Developmental Dynamics最新文献

{"title":"Heterozygous Med13l mice recapitulate a developmental growth delay and craniofacial anomalies seen in MED13L syndrome","authors":"Anna K. Leinheiser,&nbsp;Timothy T. Nguyen,&nbsp;Kayla M. Henry,&nbsp;Mariela Rosales,&nbsp;Eric Van Otterloo,&nbsp;Chad E. Grueter","doi":"10.1002/dvdy.70079","DOIUrl":"10.1002/dvdy.70079","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Gene transcription is crucial for embryo and postnatal development and is regulated by the Mediator complex. Mediator is comprised of four submodules, including the kinase submodule (CKM). The CKM consists of MED13, MED12, CDK8, and CCNC. In mammals, there are paralogs for CKM components, including MED13L, MED12L, and CDK19. Neurological disorders have been associated with mutations in CKM genes including <i>MED13L</i> syndrome. <i>MED13L</i> syndrome is generally characterized as a haploinsufficiency of MED13L with a broad phenotypic response due in part to a wide range of de novo mutations.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We developed a <i>Med13l</i> heterozygous (HET) mouse model with an exon 11 deletion to evaluate whether <i>Med13l</i> HET mice are a viable research tool to study human phenotypes. We characterized our mouse model using growth, cardiovascular, and skeletal readouts. We observed <i>Med13l</i> HET mice are smaller than wildtype (WT) littermates, and over 60% of them exhibited one of two craniofacial anomalies: a pug snout with midface hypoplasia or a crooked snout. We also observed discontinuous squamosal sutures in a subset of our <i>Med13l</i> HETs.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p><i>Med13l</i> HET mice recapitulate <i>MED13L</i> syndrome phenotypes including a developmental growth delay and craniofacial anomalies. <i>Med13l</i> HET mice represent a novel research tool for <i>MED13L</i> syndrome.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11247,"journal":{"name":"Developmental Dynamics","volume":"255 7","pages":"724-735"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13052522/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145014121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thyroid hormone receptor blockade by amiodarone disrupts angiogenesis via VEGFα, WNT7A, BMP, and PI3K/AKT pathways in chick embryo vascular development","authors":"Juhi Vaishnav,&nbsp;Suresh Balakrishnan","doi":"10.1002/dvdy.70076","DOIUrl":"10.1002/dvdy.70076","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Thyroid hormones (TH) play critical roles in embryonic vascular development, yet their precise molecular contributions remain inadequately defined. This study investigates how pharmacological blockade of thyroid hormone receptors (TR) by amiodarone disrupts angiogenesis and associated molecular signaling pathways in chick embryos.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Amiodarone-treated embryos exhibited notable morphological defects, including hematomas, anophthalmia, ventral wall defects, and limb anomalies, primarily affecting lateral plate mesoderm-derived tissues. Chorioallantoic membrane analysis revealed significant reductions in vessel density, branching, and total vessel length, along with increased lacunarity, indicating impaired angiogenesis. Molecular profiling showed consistent down-regulation of key angiogenic regulators such as <i>VEGFα</i>, <i>WNT7A</i>, <i>BMP2/6</i>, and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/ Ak strain transforming (<i>PI3K/AKT)</i> at both transcript and protein levels. In silico docking confirmed strong TRα and TRβ binding, while deiodinase activity assays and western blotting demonstrated impaired thyroxine-to-triiodothyronine (T3) conversion and reduced T3 levels, confirming systemic hypothyroidism and disrupted thyroid hormone signaling.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our findings underscore the essential role of thyroid hormone signaling in embryonic angiogenesis. Disruption of TR activation by amiodarone significantly impairs vascular formation through coordinated suppression of Vascular endothelial growth factor alpha (VEGFα), WNT7A, bone morphogenetic proteins, and PI3K/AKT pathways. These insights enhance our understanding of TH-related developmental disorders and may guide therapeutic strategies for managing vascular dysfunctions associated with impaired thyroid signaling.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11247,"journal":{"name":"Developmental Dynamics","volume":"255 7","pages":"698-723"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145052346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bridging maternal effects and epitranscriptomics: A novel perspective in developmental biology","authors":"Ehsan Pashay Ahi","doi":"10.1002/dvdy.70111","DOIUrl":"10.1002/dvdy.70111","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Maternal effects, encompassing both genetic (maternally expressed gene products) and non-genetic (maternal state) influences, are powerful determinants of offspring phenotype, yet their RNA-level mechanisms remain incompletely resolved. In parallel, epitranscriptomics, an emerging field centered on chemical modifications to RNA, has revealed new layers of gene regulation with implications for cell fate, plasticity, and response to environmental cues. In this perspective article, a conceptual link is