Developmental Neurobiology最新文献

{"title":"Hyperbaric Oxygen Attenuates Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Rats by Modulating Sodium Channels","authors":"Binli Gao,&nbsp;Mei Peng,&nbsp;Fulan Chen,&nbsp;Xiaoling Peng,&nbsp;Ke Huang,&nbsp;Qiang Li,&nbsp;Yuee Dai,&nbsp;Xianrong Zeng","doi":"10.1002/dneu.22974","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dneu.22974","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Ischemic stroke accounts for the majority of stroke cases. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) is being increasingly used as a treatment for this condition, but its precise mechanisms of action remain incompletely elucidated. This study examined hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) effects on sodium channels in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons in rats with cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CIRI). Using the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model and whole-cell patch-clamp technology, voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) currents were measured at varying HBOT time points and treatment durations. Results showed that with a longer CIRI duration, the maximum current density (MCD) of sodium current (INa) decreased, while more HBOT sessions increased the MCD of INa. Notably, in the MCAO 6H group, 12 treatments of HBOT induced a leftward shift in the INa activation curve. Early HBOT intervention provided greater neuroprotection for sodium channels, and increased treatment sessions enhanced functional recovery. These findings suggest HBO's therapeutic potential in mitigating CIRI-related neuronal damage.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11300,"journal":{"name":"Developmental Neurobiology","volume":"85 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144492921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neonatal NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation Leads to Perineuronal Net Deficits in Early Adulthood","authors":"Emre Tarakcioglu,&nbsp;Bilgesu Genc,&nbsp;Kemal Ugur Tufekci,&nbsp;Sermin Genc","doi":"10.1002/dneu.22986","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dneu.22986","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Perineuronal nets (PNNs) are specialized extracellular matrix structures that surround certain neurons and play a critical role in protecting neurons from oxidative stress and maintaining synaptic stability in the central nervous system. They have roles in memory formation, and their loss has been linked to various mental alterations, such as anxiety, depression, and schizophrenia. While immune activation is known to degrade PNNs, it remains unclear whether inflammasomes are involved in PNN formation dynamics during neuronal development, where cases of sepsis are particularly high. In this study, we investigated how activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in neonatal mouse brains influences PNNs. To explore this, neonatal wild-type and <i>Nlrp3</i> knockout mice were injected with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) on postnatal day (PND) 9, and PNNs were visualized at early adulthood (PND60). In addition, NLRP3 inflammasome activation was confirmed on PND10, and behavioral tests were performed on PND60. LPS treatment in wild-type mice reduced PNN-positive neurons in the hippocampus and cortex compared to the PBS group, whereas <i>Nlrp3</i> knockout mice showed no differences between treatment groups. Moreover, behavioral tests revealed that neonatal LPS injection resulted in anxiety- and depressive-like behavior and that NLRP3 deficiency restrained this effect. These results highlight the key role of NLRP3 inflammasome activation in inflammation-driven PNN reduction during neuronal development. NLRP3 inhibitors could thus serve as potential therapeutic agents to protect the neuronal extracellular matrix from inflammatory damage in early life.</p>","PeriodicalId":11300,"journal":{"name":"Developmental Neurobiology","volume":"85 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/dneu.22986","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144323357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Upregulated Expression and Shifted Distribution of Melatonin and Its Synthesizing Enzymes From Postnatal to Young Adult Rat Cochleae","authors":"Monika Orsolic,&nbsp;Marc Diensthuber,&nbsp;Timo Stöver,&nbsp;Christin Geißler","doi":"10.1002/dneu.22979","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dneu.22979","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The cochlea's cellular architecture plays a critical role in auditory perception, yet is highly susceptible to degenerative factors. While melatonin is known for its antioxidative properties in the adult cochlea, its expression during early development remains understudied. This study used immunohistochemical staining of melatonin and its synthesizing enzymes (AANAT, HIOMT) to explore the self-synthesis and spatial distribution of melatonin in the cochlea of postnatal and adult rats. Postnatal rats exhibited low levels of intracellular marker expression in the lateral wall and the undifferentiated sensory epithelia, with no expression observed in the spiral ganglion. They showed mainly extracellular marker expression near the stria vascularis, in the stria vascularis interspace, and above undifferentiated sensory epithelia. In contrast, adults exhibited widespread intracellular marker presence in spiral ligament fibrocytes, spiral ganglion neurons, satellite glia, and epithelial supporter cells, except in hair cells. Fibrocytes in the spiral limbus expressed AANAT and HIOMT at both developmental stages. The present findings indicate melatonin's complex involvement in cochlear protection and development. Detailed knowledge of melatonin synthesis locations and intensity across different age stages within the auditory system holds the key to pioneering novel treatments, preventive strategies, and a deeper understanding of hearing processes.