Drug Delivery and Translational Research最新文献

{"title":"Active learning in pharmaceutical 3D printing: a multi-dataset comparison.","authors":"Moe Elbadawi, Noorul Fathima Abdul Kafoor, Hanxiang Li, Chrystalla Protopapa, Marilena Vlachou, Simon Gaisford","doi":"10.1007/s13346-026-02077-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13346-026-02077-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Machine learning (ML) is expected to accelerate the developments of three-dimensional (3D) printed medicines. Despite ML's potential, the need for large datasets can hinder progression, as 3D printing remains an emerging pharmaceutical manufacturing technology. This study explores an ML strategy called active learning (AL), which harnesses the benefits of ML whilst applicable with small datasets. AL was tested to predict the printability of three 3D printing datasets: 1437 fused deposition modelling (FDM), 650 vat polymerisation and 297 selective laser sintering (SLS) formulations. The analysis revealed that accuracies of 60% can be achieved when starting with 33 formulations, and subsequent increases in training data size enhances predictive performance. Furthermore, AL was found to achieve 100% predictive accuracy, which is the highest recorded to date for pharmaceutical 3D printing. These initial findings highlight AL's advantages over traditional ML modelling and showcase its potential to accelerate the development of 3D printing medicines. This research also demonstrates the potential of modelling with small datasets, thereby widening ML's application in pharmaceutical research.</p>","PeriodicalId":11357,"journal":{"name":"Drug Delivery and Translational Research","volume":" ","pages":"3872-3887"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13619682/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147282821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design parameter effects on controlled drug delivery through implantable hydrogels.","authors":"Benita Jowell, Wenbo Zhan","doi":"10.1007/s13346-026-02067-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13346-026-02067-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Glioblastoma recurrence after surgery is a major contributor to its high mortality, primarily occurring near the original tumour margin. Various hydrogels have been developed to fill the post-surgical cavity and deliver drugs to the surrounding brain tissue to eliminate residual cells. However, the impact of tissue, hydrogel, and drug properties on delivery outcomes remains unclear. Here, a parametric study is conducted to investigate these effects using mathematical modelling. The results show that post-surgical oedema strongly influences delivery: longer duration or delayed onset of oedema can homogenise drug distribution, with delayed onset yielding a larger and more sustained therapeutic drug volume. Hydrogels with higher permeability or lower drug affinity enhance early concentration and distribution but decline faster over time. Drugs with lower intracellular partitioning improve early efficacy, whereas those with stronger binding to cellular or extracellular components sustain delivery longer. Lower transvascular permeability and slower elimination further enhance outcomes, while extracellular diffusivity must be optimised to maximise drug concentration and distribution. These findings provide guidance for optimising hydrogel-based drug delivery systems to prevent glioblastoma recurrence.</p>","PeriodicalId":11357,"journal":{"name":"Drug Delivery and Translational Research","volume":" ","pages":"3761-3782"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13619669/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146124199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quality by design (QbD)-guided development of PEGylated nanostructured lipid carriers of donepezil for intranasal delivery.","authors":"Aneri Desai, Nimeet Desai, Lalitkumar K Vora, Pranav Shah","doi":"10.1007/s13346-026-02061-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13346-026-02061-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Neurological disorders (ND) pose a major global health challenge, in large part due to the restrictive nature of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which prevents most therapeutic agents from reaching the central nervous system (CNS). Intranasal delivery (IN) offers a non-invasive and patient-friendly route to bypass the BBB via the olfactory and trigeminal pathways, but its success requires advanced nanocarrier systems capable of enhancing drug retention, stability, and controlled release. In this study, a Quality by Design (QbD) framework was applied to systematically develop and optimize 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DSPE-PEG₂₀₀₀)-functionalized nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) using Donepezil (DPZ) as a model drug. Through sequential risk assessment, Plackett-Burman screening design (PBD), and Central Composite Design (CCD) optimization, the Critical Formulation Variables (CFVs) and Critical Process Parameters (CPPs) influencing particle size (PS) and entrapment efficiency (%EE) were identified. The optimized DSPE-PEG₂₀₀₀-NLCs exhibited nanoscale size (133.4 ± 2.91 nm), high %EE (89.5 ± 1.51%), strong mucin binding (84.6 ± 2.68%), and a distinct core-shell morphology. In vitro and ex vivo studies confirmed a biphasic and sustained drug release up to 60 h & 67 h, outperforming uncoated NLCs and conventional formulations. Stability studies demonstrated improved preservation under refrigerated conditions. Beyond DPZ, the QbD-guided strategy presented here provides a generalizable and regulatory-aligned platform for designing IN nanocarriers, paving the way for reproducible, scalable, and translational drug delivery systems targeting a wide range of ND.