Diabetes technology & therapeutics最新文献

{"title":"Age-Dependent Bolus Settings: Insulin-to-Carbohydrate Ratios and Insulin Sensitivity Factors in Pediatric Patients with Type 1 Diabetes on Conventional CSII in the DPV Registry.","authors":"Christina Reinauer, Alena Welters, Mareike Niemeyer, Angela Galler, Claudia Boettcher, Lara-Sophie Zehnder, Sabine Kahleyss, Sarah Otto, Reinhard W Holl","doi":"10.1089/dia.2024.0551","DOIUrl":"10.1089/dia.2024.0551","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Effective bolus settings for insulin-to-carbohydrate ratios (ICRs) and insulin sensitivity factors (ISFs) are crucial for glycemic control in pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes on insulin pumps. Standard calculation methods based on the total daily insulin dose (TDD) often fall short for children. This study examined insulin pump settings for ICR and ISF in pediatric patients, considering diurnal variation, age, sex, and body mass index (BMI). The goal was to provide data-driven recommendations for initial bolus settings. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> We analyzed insulin pump settings in 7697 pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes in the DPV registry (Diabetes Prospective Follow-up) from Germany, Austria, Switzerland, and Luxembourg. Patients aged 1 to <18 years, postremission (diabetes duration >1 year, insulin dose ≥0.5 IU/kg/d), with good metabolic control (HbA1c ≤7.5%), using insulin pumps with short-acting analog insulin in 2023, were included. Automated insulin delivery system users were excluded. Patients were grouped by age (<6, 6 to <12, 12 to <18 years), BMI percentiles (<P25, P25-75, >P75), and sex. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Older children required more insulin, with lower ICRs and ISFs. Insulin requirements peaked in the morning with the lowest ICR and ISF, with medians (interquartile ranges): <6 years: 11.2 g carbs/IU (9.1-14.0) and 1:150 mg/dL (70-228); 6 to <12 years: 8.7 g carbs/IU (7.0-10.7) and 1:90 (50-140); and 12 to <18 years: 6.1 g carbs/IU (5.0-7.7) and 1:50 (40-80). ISF was highest in the late evening in all age groups, while a higher BMI-SDS was associated with a lower ISF. Girls above 6 years had lower ICR but similar ISF to that of boys. The factor obtained by multiplying ISF and TDD was comparable in all age groups and BMI categories. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> Our real-world findings on CSII settings in a large cohort of children with sufficient metabolic control highlight the inadequacy of a single TDD-based calculation formula, as insulin requirements varied by age, time of day, sex, and BMI. These findings may serve as a reference for commonly used age-dependent parameters for clinicians in establishing initial CSII settings before individualized dose titration and optimization.</p>","PeriodicalId":11159,"journal":{"name":"Diabetes technology & therapeutics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143255141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Once-Weekly Insulins.","authors":"J Hans DeVries, Tim Heise","doi":"10.1089/dia.2024.0653","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/dia.2024.0653","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>One hundred years after insulin became commercially available, new formulations are still being developed. A first once-weekly insulin has been introduced on various markets, and results of the registration studies of a second once-weekly insulin are becoming available. In this narrative review, we discuss the mechanisms of prolongation, early clinical research study results, and the registration studies of these insulins, with a critical appraisal.</p>","PeriodicalId":11159,"journal":{"name":"Diabetes technology & therapeutics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143255187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Cure for Type 1 Diabetes: Are We There Yet?","authors":"Christopher Schaaf, Lori Sussel","doi":"10.1089/dia.2024.0498","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/dia.2024.0498","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Type 1 diabetes (T1D) affects over 2 million people in the United States and has no known cure. The discovery and first use of insulin in humans 102 years ago marked a revolutionary course of treatment for the disease, and