Dose-Response最新文献

{"title":"Dexmedetomidine Improves BBB and Neuronal Damage in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage by Repressing S100A4-Mediated Astrocytic Reactivity.","authors":"Jiaxiang Yin, Qiaomin Xu, Kuan Lu, Jinchao Wu, Weiwei Cai","doi":"10.1177/15593258261445031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/15593258261445031","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), long-lasting inflammation triggered by activated glial cells has adverse effects on neurological recovery. As an α2 adrenoceptor agonist commonly utilized for sedative purposes, dexmedetomidine (DEX) has demonstrated the ability to confer neuroprotective effects across diverse physiological or pathological conditions. This study was designed to determine whether DEX protects against SAH by altering astrocytic reactivity.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Eight-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were subjected to experimental SAH. They were treated with DEX in the presence or absence of the α2 adrenoceptor antagonist atipamezole (ATI) via intraperitoneal injection. Neurological function was evaluated on the basis of a modified Garcia score and beam balance test. TUNEL staining was conducted to assess neuronal apoptosis. Western blotting was carried out to determine the expression of Bcl-2, Bax, and cleaved caspase-3 in the hippocampus and ZO-1 and occludin in the cortex, and ELISA was conducted to measure TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and HMGB1 expression. The wet‒dry method was employed to measure the water content in the brain tissue. The permeability of the blood‒brain barrier (BBB) was assessed via Evans blue staining. Primary astrocytes were treated with S100A4 and/or DEX. The expression levels of GFAP, C3, GBP2, Serping 1, PTX3, S100A10, S100A4, and the NF-κB pathway were also determined.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>DEX improved early neurological deficits in SAH mice, mitigated the permeability of the BBB, and reduced the brain water content. DEX attenuated neuronal apoptosis and proinflammatory cytokine (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β and HMGB1) expression in the cortex. However, DEX-mediated protective effects were attenuated by ATI administration. Additionally, DEX attenuated GFAP, C3, Serping1, S100A4, and NF-κB pathway activation in the brain and in S100A4-treated primary astrocytes, whereas ATI reversed the effects of DEX.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>DEX has neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects in SAH through the inhibition of S100A4-mediated astrocytic \"A1\" polarization via the activation of the α2A adrenoceptor.</p>","PeriodicalId":11285,"journal":{"name":"Dose-Response","volume":"24 2","pages":"15593258261445031"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13125827/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147812371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding the Radiation Adaptive Response: General Methodology and Theoretical Approaches to the Study of the Radioadaptation Phenomenon.","authors":"Julianna Krasowska, Jan Kłos, Jan Ostrowski, Krzysztof W Fornalski","doi":"10.1177/15593258261442577","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/15593258261442577","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The radiation-induced adaptive response (RAR), also referred to as radioadaptation, describes modifications of biological radiation sensitivity following prior exposure to low doses or low dose-rates of ionizing radiation. Despite extensive experimental evidence, RAR remains difficult to reproduce consistently and lacks a unified quantitative and methodological framework. The objective of this study was to develop a systematic biophysical approach enabling coherent analysis and comparison of RAR experiments performed under different irradiation protocols.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We formulated a dose- and time-dependent adaptive response function characterized by transient, memory-like dynamics. On this basis, we derived analytical expressions describing RAR under multiple irradiation schemes, including priming-challenge protocols, radiation training, constant low dose-rate exposure, and variable dose-rate scenarios. A unified relative endpoint parameter was introduced to quantify the magnitude of the adaptive response across experimental designs.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The proposed framework yields explicit expressions for the adaptive response parameter under diverse exposure conditions and demonstrates how RAR magnitude depends on dose, dose-rate, and time interval between exposures. The methodology enables consistent normalization of experimental endpoints, facilitates parameter estimation from empirical data, and clarifies conditions under which adaptive effects are expected to emerge or vanish.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This work provides a coherent and transferable methodological foundation for quantitative RAR research. The framework improves comparability between experimental studies and supports mechanistic interpretation of low dose adaptive effects, while remaining primarily applicable to controlled experimental systems rather than population-level radiation risk assessment.