</p>","PeriodicalId":11300,"journal":{"name":"Developmental Neurobiology","volume":"85 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/dneu.22979","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144315075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Influence of Caffeine on Siesta and Nighttime Sleep in Drosophila melanogaster","authors":"Debarati Bhattacharya,&nbsp;Terence L. Al Abaquita,&nbsp;Jolanta Górska-Andrzejak,&nbsp;Elzbieta Pyza","doi":"10.1002/dneu.22987","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dneu.22987","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Caffeine, a plant-derived psychostimulant, has been demonstrated to reduce sleep and increase dopaminergic neuron activity in mammals through competitive antagonism at adenosine receptors (AdoRs). However, the extent to which it influences daytime sleep <i>(siesta</i>) as much as nighttime sleep and the involvement of the adenosine signaling pathway in this process remain unsolved. It is similarly unclear whether the influence of caffeine varies with age and depends on sex and what type of cells it affects most; the clock cells that are involved in sleep timing and regulation or dopaminergic neurons, which are crucial for voluntary movement. To address this question, the role of caffeine has been investigated in <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i> (wild-type Canton-S flies), which has also been observed to reduce sleep in response to caffeine. The <i>siesta</i> and nighttime sleep of 3-, 30-, and 50-day-old males and females of Canton-S <i>Drosophila</i> were examined. Furthermore, transgenic flies with overexpressed or silenced <i>dAdoR</i> in all neurons (<i>elav</i>-expressing cells), the circadian clock cells (<i>tim</i>-expressing cells), and dopaminergic neurons (<i>th</i>-expressing cells) were studied. We found that females exhibited greater sensitivity to caffeine than males, and that older flies slept longer during the day than young flies. However, caffeine treatment resulted in reducing <i>siesta</i> in flies with overexpression of <i>dAdoR</i> in all neurons, <i>tim</i>-, and <i>th</i>-expressing cells. Conversely, silencing of <i>dAdoR</i> increased <i>siesta</i>. Therefore, the observed differences in the daytime sleep of <i>Drosophila</i> appeared to depend on signaling through AdoRs.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11300,"journal":{"name":"Developmental Neurobiology","volume":"85 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144300438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neuron-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: Emerging Biomarkers and Functional Mediators in Alzheimer's Disease, With Comparative Insights Into Neurodevelopment and Aging","authors":"Ceren Perihan Gonul,&nbsp;Bilge Karacicek,&nbsp;Sermin Genc","doi":"10.1002/dneu.22984","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dneu.22984","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders characterized by the accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide and phosphorylated tau protein in the brain. Despite intensive efforts, early diagnosis and monitoring of AD remain challenging due to the lack of reliable biomarkers that can detect the disease in its preclinical stages. As a result, there exists a requirement for novel approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of the disease. Extracellular vesicles provide the transfer of Aβ peptides and tau proteins between the cells and participates in the spreading/propagation of disease pathology. Neuron-derived extracellular vesicles (NDEVs) that are found in plasma have emerged as promising candidates, especially for biomarker studies on neurodegenerative diseases because they are reachable and comparable with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) studies. In addition to known proteins, synaptic proteins, transcription factors, or microRNAs have been suggested as new biomarkers, aiming to help differential or early diagnosis. Beyond their involvement in AD pathology, NDEVs also play essential roles in neurodevelopment and aging by mediating cell-to-cell communication and regulating processes such as synaptic formation, neuronal differentiation, and neuroinflammation. Age-related alterations in EV composition and secretion may contribute to the decline in neuroplasticity, thereby increasing susceptibility to neurodegenerative diseases like AD. Several challenges such as heterogeneous isolation of NDEVs limit the widespread clinical application of them as biomarkers for AD. Furthermore, the lack of standardized protocols for vesicle isolation and molecular analysis poses a barrier to reproducibility and clinical validation. The aim of this review is to elucidate the role of NDEVs in AD pathogenesis in comparison with their functions in neurodevelopment and aging, evaluate their potential as biomarkers for early diagnosis, while addressing the challenges in their isolation, characterization, and clinical application.