although the formulations and delivery systems have advanced, insulin administration remains the standard of care today. While improved treatment options represent notable progress in T1D management, finding a functional cure for the disease remains the ultimate goal. Approaches to curing T1D have historically focused on blunting the autoimmune response, although sustained effects of immune modulation have proven elusive. Islet transplant therapies have also proven effective, although a lack of available donor tissue and the need for immunosuppression to prevent both host-graft rejection and the autoimmune response have reserved such treatments for those who already require immunosuppressive regimens for other reasons or undergo severe hypoglycemic events in conjunction with hypoglycemic unawareness. With the advent of human stem cell research, the focus has shifted toward generating an abundance of allogeneic, functional beta-like cells that can be transplanted into the patients. Immunoisolation devices have also shown some promise as a method of preventing immune rejection and the autoimmune destruction of transplanted cells. Finally, advances in new immune therapies, if used in the early stages of T1D progression, have proven to delay the onset of diabetes. Stem cell-based therapies are a promising approach to curing T1D. The ongoing clinical trials show some success, although they currently require immunosuppressant agents. Encapsulation devices provide a method of immunoisolation that does not require immunosuppression; however, the devices tested thus far eventually lead to cell death and fibrotic tissue growth. Substantial research efforts are underway to develop new approaches to protect the stem cell-derived beta cells upon transplantation.</p>","PeriodicalId":11159,"journal":{"name":"Diabetes technology & therapeutics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143255135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Teens with Type 1 Diabetes and Executive Function Challenges Who Use Insulin Pumps Have Lower A1C Without Increased Risk of Diabetic Ketoacidosis or Severe Hypoglycemia.","authors":"Rebecca J Vitale, Liane J Tinsley, Lisa K Volkening, Lori M Laffel","doi":"10.1089/dia.2024.0574","DOIUrl":"10.1089/dia.2024.0574","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Objective:</i></b> People with type 1 diabetes and executive function (EF) challenges (e.g., organization) often struggle with self-care. This study evaluated risks/benefits of insulin pumps in teens with EF challenges. <b><i>Research Design/Methods:</i></b> Parents of teens with type 1 diabetes completed parent-reported Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function. Severe hypoglycemia (SH) and diabetic ketoacidosis/hyperglycemia (DKA) events, collected prospectively, provided incidence rates (IR). A1c differences by pump use were compared by the presence/absence of EF challenges (Global Executive Composite score, EF indices). Adjusted multivariable models predicted A1c. Differences in SH and DKA IRs were evaluated by pump use and EF status, employing Poisson regressions. <b><i>Results:</i></b> In teens with EF challenges, pump-users versus nonusers had lower A1c (8.5% vs. 9.2%, <i>P</i> = 0.009). There were no A1c differences by pump use/nonuse in those without EF challenges. In multivariable analysis, A1c differences remained for those with EF challenges by one index; A1c was 0.65% lower in pump-users versus nonusers (<i>P</i> = 0.028). SH incidence did not differ by pump use or EF status. DKA incidence was lower in pump-users than nonusers (4.9 vs. 14.0 episodes/100-person-years, <i>P</i> = 0.012) and lower in teens without than with EF challenges (4.9 vs. 14.0/100-person-years, <i>P</i> = 0.012). In those without EF challenges, pump-users had lower DKA IR than nonpump-users (2.0 vs. 13.7/100-person-years, <i>P</i> = 0.003). In those with EF challenges, DKA IRs did not differ by pump use. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> Despite occasional prescriber hesitancy, teens with type 1 diabetes and EF challenges using insulin pumps had lower A1c without increased DKA risk compared with nonpump-users.