</p>","PeriodicalId":11285,"journal":{"name":"Dose-Response","volume":"24 2","pages":"15593258261442577"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13111837/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147765580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Retraction: Vitamin C and Turmeric Attenuate Bax and Bcl-2 Proteins' Expressions and DNA Damage in Lead Acetate-Induced Liver Injury.","authors":"","doi":"10.1177/15593258261433295","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/15593258261433295","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>[This retracts the article DOI: 10.1177/1559325819885782.].</p>","PeriodicalId":11285,"journal":{"name":"Dose-Response","volume":"24 2","pages":"15593258261433295"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13111823/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147765611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Retraction: Quercetin and Idebenone Ameliorate Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, DNA Damage, and Apoptosis Induced by Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles in Rat Liver.","authors":"","doi":"10.1177/15593258261433232","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/15593258261433232","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>[This retracts the article DOI: 10.1177/1559325818812188.].</p>","PeriodicalId":11285,"journal":{"name":"Dose-Response","volume":"24 2","pages":"15593258261433232"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13111815/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147765544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quercetin Alleviates Renal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury by Inhibiting the STING-NF-κB Inflammatory Pathway.","authors":"Chunchu Zou, Miao Ye","doi":"10.1177/15593258261445017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/15593258261445017","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Ischemic/reperfusion (I/R) injury seriously affects human health. Renal tubular epithelial cell injury and inflammation are important pathogenic mechanisms involved in I/R injury. Recent studies have shown that quercetin (QU) is one of the most effective natural products against inflammatory responses and is mainly used as an adjuvant treatment for chronic diseases in clinical practice. However, the effect of QU on renal I/R injury remains unclear.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The therapeutic effect of QU was evaluated in a mouse model of renal I/R injury in vivo, and its anti-inflammatory mechanisms were preliminarily investigated in Normal Rat Kidney-52E (NRK-52E) cells. Subsequently, STING knockout mice were used to verify the anti-inflammatory mechanism.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our results showed that QU alleviates renal injury and inflammation subsequent to I/R. In vitro, QU alleviated inflammatory responses induced by H₂O₂. Mechanistically, QU alleviated inflammation by inhibiting the STING/NF-κB pathway.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These results demonstrated that QU protected against renal I/R injury by suppressing inflammation via the STING-NF-κB axis, highlighting its therapeutic potential.</p>","PeriodicalId":11285,"journal":{"name":"Dose-Response","volume":"24 2","pages":"15593258261445017"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13100409/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147765486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"4,8-Dicarboxyl-8,9-Iridoid-1-Glycoside Alleviates Cardiac Dysfunction After Myocardial Ischaemia-Reperfusion Injury by Activating the PI3K/AKT Pathway.","authors":"AiJiao Sun, CuiYu Yu, FeiYan Zhu, Jing Chen, LiangChuan Chen, ZePing Hu, WeiBing Wang","doi":"10.1177/15593258261444840","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/15593258261444840","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition and excessive fibrosis are important factors in the deterioration of cardiac function after myocardial ischaemia‒reperfusion injury (I/RI). However, therapeutic strategies for inhibiting ECM deposition and excessive fibrosis have still not been elucidated.</p><p><strong>Methods and results: </strong>Single-nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq) revealed that the overexpression of type VI collagen-α 3 (Col6a3) in fibroblasts in the myocardial infarction area strongly promotes the process of myocardial fibrosis. Consistent results were not observed in the infarcted myocardial tissues of mice treated with 4,8-dicarboxyl-8,9-iridoid-1-glycoside (BIG). Echocardiography confirmed that BIG alleviated cardiac dysfunction in mice after myocardial I/RI, TTC and Evans blue double staining revealed that BIG reduced the myocardial infarction size and area at risk. BIG inhibited inflammatory responses, apoptosis, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) secretion both in vivo and in vitro. Immunofluorescence staining revealed that BIG downregulated the expressions of TGF‒β and Col6a3 in cardiac fibroblasts but not in cardiomyocytes. The PI3K-specific inhibitor LY294002 and AKT inhibitor were utilitzed to confirm that BIG suppressed myocardial fibrosis and alleviated cardiac dysfunction by activating the PI3K/AKT pathway.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The results provide valuable information for the treatment of myocardial fibrosis induced by myocardial I/RI and highlight the therapeutic potential of BIG in reducing collagen deposition.