proposed between maternal effects and epitranscriptomic mechanisms, focusing on how maternal environments may shape offspring phenotypes through RNA modifications. Evidence is examined from diverse systems, including maternal deposition of modified RNAs, environmental modulation of RNA-modifying enzymes, and early developmental windows sensitive to maternal inputs. A clear distinction is drawn between placenta-mediated pathways that reprogram trophoblast/placental epitranscriptomics and direct fetal-tissue routes that act within developing organs. Although causal demonstrations are still emerging, convergent observations indicate that maternal environments can tune the offspring epitranscriptome with lasting phenotypic consequences. To articulate this emerging connection, the concept of “<i>maternal RNA imprinting</i>” is proposed, the idea that offspring development is shaped by maternal cues via targeted RNA modifications. This article aims not only to synthesize emerging insights across fields but also to stimulate interdisciplinary discussion and encourage investigation into the unexplored intersections of maternal biology and RNA regulation.</p>","PeriodicalId":11247,"journal":{"name":"Developmental Dynamics","volume":"255 7","pages":"628-645"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/dvdy.70111","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145855015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The hypermobility crisis: A review and call to action.","authors":"Miriam Motlak, Ellen Lee, Gerardo Guilarte, Aarav Surapaneni, Erika Dreikorn, Mylynda Massart, Sonal Choudhary","doi":"10.1002/dvdy.70169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dvdy.70169","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hypermobile Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (hEDS) and hypermobility spectrum disorders (HSD) are common yet underrecognized connective tissue disorders characterized by joint hypermobility and multi-organ system involvement. Current diagnostic criteria inadequately capture the clinical heterogeneity of hEDS/HSD. Consequently, patients often face diagnostic delays and fragmented care, which exacerbate underlying comorbidities such as chronic pain and psychological distress. This narrative review explores the key limitations of existing diagnostic criteria, the burden of underrecognized comorbidities, and systemic barriers to health care access. We then propose actionable recommendations for clinicians, professional societies, educators, and researchers to standardize diagnostic practices, expand education and training, and invest in multi-site patient registries and large-scale genetic studies. Coordinated action is needed to build evidence-based, patient-centered care systems that recognize and address the full complexity of hEDS and HSD.</p>","PeriodicalId":11247,"journal":{"name":"Developmental Dynamics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148419464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A shining starlet: Nematostella vectensis as a model for developmental, regenerative, and comparative biology.","authors":"Patrick A Lewis, Zachary Horowitz, Michael Shribak, Karen Echeverri","doi":"10.1002/dvdy.70173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dvdy.70173","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The sea anemone, Nematostella vectensis, has been used as a model organism in developmental biology studies for many years. This estuarine species has the notable capacity to regenerate its full body plan from small pieces throughout life. Nematostella have been described as having a great degree of cellular plasticity. The recent sequencing of the Nematostella genome and the development of transgenesis technology have stimulated greater interest in this species, emerging as a versatile model bridging molecular genetics, evolutionary development, regeneration, and environmental biology. Its genomic accessibility, robust regenerative abilities, and basal phylogenetic position make it uniquely suited for addressing fundamental questions about animal evolution, development, and adaptation to a changing world. Here, we provide an overview of the Nematostella life cycle, paired with a historical overview of the main areas of biological research Nematostella have traditionally used for and a perspective on how Nematostella may be useful for future biomedical research.</p>","PeriodicalId":11247,"journal":{"name":"Developmental Dynamics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148396419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Drosophila male genitalia rotation depends on permissive remodeling of the posterior abdomen.","authors":"Nuria Prieto, David Foronda, Paloma Martín, Eléanor Simon, Marcus Bischoff, Stéphane Noselli, Ernesto Sánchez-Herrero","doi":"10.1002/dvdy.70170","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dvdy.70170","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>One of the most characteristic morphogenetic processes in Drosophila is the 360° rotation of the male pupal genital disc. This movement is driven by the myosin Myo1D, whose expression in the genital disc is controlled by the Hox gene Abdominal-B (Abd-B). The rotation takes place in contact and relative to the posterior abdomen, yet the contribution of abdominal tissues has remained unclear.