication of patient- or defect-specific scaffolds to enhance bone regeneration, thus providing a personalised approach that offers unique control over the shape, size, and structure of 3D-printed constructs. Accordingly, thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU)-based 3D-printed scaffolds loaded with dipyridamole (DIP) were manufactured to evaluate their in vitro osteogenic capacity. The fabricated DIP-loaded TPU-based scaffolds were fully characterised, and their physical and mechanical properties analysed. Moreover, the DIP release profile, the biocompatibility of scaffolds with murine calvaria-derived pre-osteoblastic cells, and the intracellular alkaline phosphatase (ALP) assay to verify osteogenic ability were evaluated. The results suggested that these materials offered an attractive option for preparing bone scaffolds due to their mechanical properties. Indeed, the addition of DIP in concentrations up to 10% did not influence the compression modulus. Moreover, DIP-loaded scaffolds containing the highest DIP cargo (10% w/w) were able to provide sustained drug release for up to 30 days. Furthermore, cell viability, proliferation, and osteogenesis of MC3T3-E1 cells were significantly increased with the highest DIP cargo (10% w/w) compared to the control samples. These promising results suggest that DIP-loaded TPU-based scaffolds may enhance bone regeneration. Combined with the flexibility of 3D printing, this approach has the potential to enable the creation of customized scaffolds tailored to patients' needs at the point of care in the future.</p>","PeriodicalId":11357,"journal":{"name":"Drug Delivery and Translational Research","volume":" ","pages":"2467-2482"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12137528/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142686429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Innovative formulations for the ocular delivery of coenzyme Q10.","authors":"Sara Signorini, Silvia Pescina, Caterina Ricci, Elena Del Favero, Maria Vivero-Lopez, Carmen Alvarez-Lorenzo, Patrizia Santi, Cristina Padula, Sara Nicoli","doi":"10.1007/s13346-024-01739-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13346-024-01739-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is a lipophilic antioxidant agent that plays a crucial role in the mitochondrial electron transport chain. The neuroprotective role of CoQ10, countering mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress, suggests its potential as an adjuvant for ocular neurodegenerative diseases linked to retinal cell loss. However, despite its promising properties, ocular barriers pose challenges for effective delivery. Therefore, the present work aimed to identify new ocular delivery strategies to improve the therapeutic potential of CoQ10 by increasing its ocular bioavailability at the posterior segment and supporting its controlled release. Polymeric micelles of D-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS) were selected as carriers for the loading of CoQ10, increasing its solubility and promoting its penetration through ocular tissues. After their characterization by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), loaded micelles were applied to porcine sclera and choroid to confirm their ex vivo retention and permeation capacity. To ensure a controlled release, they were then loaded into a crosslinked polymer film, which was characterized in terms of mechanical properties, swelling degree and release profiles of TPGS and CoQ10. The biocompatibility of this platform was tested by the HET-CAM assay, and ex vivo studies confirmed its ocular potential.</p>","PeriodicalId":11357,"journal":{"name":"Drug Delivery and Translational Research","volume":" ","pages":"2415-2430"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142791326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Medicated and multifunctional composite alginate-collagen-hyaluronate based scaffolds prepared using two different crosslinking approaches show potential for healing of chronic wounds.","authors":"Meena Afzali, Nessa Esfandiaribayat, Joshua Boateng","doi":"10.1007/s13346-024-01745-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13346-024-01745-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chronic wounds present significant challenges with high morbidity and mortality. A cost-effective dressing that can absorb large exudate volumes, is hemostatic and therapeutically active is of current interest. This study compares two crosslinking approaches on composite scaffolds comprising fish collagen (FCOL), hyaluronic acid (HA) and sodium alginate (SA) by respectively targeting HA and SA. Crosslinking involved reacting HA with polyethylene glycol diglycidyl ether (PEGDE)/itaconic acid (IT) (IPC scaffolds) or SA with calcium chloride (CC scaffolds) and the crosslinked gels (with/without BSA) freeze-dried. Selected optimized formulations were loaded with basic fibroblast growth factor (b-FGF) as medicated scaffold dressings. NMR and FTIR spectroscopies (crosslinking/component interactions), SEM (morphology), texture analysis (mechanical strength/adhesion), and exudate handling were used to characterize the physico-chemical properties of the scaffolds. Protein (BSA) release profiles, hemostasis, biocompatibility and wound closure were assessed using HPLC, whole blood and methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) and scratch assays respectively. The CC SA:FCOL:HA scaffolds showed improved mechanical strength, porosity, water vapor transmission rate, retained structural integrity after absorbing 50% exudate and promoted cell proliferation. The IPC scaffolds showed enhanced structural integrity, excellent hemostasis, retained three times more exudate than non-crosslinked scaffolds and provided acceptable pore size for cell adhesion and proliferation. The results show potential of CC and IPC SA:FCOL:HA scaffolds as medicated dressings for delivering proteins to chronic wounds. The study's significance lies in their potential use as multifunctional, multi-targeted and therapeutic dressings to overcome challenges with chronic wounds and use as delivery platforms for other therapeutic agents for chronic wound healing.