</p>","PeriodicalId":11285,"journal":{"name":"Dose-Response","volume":"24 2","pages":"15593258261444840"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13100447/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147765528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Society, Nuclear Energy and Radiological Protection - Beyond LNT.","authors":"Michael P R Waligórski, Marek K Janiak, James S Welsh","doi":"10.1177/15593258261445027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/15593258261445027","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In a recent paper, Allison (Health Phys. 2024) proposed that a daily limit of 2 mGy will adequately protect the general public and radiation workers against any health-threatening effects of ionizing radiation. The 2 mGy/day limit, established at the 1934 Congress of Radiology for radiologists exposed to diagnostic X-rays, is over 500 times that currently recommended by ICRP for the general public. This illustrates the severe over-restrictiveness and irrationality of the present LNT-based system of radiological protection that is recommended by ICRP and NCRP and is legally implemented worldwide. To stimulate further discussion on developing a more rational \"post-LNT\" system, we indicate and briefly discuss some relevant publications, which also present arguments which could be helpful in managing radiation risk and in reducing public fear of nuclear radiation. Society should then become more willing to accept and appreciate the unique opportunities offered by nuclear technology, especially in health care and energy production.</p>","PeriodicalId":11285,"journal":{"name":"Dose-Response","volume":"24 2","pages":"15593258261445027"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13100404/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147765596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sublethal Dermal Toxicity of Drilling Fluid and Its Effects on Hematological, Biochemical and Histopathological Parameters in Rats.","authors":"Zhanat Komekbay, Altynay Zhurgenova, Arstan Mamyrbayev, Saule Bermagambetova, Eldar Gasimov, Fuad Rzayev, Zhangeldy Shaimbetov, Biloli Nushervoni","doi":"10.1177/15593258261436773","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/15593258261436773","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The aim of this study was to evaluate the toxic effects of drilling fluid (DF) on the skin in a subacute experimental model. Sexually mature outbred rats of both sexes were used (8 males and 8 females per group), weighing 180-220 g. Dermal exposure was performed for 14 days with monitoring of general condition, behavior, and feed and water intake. Body weight, vertical rearing, and grooming behavior were recorded on days 1, 7, and 14. At the end of the experiment, animals were euthanized for biological sample collection. Peripheral blood parameters, including hemoglobin, erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), and C-reactive protein (CRP), were analyzed. Morphohistological examination of the epidermis, dermis, hair follicles, liver, and kidneys was performed. The elemental composition of the drilling fluid and drill cuttings was determined using atomic absorption and emission spectroscopy. Experimental animals exhibited reduced mobility and decreased feed and water intake by day 7. Body weight initially declined and subsequently increased. Dermal exposure to DF resulted in a significant increase in leukocyte, neutrophil, and eosinophil counts and was associated with alterations in detoxification enzyme activity (ALT, AST, and LDH). Histopathological changes were observed in the skin, liver, and kidneys, indicating dermal-resorptive toxicity. The results demonstrate that drilling fluid possesses dermal-resorptive toxicity following cutaneous exposure, causing not only local skin alterations but also systemic disturbances involving the hematopoietic, immune, and detoxification systems. The combination of clinical-behavioral, hematological, biochemical, and morphological changes confirms the potential occupational hazard of dermal contact with drilling fluids and substantiates the need to consider this route of exposure in occupational risk assessment. The findings provide an experimental basis for improving sanitary and hygienic standards, developing preventive measures, and conducting further toxicological studies, including investigations of chronic exposure, dose-response relationships, and the contribution of individual drilling fluid components.</p>","PeriodicalId":11285,"journal":{"name":"Dose-Response","volume":"24 2","pages":"15593258261436773"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13091972/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147728549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Factors Associated With CT Scan Repetition in Pediatrics and Its Relationship With Cancer Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","authors":"Tahani Al-Shangeeti, Rozilawati Ahmad, Salah A Alshehade, Maisa Elzaki, Fahad A Alothaim, Walaa Alsharif, Khaled Soliman, Amjad Al-Shangeeti, Bandar Al-Shamrani, Abdullah Hanbali, Tariq Almuzaini, Mohammed Alnasser, Taher Althubyani, Abdullah Aljohani, Ahmed Mahdi Baba, Amal Zaki Alruwaili, Hamid Osman Hamid Osman, Mohammed Abdullah Alshawsh","doi":"10.1177/15593258261419666","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/15593258261419666","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Rising use of pediatric CT scans has heightened concerns about radiation exposure compared to non-ionizing imaging modalities. This systematic review investigated factors contributing to repeat CT scans in children and assessed their association with cancer risk.