</p>","PeriodicalId":11357,"journal":{"name":"Drug Delivery and Translational Research","volume":" ","pages":"3677-3701"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13619771/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147282815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nano-antimicrobial peptides (Nano-AMPs) to combat resistant gram-negative bacteria.","authors":"Naveed Saleem, Naresh Kumar, Emad El-Omar, Mark Willcox, Xiao-Tao Jiang","doi":"10.1007/s13346-026-02085-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13346-026-02085-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a critical threat to public health worldwide, making conventional antibiotics ineffective against multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens. This literature review examines the potential therapeutic applications of nano-antimicrobial peptides (Nano-AMPs), with a focus on multidrug-resistant pathogens prioritized by the World Health Organisation (WHO). Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are essential components of the innate immune system with broad-spectrum bactericidal and immunomodulatory properties, and have emerged as promising alternatives to conventional antibiotics because of their unique mechanisms of action (e.g., membrane disruption, pore formation, and immunomodulation). Currently, the clinical translation of AMPs is hindered by several challenges, including enzymatic and non-enzymatic degradation, poor bioavailability, and biocompatibility issues, as well as local and systemic adverse events. To address these concerns, recent advancements in nanocarrier delivery systems offer novel solutions, enabling selected and targeted drug delivery, enhanced bioavailability, and controlled and sustained AMP release. Lipid-based nanocarriers (e.g., liposomes), polymeric and other nanocarrier systems improve peptide solubility and limit off-target events, while inorganic carriers like gold, silver, and silica nanoparticles facilitate functionalization and synergism to combat MDR Gram-negative infections. Despite promising findings, challenges such as production, long-term efficacy and safety, and regulatory approval persist. Therefore, interdisciplinary efforts, such as advanced machine learning methods alongside conventional pharmacological approaches, may be needed to optimize nanocarrier designs and validate clinical efficacy and safety in preclinical and clinical trials. This review critically analyses the latest evidence on different nanocarriers and their synergistic effects, highlighting their transformative potential to combat AMR, thereby offering insights to develop next-generation antibiotics, particularly against Gram-negative pathogens.</p>","PeriodicalId":11357,"journal":{"name":"Drug Delivery and Translational Research","volume":" ","pages":"3608-3642"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13619782/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147344018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Soft nanoparticles for chrysin delivery: an evidence mapping of nanocarrier strategies and biological applications.","authors":"Milena Luiza da Silva, Giovanna Araujo de Morais Trindade, Wellington Martins de Carvalho Ragassi, Marcel Henrique Marcondes Sari, Jéssica Brandão Reolon, Roberto Pontarolo, Luana Mota Ferreira","doi":"10.1007/s13346-026-02092-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13346-026-02092-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chrysin, a naturally occurring flavonoid found in honey, propolis, and various medicinal plants, exhibits a wide spectrum of promising pharmacological activities, including potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and anticancer properties. These therapeutic potentials are, however, severely constrained by their inherent physicochemical challenges, primarily their pronounced hydrophobicity, low stability under physiological conditions, and poor oral bioavailability, which limit their clinical translation. To overcome these barriers, nanoencapsulation has emerged as a promising strategy. This scoping review maps the existing scientific literature to synthesize evidence on how encapsulating chrysin within soft nanocarriers, such as lipid, polymeric, and protein-based nanoparticles, influences its bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy. Following PRISMA-ScR guidelines, 74 studies were included from three major databases: PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. The findings demonstrate that nanoformulations consistently enhance chrysin's solubility, stability, and pharmacokinetic profile, resulting in significantly greater biological effects in preclinical models across diverse applications, most notably in oncology and neuroprotection. These systems enable targeted delivery, controlled release, and improved biodistribution, such as facilitating blood-brain barrier penetration. Despite compelling preclinical evidence, the review identifies a critical translational gap, with a complete absence of clinical trials and a predominance of in vitro studies. This synthesis consolidates the current knowledge landscape and highlights the transformative potential of nanotechnology for chrysin delivery. Future research is needed to address safety, scalability, and rigorous in vivo validation to translate this promising research into real-world treatments for patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":11357,"journal":{"name":"Drug Delivery and Translational Research","volume":" ","pages":"3643-3657"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147765449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of borneol on pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of tetramethylpyrazine in transdermal patch.","authors":"Lili Cui, Lichun Zha, Jiahua Mei, Rui Xue, Jie Wang, Ziwen Zhang, Yunshu Ma","doi":"10.1007/s13346-026-02069-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13346-026-02069-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP), a potent coronary vasodilator, enhances myocardial perfusion and shows promise for treating cardiovascular disorders. Its clinical utility is limited, however, by the short half-life of conventional tablets and injections, which necessitates frequent dosing. To overcome this drawback, we developed a transdermal patch that co-loadsTMP and borneol (BO-TMP). After optimization, patches containing 3% borneol as a permeation enhancer, exhibiting the highest cumulative penetration amount of TMP (6.80 mg·cm^-2 over 24 h) in vitro. Pharmacokinetic profiling revealed that borneol markedly improved TMP exposure. C_max rose from (1.96 ± 0.27) to (2.88 ± 0.72) mg/L, and AUC_0-t expanded from (47.73 ± 6.93) to (73.18 ± 13.86) mg/L*h in plasma; C_max rose from (12.99 ± 2.28) to (15.33 ± 4.24) mg/L, and AUC_0-t expanded from (220.86 ± 53.88) to (374.55 ± 111.84) mg/L*h in skin, C_max rose from (0.87 ± 0.12) to (6.20 ± 0.84) mg/L, and AUC_0-t expanded from (13.08 ± 3.35) to (79.80 ± 16.31) mg/L*h in heart when BO-TMP patches were administrated compared with TMP patches. Tissue distribution studies demonstrated that borneol redirected TMP distribution, shifting the order of tissue abundance from liver > kidney > brain > spleen > heart > lung to liver > kidney > heart > brain > spleen > lung, and thus enriched the drug at its therapeutic site. By selectively heightening cardiac exposure, the BO-TMP patch transform TMP into a cardiovascular-focused therapy, offering a convenient, long-acting dosage from with the potential to enhance efficacy and improve patient outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":11357,"journal":{"name":"Drug Delivery and Translational Research","volume":" ","pages":"3792-3803"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13619715/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147282846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Engineered levothyroxine dry powder for inhalation to treat idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.","authors":"Gianluca Bazzoli, Annalisa Bianchera, Giovanna Trevisi, Elias Fattal, Juliette Vergnaud, Ruggero Bettini","doi":"10.1007/s13346-026-02064-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13346-026-02064-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Interest in drug repurposing has increased significantly in recent decades owing to its potential to accelerate the development of new medicinal products, provide new therapeutic options for patients, and generate business opportunities for pharmaceutical companies. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is defined as a chronic disease that causes an irreversible loss of lung function and premature death. Recent studies have highlighted the key role of mitochondria in lung homeostasis and the ability of thyroid hormones to promote mitochondrial activity, suggesting their potential involvment in IPF pathogenesis. In this work, we translate the findings derived from the above-mentioned researches into a dry powder drug delivery system intended to target epithelial lung cells with levothyroxine. To this end we developed nano-embedded respirable microparticles by spray drying a nanosuspension composed of levothyroxine and a hydrophilic polymer. The powder was characterized in terms of physico-chemical, toxicological and aerodynamic performance, as well as for its ability to be internalized by A549 cells and modulate their metabolic activity. The nano-embedded microparticulate drug delivery system proved to be potentially able not only to reach the deep lung but also to promote levothyroxine internalisation and mitochondria activation.</p>","PeriodicalId":11357,"journal":{"name":"Drug Delivery and Translational Research","volume":" ","pages":"3728-3745"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13619685/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146137355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical translation and landscape of copper nanoparticles.","authors":"Regina D Hadiwinata, Rui Zhang, Roman A Barmin, Fabian Kiessling, Twan Lammers, Roger M Pallares","doi":"10.1007/s13346-026-02094-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13346-026-02094-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Although the medical use of copper dates back millennia and medicines based on copper nanoparticles have been employed for over a century, their benefits are still often questioned. Over the past three decades, advances in nanotechnology have renewed interest in copper-based nanoformulations for healthcare. While most preclinical studies have focused on systemically administered copper nanomedicines for a broad range of therapeutic purposes, clinical trials remain scarce and are primarily centered on topical applications, where long-term off-target accumulation can be minimized to mitigate safety concerns. Despite exhibiting only moderate antiseptic activity compared with other inorganic nanomaterials, copper nanoparticles demonstrate significant wound healing potential through