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Here we show that normal genital disc circumrotation requires active remodeling of posterior abdominal larval epidermal cells that contact the rotating terminalia. Preventing apoptosis in these cells, or increasing EGFR signaling, delays their extrusion and results in incomplete rotation without altering rotational chirality. In parallel, elimination of extracellular matrix (ECM) by Metalloproteinase 1 in these cells, although without preventing their extrusion, is also strictly required for genital disc circumrotation. Inhibition of this metalloproteinase activity leads to persistence of Collagen IV and incomplete rotation, revealing an independent requirement for ECM clearance at the disc-abdomen interface. By contrast, genetic conditions that prevent formation or elimination of the male A7 segment do not necessarily impair genital disc rotation, demonstrating that A7 suppression and circumrotation are separable processes.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings identify posterior abdominal tissue remodeling as an essential extrinsic requirement that enables genital disc circumrotation.</p>","PeriodicalId":11247,"journal":{"name":"Developmental Dynamics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148404035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-stage transcriptome analysis reveals genetic orchestration of rat testis development.","authors":"Chew Chin Chan, Sajad Jamalpour, Chandramathi Samudi, Hasmahzaiti Omar, Subha Bhassu","doi":"10.1002/dvdy.70166","DOIUrl":"10.1002/dvdy.70166","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Testicular development is a highly orchestrated process essential for male fertility, but its temporal genetic regulation remains incompletely resolved in many mammalian models. This study re-analyses rat testis transcriptomes across 15 stages from embryonic day 12 to postnatal week 16 using bulk RNA-sequencing data from a multispecies organ development atlas, generating a continuous, testis-focused temporal framework, and pinpointing key developmental transition windows and regulatory modules.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of 23,748 annotated genes, 17,717 were differentially expressed (DEGs), and hierarchical plus co-expression analyses identified four principal expression modules and five clusters capturing spermatogenic, morphogenetic, immune, and neurone-like programs. Four major transcriptional transition windows, embryonic day 14, embryonic day 19, postnatal week 2, and postnatal week 6, were defined, with the largest remodeling between 2 and 6 weeks coinciding with the onset of robust spermatogenesis and marking a particularly vulnerable window for environmental or toxicant-induced perturbation. Stage-specific spermatogenesis-associated gene sets at embryonic day 19 (n = 28), postnatal week 2 (n = 61), and week 6 (n = 735) showed minimal overlap, supporting sequential regulatory waves driving germ cell commitment, early meiosis, and terminal differentiation. Target enrichment analyses highlighted five conserved microRNAs (rno-miR-151-5p, rno-miR-29b-3p, rno-miR-384-5p, rno-miR-500-5p, rno-miR-672-5p) whose predicted and validated targets form modules related to extracellular matrix remodeling, apoptosis and cell-cycle control, ion-channel signaling, and neuronal-like pathways, with high sequence conservation to human homologs. Immune-related genes and blood-testis barrier components displayed coordinated expression dynamics, and a conserved core of 487 spermatogenesis genes showed strong cross-mammalian orthology, indicating a deeply shared transcriptional backbone on which species-specific regulatory nuances are layered.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This multistage transcriptomic analysis delineates major developmental transitions, co-expression modules, and regulatory miRNA-mRNA networks that orchestrate rat testis maturation and highlight a critical P2W-P6W transition window. The resource complements existing multiorgan and single-cell datasets by providing a testis-focused temporal framework and identifies conserved gene sets and regulatory candidates of direct relevance to male infertility, toxicology, and cross-species translational studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":11247,"journal":{"name":"Developmental Dynamics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148359625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Three-dimensional observation of the muscle-tendon integration process in mouse embryos.","authors":"Ramu Sagasaki, Anzu Taniguchi, Shunsuke Oka, Mizuki Mishima, Yuki Yamasaki, Yutaro Kawa, Saundra Schlesinger, Ryo Fujita, Chisa Shukunami, Hiroshi Asahara, Masafumi Inui","doi":"10.1002/dvdy.70167","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dvdy.70167","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Muscle-tendon integration is a crucial step in the morphogenesis of the vertebrate locomotion system. As the limb muscle and tendon progenitor cells derive from distinct embryonic origin, their integration requires precise mutual positioning. This process has been described mainly by tissue sectioning and in situ hybridization, which are not well suited for understanding the three-dimensional (3D) organization. To address these limitations, this study applied tissue clearing and light-sheet microscopy to visualize the muscle-tendon integration process in 3D in mouse embryonic limbs.