</p>","PeriodicalId":11357,"journal":{"name":"Drug Delivery and Translational Research","volume":" ","pages":"2483-2508"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12137399/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142806312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of chain-length of sulfhydryl-modified surface-decorated surfactants on mucoadhesive nanostructured lipid carriers.","authors":"Samia Kausar, Sofia O D Duarte, Ahmed Raza Hashmi, Farwa Zahra, Alia Erum, Shumaila Arshad, Ume Ruqia Tulain, Mulazim Hussain Asim, Pedro Fonte","doi":"10.1007/s13346-025-01905-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13346-025-01905-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) decorated with sulfhydryl-modified surfactants have recently gained attention for delivering BCS Class IV drugs. However, the impact of the chain-length of these surfactants on the permeation and bioavailability properties of NLCs is still unknown. Therefore, this study investigates the effect of surfactant chain-length on the mucoadhesive, permeation, and bioavailability properties of NLCs. For this purpose, short- and long-chain sulfhydryl-modified polyethoxylated surfactants were generated to develop mucoadhesive NLCs and loaded with the model drug aprepitant (APT). NLCs were characterized and assessed for comprehensive physicochemical and biological evaluations. Moreover, in-vivo studies were performed for proof-of-concept to show enhanced oral drug bioavailability. NLCs showed particle size under 200 nm with 6.9 and 6.7% drug loading and 85 and 84% drug entrapment for short- and long-chain surfactants, respectively. The drug-loaded NLCs were safe and stable, and short- and long-chain surfactants containing NLCs exhibited 11.6- and 9.6-fold enhanced mucoadhesion, respectively. Moreover, in comparison to long-chain sulfhydryl-modified surfactant, short-chain surfactant is transported into deeper segments of mucus due to less interaction with the mucus. Similarly, short-chain sulfhydryl-modified surfactants showed significantly enhanced cellular permeation across Caco-2 cell lines. Furthermore, the long-chain sulfhydryl-modified surfactants showed 4.38-fold enhanced C_max, whereas due to better diffusion and mucoadhesion properties, the short-chain surfactants exhibited 5.38-fold enhanced C_max. Similarly, 34.8% relative bioavailability was attained for short-chain surfactants and 24.8% for long-chain surfactants. These results suggest short-chain sulfhydryl surfactants are promising candidates for improving the oral delivery of poorly soluble drugs and warrant further investigation for clinical translation.</p>","PeriodicalId":11357,"journal":{"name":"Drug Delivery and Translational Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144474268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rapid local anesthesia in children enhanced by STAR particles: a first-in-humans, randomized clinical trial.","authors":"Andrew R Tadros, Mark R Prausnitz, Eric I Felner","doi":"10.1007/s13346-025-01899-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13346-025-01899-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Healthcare-related pain associated with hypodermic needles is prevalent and undertreated in pediatric patients. Currently available topical anesthetics provide insufficient pain relief due to poor drug skin permeability, especially when rapid onset is desired. Herein, our goal was to assess the speed and efficacy of local lidocaine/epinephrine/tetracaine (LET) gel enabled by STAR particles in a first-in-humans clinical trial. Twenty-two children (10 - 15 yr) were randomized in a placebo-controlled, cross-over trial to receive topical treatment of LET gel applied to the antecubital fossa for 10 or 20 min either with or without STAR particle pretreatment. STAR particle pretreatment decreased skin barrier function, demonstrated by increased trans-epidermal water loss compared to placebo (25.0 ± 8.7 g/m²h vs. 14.8 ± 4.3 g/m²h, P < 0.0001). STAR particle pretreatment followed by LET gel (STAR-LET group) resulted in decreased sharp sensations from needle probing after 10 min (51.6 ± 29.2% vs 82.0 ± 18.6%, P = 0.014) and 20 min (55.7 ± 21.8% vs 89.0 ± 15.6%, P = 0.006) compared to LET gel without STAR particle pretreatment (LET group). After hypodermic needle insertion, pain decreased at 10 min (3.1 ± 1.8 vs. 4.1 ± 1.9, P = 0.11) and 20 min (4.2 ± 1.0 vs. 5.3 ± 1.5, P = 0.02) in the STAR-LET group compared to the LET group. STAR particle pretreatment was described as comfortable and without pain by most participants. No adverse skin reactions were observed immediately after STAR-LET application or during the 7-day follow-up period. STAR particle skin treatment in combination with LET gel in children was safe, well-tolerated, and effective to rapidly reduce painful sensations associated with hypodermic needles. Trial Registration: Lidocaine Administration Using STAR Particles, NCT06034340, https://classic.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT06034340.</p>","PeriodicalId":11357,"journal":{"name":"Drug Delivery and Translational Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144474269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}