complex mechanisms involving angiogenesis promotion and stabilization of extracellular skin proteins. In this work, we discuss the current landscape of copper nanoparticles (and related microparticulate structures), and we thoroughly analyze the characteristics that have enabled their translation and use in clinical settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":11357,"journal":{"name":"Drug Delivery and Translational Research","volume":" ","pages":"3577-3588"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13619707/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147372368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ginkgolide B-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes: an encapsulation strategy for improved solubility and aerosol inhalation therapy in bronchial asthma.","authors":"Yuying Wang, MingLi Wei, Yan Zhang, Yuxin Liu, Xiaoshuang Bi, Xingting Fan, Jingxin Gou, Haibing He, Xing Tang, Yu Zhang, Tian Yin","doi":"10.1007/s13346-026-02075-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13346-026-02075-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bronchial asthma represents a long-term inflammatory reaction in the airways, marked by the accumulation of eosinophils. Ginkgolide B (GB), derived from ginkgo biloba, serves as a potent natural antagonist of platelet activating factor (PAF). It can greatly reduce the production and release of eosinophils while minimizing the infiltration of other inflammatory cells in the airways, thus contributing to the management of bronchial asthma. However, due to its low bioavailability caused by poor water solubility and inherent bitter taste, it's hard for Ginkgolide B to meet the standards required for effective treatment of asthma. In this study, we developed two cyclodextrin derivatives of Ginkgolide B, namely GB-SBE-β-CD and GB-HP-γ-CD, for the therapy of bronchial asthma through aerosol inhalation. Both SBE-β-CD and HP-γ-CD effectively capsulated the Ginkgolide B. Molecular docking analysis revealed the spatial structure of GB-SBE-β-CD and GB-HP-γ-CD, highlighting hydrogen bonding as the primary driving force behind their formation. In vitro cell assays demonstrated that both Ginkgolide B and Ginkgolide B-cyclodextrin inclusion compounds exhibited good safety and potent anti-inflammatory activity. In addition, inhalation of aerosolized GB-SBE-β-CD and GB-HP-γ-CD markedly alleviated the symptoms of OVA-induced asthma in BALB/c mice, lowering infiltration of inflammatory cells, and significantly contributing to asthma treatment. The current findings suggest that the inhalation of Ginkgolide B-cyclodextrin represents a safe and promising option for managing bronchial asthma.</p>","PeriodicalId":11357,"journal":{"name":"Drug Delivery and Translational Research","volume":" ","pages":"3833-3847"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147456415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative study of thiolated and alkenylated functionalized β-CDs as highly mucopenetrating and mucoadhesive drug delivery systems.","authors":"Effrosyni-Maria Kosti, Sophia D'Amico Huber, Alexander Mair, David Gintsburg, Andreas Bernkop-Schnürch, Gergely Kali","doi":"10.1007/s13346-026-02063-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13346-026-02063-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Within this study, thiolated and alkenylated β-cyclodextrins were developed as novel mucoadhesive excipients capable of interacting with mucosal surfaces and prolonging the residence time of incorporated drugs at absorption sites, thereby potentially enhancing their bioavailability. For this purpose, cysteine-, cysteamine-, allylcarbamate-, and methacrylate-functionalized oligosaccharides were synthesized, and the resulting structures were identified by ¹H NMR spectroscopy, Ellman's and disulfide bond tests, and iodometry. The thiol and double bond content, as well as the stability of these functional groups at 37 °C, over 4 h, were evaluated. Alkenylated β-cyclodextrins showed significantly higher stability in aqueous solution compared to the thiolated products with oxidative sensitivity. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity and rheological, mucodiffusive, and mucoadhesive properties of the derivatives were assessed to elucidate their potential as multifunctional excipients for mucosal drug delivery. The cytotoxicity study confirmed that all derivatives were non-toxic within 4 h of incubation. Rheological measurements showed that β-CD highly modified with allylcarbamate exhibited a 15-fold increase in dynamic viscosity after incubating with intestinal mucus compared to the native β-CD. Regarding mucopenetration, β-CD cysteine was able to penetrate the mucus by more than 3% per 5 cm in 24 h. The results on porcine intestine revealed the superiority of thiolated derivatives in mucoadhesion, with at least 98% of the samples remaining on the intestinal tissue after 3 h of rinsing. For alkenylated β-CD with a similar degree of modification, low mucoadhesiveness was detected, but it was increased significantly with the degree of modification. The current study compares various mucoadhesive approaches and demonstrates that thiolated derivatives are more effective than alkenylated derivatives for mucosal drug delivery, but are less stable in physiological fluids.</p>","PeriodicalId":11357,"journal":{"name":"Drug Delivery and Translational Research","volume":" ","pages":"3714-3727"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13619699/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146212341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}