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>By combining CUBIC reagents, immunofluorescence, and fluorescent reporter mice, we were able to resolve the 3D arrangement of forelimb muscles and tendons in mouse embryos from E11.5 to E15.0. Interestingly, we found that a subpopulation of Scleraxis+ tendon lineage cells remains within the interstitial space of myofibers even after muscle-tendon integration is established, implying the existence of previously undescribed cellular heterogeneity within the Scleraxis+ cell population at this stage. Moreover, our approach successfully captured the muscle-tendon morphologies altered by genetic perturbations, such as Scleraxis-lineage ablation and Myomaker knockout.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In summary, this tissue clearing and light-sheet microscopy approach provides a versatile method for analyzing dynamically changing embryonic muscle-tendon morphologies and will facilitate deeper understanding of the muscle-tendon integration process.</p>","PeriodicalId":11247,"journal":{"name":"Developmental Dynamics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148359662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Goofy/123Cre lineage tracing differentiates olfactory and vomeronasal neurons from GnRH-1 and terminal nerve neurons during neuronal migration and reveals additional olfactory placode-derived cells in the brain.","authors":"Enrico Amato, Mia V Call, Noah M LeFever, Mya Aviles-Carlos, Nikki M Dolphin, Paolo E Forni","doi":"10.1002/dvdy.70164","DOIUrl":"10.1002/dvdy.70164","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The olfactory placode (OP) generates a broad array of chemosensory neurons in the nasal region, including olfactory sensory neurons, vomeronasal sensory neurons, neurons of the septal organ, and Grueneberg ganglion. During invagination, the OP also generates migratory neuronal populations, including gonadotropin-releasing hormone-1 (GnRH-1) neurons, somatostatin-expressing neurons, and Prokineticin Receptor 2 (Prokr2) pioneer/terminal nerve (TN) neurons. Despite extensive research, the genetic lineage and molecular identity of many OP-derived neurons remain unclear. GnRH-1 neurons are vital for reproductive functions and chemosensory processing but are genetically distinct from olfactory and vomeronasal sensory neurons. The regulator Goofy/Gfy is expressed in placode-derived chemosensory neurons. Our study aimed to determine whether its expression is restricted to these neurons or shared among OP derivatives. The 123Cre mouse expresses Cre under the Gfy1 promoter. Cre tracing analyses across embryonic stages showed widespread 123Cre recombination in chemosensory neurons but not in migrating GnRH-1. However, at late development and postnatal stages, some Gfy-traced cells appear in the basal forebrain, including a subset of GnRH-positive neurons. These findings demonstrate heterogeneity among migratory nasal neurons and suggest that, besides GnRH-1, other nasal-origin neurons also populate the forebrain. Postnatal studies of vomeronasal neurons revealed distinct developmental trajectories for the two main VSN subtypes.</p>","PeriodicalId":11247,"journal":{"name":"Developmental Dynamics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148249682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prenatal sexual dimorphism in human pelvic tilt at the onset of fetal ossification.","authors":"Toru Kanahashi, Jun Matsubayashi, Hirohiko Imai, Shigehito Yamada, Hiroki Otani, Tetsuya Takakuwa","doi":"10.1002/dvdy.70165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dvdy.70165","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Sexual dimorphism in pelvic morphology has been confirmed at the onset of primary ossification. Since pelvic tilt influences spinal alignment and bipedal locomotion, determining the initial emergence of sex-specific tilt differences is crucial. Herein, we measured pelvic tilt and lumbosacral inclination angles (LSIAs) using magnetic resonance imaging in 72 human fetuses (crown-rump length [CRL], 50-225 mm; 34 males [M] and 38 females [F]).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The cranial-caudal axis was defined from the first to third sacral vertebrae, and sex differences were assessed using multiple regression analysis including sex, CRL subgroup, and their interaction. Females exhibited greater posterior iliac tilt than males (anterior superior iliac spine-posterior superior iliac spine line: least-squares mean; [F] -19.6° vs. [M] -17.0°; p = .038). The LSIA (L1/S5-sacral promontory) was larger in males ([F] 166.3° vs. [M] 170.2°; p = .033), indicating more dorsally positioned sacra in females. Principal component analysis identified two major components representing os coxae rotation and sacral inclination to the lumbar spine, indicating independent developmental patterns.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The findings demonstrate that pelvic sexual dimorphism includes tilt orientation from the onset of ossification, reflecting sex-specific developmental trajectories during the prenatal period.</p>","PeriodicalId":11247,"journal":{"name":"Developmental Dynamics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148249637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}