</p>","PeriodicalId":11300,"journal":{"name":"Developmental Neurobiology","volume":"85 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/dneu.22984","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144264616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Developmental Disturbances in Animal Models of Autism Spectrum Disorder","authors":"Kristof Laszlo,&nbsp;Zuzana Bacova,&nbsp;Dora Zelena,&nbsp;Jan Bakos","doi":"10.1002/dneu.22977","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dneu.22977","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Although the early signs of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are widely studied, the significant ambiguity and heterogeneity in symptoms require the comparison of available models, approaches, and the search for common denominators and key indicators. Early ASD symptoms in animal models include impaired somatic development (e.g., delayed eye opening), alterations in primitive motor reflexes, disrupted sensory function as well as communication deficits, such as reduced ultrasonic vocalization. This review aims to summarize early ASD-related symptoms based on studies involving transgenic or neurotoxic rodent models (postnatal days 1–21) and to compare these with human resemblance. The key brain areas (subventricular zone, cortex, hippocampus, cerebellum, etc.) as well as relevant neurotransmitter systems (GABA-glutamate imbalance, developmental GABA shift, serotonin, dopamine, oxytocin [OT], etc.) were identified as potential targets for intervention. OT, although a promising candidate, exemplifies the translational challenges inherent in ASD research. Therefore, it is recommended to monitor a wide range of behavioral signs simultaneously and employ diverse models (e.g., genetic, developmental, environmental, or combination) in preclinical studies to more accurately reflect the complexity of the disorder.</p>","PeriodicalId":11300,"journal":{"name":"Developmental Neurobiology","volume":"85 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/dneu.22977","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144256467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of Neural Stem Cells of the Human Embryonic Fetus Across Regions of the Central Nervous System and Through Standard Gestation Period Assessments","authors":"Yu Mi Park,&nbsp;Hyun Young Kim","doi":"10.1002/dneu.22980","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dneu.22980","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In this study, the characteristics of human embryonic fetuses aborted due to ectopic pregnancy were preliminarily evaluated on the basis of gestational age (GA), crown-rump - length (CRL), and their carnegie stage (CS). Further, we attempted to establish the human neural stem cells (NSCs) and neural progenitor cells (NSCs/NPCs) by separating them into corresponding areas of the brain and spinal cord (SC), as much as was visually distinguishable, considering that the distribution of neurons differs across different brain areas. We successfully isolated and cultured NSCs/NPCs from regional brain and SC tissues of human embryonic fetuses. The isolated NSCs/NPCs not only exhibited the ability to self-proliferate but also had the potential to differentiate into neurons, motor neurons, and glial cells. We confirmed that the isolated Sox2 and Nestin expression in the NSCs/NPCs showed strong neural stemness and further verified how the expression markers, MAP-2, β-tubulin III(TuJ1), ChAT, HB9, GFAP, and Olig-2, could be harnessed while differentiating to neurons, motor neurons, and glial cells. NSCs with varying GA, CS, and CRLs were found to be capable of producing all neural lineages of neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. We could completely differentiate them to neurons, motor neurons, and oligodendrocytes, except for a difference noted with astrocyte differentiation. This study provides vital experimental data for cell and gene therapy.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11300,"journal":{"name":"Developmental Neurobiology","volume":"85 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144256414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genetic Inactivation of the Serotonin Transporter Dysregulates Expression of Neurotransmission Genes and Genome-Wide DNA Methylation Levels in the Medial Prefrontal Cortex of Male Rats During Postnatal Development","authors":"Yvet Kroeze,&nbsp;Martin Oti,&nbsp;Roel H. M. Cooijmans,&nbsp;Ellen van Beusekom,&nbsp;Leonie I. Kroeze,&nbsp;Anthonieke Middelman,&nbsp;Hans van Bokhoven,&nbsp;Sharon M. Kolk,&nbsp;Judith R. Homberg,&nbsp;Huiqing Zhou","doi":"10.1002/dneu.22973","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dneu.22973","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Reduced expression of the serotonin transporter (5-hydroxytryptamine transporter, 5-HTT) in early life has been associated with a delay in postnatal brain development and endophenotypes of a variety of neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders in adolescence and adulthood. How a reduction in functional 5-HTT can disrupt neurodevelopment is still largely unknown. Here, we studied genome-wide gene expression using transcriptome analysis (RNA-seq) and global levels of DNA (hydroxy)methylation (5(h)mC) using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in 5-HTT wild-type (5-HTT^+/+) and 5-HTT homozygous knockout (5-HTT^−/−) rats across life (postnatal day [PND] 8, 14, 21, 35, and 70) in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC); a brain region with an extensive serotonergic innervation involved in several neuropsychiatric endophenotypes. We observed most gene expression changes in the mPFC during early postnatal life (PND8) and found at this time point an enrichment of genes linked to neuronal and developmental processes like neurotransmission, neuropeptide signaling, and cell migration. Genome-wide DNA 5(h)mC analysis showed a global increase in 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) in the mPFC during development in both genotypes and a significant increase in global 5hmC in 5-HTT^−/− compared to 5-HTT^+/+ rats at PND35. The differences in the regulation of gene expression in 5-HTT^−/− versus 5-HTT^+/+ rats during early postnatal life can dysregulate neurodevelopmental processes resulting in aberrant brain wiring and functioning. This can result in lifelong consequences for prefrontal context-dependent executive functioning.</p>","PeriodicalId":11300,"journal":{"name":"Developmental Neurobiology","volume":"85 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/dneu.22973","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144244465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Islet-2 Is Required for the Survival of Islet-Expressing Retinal Ganglion Cells but Not for Their Pathfinding to the Contralateral Dorsal Lateral Geniculate Nucleus","authors":"Sadaf Abed,&nbsp;David A. Feldheim","doi":"10.1002/dneu.22978","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dneu.22978","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) exhibit remarkable diversity owing to their expression of developmentally expressed transcription factors. Many transcription factors are expressed in unique RGC populations, but their roles within these populations remain undiscovered. The transcription factor Islet-2 (<i>Isl2</i>) is expressed in approximately 30%–40% of contralateral projecting RGCs. Previous work by others found increased ipsilateral innervation of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) in <i>Isl2</i> mutant mice, implicating <i>Isl2</i> in promoting a contralateral RGC axon trajectory. Since <i>Isl2</i> mutant mice suffer early neonatal lethality, the role of <i>Isl2</i> in RGC specification has not been fully explored. To test the role of <i>Isl2</i> in RGC development, two lines of retina-specific <i>Isl2</i> mutant mice were generated. Contrary to the findings in <i>Isl2</i> null mice, <i>Isl2</i> retinal deletion does not lead to early postnatal lethality or increased ipsilateral projections to the dLGN. Instead, there is a significant reduction in the size of the dLGN and a mild reduction in the size of the ipsilateral projection to the dLGN. Retinal <i>Isl2</i> mutants also exhibit diminished expression of genes characteristic of <i>Isl2</i>-expressing RGCs, along with increased retinal cell death during development. These findings suggest that <i>Isl2</i> is required for the development and survival of <i>Isl2</i>-expressing RGC subtypes.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11300,"journal":{"name":"Developmental Neurobiology","volume":"85 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144220140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Disruption of Embryogenesis Biomarkers: A Critical Issue for Autism Therapeutics","authors":"Abdulla A. Al-dulaimi,&nbsp;Turakulov Rustam,&nbsp;Mahmood Jawad,&nbsp;Nina N. Kanshina,&nbsp;Lalji Baldaniya,&nbsp;Bhanu Juneja,&nbsp;Kamlesh Chaudhary,&nbsp;Swati Sharma,&nbsp;Subasini Uthirapathy,&nbsp;Zainab Ahmed Abass","doi":"10.1002/dneu.22976","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dneu.22976","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Recent advancements in the field of autism research have led to significant progress in identifying biomarkers associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This article provides a comprehensive update on the current landscape of biomarkers, encompassing genetic, neurobiological, and behavioral indicators. Genetic studies have identified numerous candidate genes and chromosomal abnormalities linked to ASD, highlighting the heritable nature of the disorder. Neuroimaging techniques, including functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and diffusion tensor imaging, have revealed distinct patterns of brain connectivity and structural anomalies that correlate with ASD symptoms. Additionally, electrophysiological measures, such as event-related potentials and electroencephalography, offer insights into the neural mechanisms underlying social cognition and sensory processing in individuals with autism. Emerging research on metabolic and inflammatory biomarkers also shows promise in elucidating the biological pathways involved in ASD. Although these findings provide valuable avenues for early diagnosis and personalized treatment strategies, challenges remain in translating biomarker research into clinical practice. This review emphasizes the need for continued exploration of biomarkers to enhance our understanding of ASD and improve diagnostic accuracy and intervention efficacy for affected individuals.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11300,"journal":{"name":"Developmental Neurobiology","volume":"85 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144220138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}