</p><p><strong>Main body: </strong>Main body: A comprehensive search of Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed identified 30 eligible studies, with five studies involving over seven million participants included in the meta-analysis. CT exposure was associated with a significantly increased overall cancer risk (RR = 1.49, 95% CI: 1.44-1.54). Risk of brain tumors was significantly elevated (RR = 1.55, 95% CI: 1.22-1.97), whereas evidence for leukemia was less conclusive (RR = 1.23, 95% CI: 0.72-2.12). A dose-response relationship was observed, with patients receiving two or more CT scans showing substantially higher cancer risk (RR = 2.51, 95% CI: 1.74-3.61) compared with a non-significant risk for those receiving only one scan (RR = 1.07, 95% CI: 0.73-1.56).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These results highlight the need for practical pediatric CT guidelines. CT scans should be performed only when clinically justified, using optimized low-dose protocols and non-ionizing imaging alternatives when appropriate. Future research should develop evidence-based recommendations that balance diagnostic benefits with the long-term risks of radiation exposure, ensuring safe and effective imaging practice for children.</p>","PeriodicalId":11285,"journal":{"name":"Dose-Response","volume":"24 2","pages":"15593258261419666"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13100438/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147765472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Minimum Segment Width on VMAT Plan Quality for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma.","authors":"Zhengfei Li, Jie Yang, Yongyuan Xue, Hailong Li, Xuhong Liu, Feihu Chen, Yijiang Li, Wei Xiong","doi":"10.1177/15593258261442580","DOIUrl":"10.1177/15593258261442580","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Objective: &lt;/strong&gt;This study aimed to investigate the impact of the minimum segment width (MSW) on the plan quality of volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), seeking to identify the optimal MSW and provide clinical references for VMAT plan design in NPC.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;The planning CT images of 40 NPC patients treated in our institution between January 2019 and March 2019 were retrospectively selected, including 8 cases of T1, 11 of T2, 12 of T3, and 9 of T4 stage. Target volumes and organs at risk (OARs) were delineated according to ICRU Reports 50, 62, and 83. To ensure consistency in plan optimization, a priority-classified optimization model was utilized to classify all targets and OARs into four priority levels: the brainstem, spinal cord, optic chiasm, and optic nerves were assigned Level I; the planning target volume (PTV) and temporal lobes were Level II; the eyes, lenses, and pituitary gland were Level III; and the parotid glands, mandible, temporomandibular joints (TMJs), thyroid, inner ears, and oral cavity were Level IV. During the optimization process, Level I OARs were strictly prioritized first, followed sequentially by Levels II to IV. Four VMAT plans were generated for each patient using the Monaco 6.00.11 treatment planning system (TPS), with the MSW parameter set to 0.5 cm, 0.8 cm, 1.0 cm, and 1.5 cm, respectively, while keeping other physical parameters identical. Dosimetric differences in PTVs and OARs were compared among the four groups to evaluate the effect of varying MSWs on plan quality.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;All VMAT plans achieved successful optimization while strictly meeting the prescription dose constraints for Level I OARs. For patients with T1-2 stage, the prescription dose coverage for all PTVs exceeded 95% across the four groups. As the MSW increased, the D2, D50, D95, and homogeneity index (HI) of the targets significantly increased (&lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.05), whereas the D98 and conformity index (CI) significantly decreased (&lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.05). The parotid gland doses were lower in the MSW 0.5 cm and MSW 0.8 cm groups. Additionally, the monitor units (MUs) exhibited a decreasing trend with the increase of MSW. For patients with T3-4 stage, the prescription dose coverage of PTVnx increased as the MSW decreased across the four groups; however, none of the plans reached the 95% coverage threshold for PTVnx. The MSW 0.5 cm group exhibited lower doses to the left parotid glands, right TMJ, and oral mucosa compared to the MSW 1.5 cm group, with no substantial differences observed for other OARs. MUs also decreased with increasing MSW in these patients.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions: &lt;/strong&gt;The MSW significantly affects the quality of VMAT plans for NPC. For T1-2 patients, all four MSW groups achieved &gt;95% PTV coverage; while MSWs of 0.5 cm and 0.8 cm provided better sparing of the parotid glands, the 0.8 cm MSW required a shorter treatment time. Therefo","PeriodicalId":11285,"journal":{"name":"Dose-Response","volume":"24 2","pages":"15593258261442580"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13091961/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147728521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}