</p>","PeriodicalId":11159,"journal":{"name":"Diabetes technology & therapeutics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143255196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Accuracy of the Dexcom G7 Continuous Glucose Monitoring Sensors in People with Diabetes Undergoing Hemodialysis (ALPHA-2 Study).","authors":"Parizad Avari, Reshaba Pushparatnam, Lala Leelarathna, Tricia Tan, Andrew H Frankel, Nick Oliver, Monika Reddy","doi":"10.1089/dia.2024.0575","DOIUrl":"10.1089/dia.2024.0575","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The accuracy of the latest generation Dexcom G7 sensors in individuals with diabetes undergoing hemodialysis has not previously been investigated. Participants with diabetes undergoing hemodialysis were recruited, with paired sensor glucose from Dexcom G7 recorded with plasma glucose analyzed in the laboratory, as well as the Freestyle Precision Pro glucometer and EKF Biosen C-Line analyzer. Ten adults (median age 64.0 [58.0-74.5] years) were recruited. Overall percentage (%) mean and median absolute relative differences were 10.4% and 8.5% for matched laboratory pairs, respectively (<i>n</i> = 720). Diabetes Technology Society error grid analysis showed 99.7%, 100%, and 99.9% of pairs within zones A and B for lab, glucometer, and EKF methods, respectively. This, the first Dexcom G7 accuracy study conducted in people on hemodialysis, demonstrates accuracy and safety when compared with lab reference readings. These data support the accessibility of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) and hybrid closed-loop systems for people with diabetes on hemodialysis.</p>","PeriodicalId":11159,"journal":{"name":"Diabetes technology & therapeutics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142946158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Glycemic Variability and Disordered Eating Among Adolescents and Young Adults with Type 1 Diabetes: The Role of Disinhibited Eating.","authors":"Tamar Propper-Lewinsohn, Shlomit Shalitin, Michal Gillon-Keren, Michal Yackobovitch-Gavan, Alon Liberman, Moshe Phillip, Roni Elran-Barak","doi":"10.1089/dia.2024.0267","DOIUrl":"10.1089/dia.2024.0267","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Background and Aims:</i></b> Disordered eating behaviors (DEB) are common among individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Glycemic variability, potentially harmful in T1D, may reveal distinct characteristics between those with higher versus lower variability, particularly concerning DEB. Our aim was to evaluate the prevalence of DEB and associated risk factors among adolescents and young adults with T1D and to investigate unique factors associated with DEB across different levels of glycemic variability. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> An observational, cross-sectional study was conducted with 147 individuals with T1D, aged 13-21 years. Data were collected from medical charts, personal technological devices for assessing glycemic variability, and self-reported questionnaires, including assessments of DEB. <b><i>Results:</i></b> DEB were found in 62 (42.1%) individuals, and 41.5% achieved the glycemic variability (% coefficient of variation) target ≤36%. Among individuals with low glycemic variability, DEB were positively associated with diabetes distress (odds ratio [OR]: 1.14 [95% confidence interval or CI: 1.05-1.22], <i>P</i> < 0.001), longer diabetes duration (OR: 1.34 [95% CI: 1.05-1.70], <i>P</i> = 0.016) and lower socioeconomic-status (OR: 0.53 [95% CI: 0.31-0.90], <i>P</i> = 0.019). Among those with high glycemic variability, body mass index Z score (OR: 3.82 [95% CI: 1.48-9.85], <i>P</i> = 0.005), HbA1c (OR: 4.12 [95% CI: 1.33-12.80], <i>P</i> = 0.014), disinhibited eating (OR: 1.57 [95% CI: 1.14-2.15], <i>P</i> = 0.005), and tendency to lower socioeconomic status (OR: 0.75 [95% CI: 0.56-1.01], <i>P</i> = 0.065). <b><i>Discussion:</i></b> DEB are prevalent among adolescents and young adults with T1D and are associated with various risk factors. Factors associated with DEB vary across different levels of glycemic variability. Both low and high glycemic variability are associated with specific risk factors for DEB. One notable risk factor is diabetes-specific disinhibited eating among individuals with high glycemic variability, in contrast to those with low glycemic variability. Given these different risk factors, it may be prudent to adjust intervention programs to reduce DEB among T1D adolescents according to their glycemic variability levels.</p>","PeriodicalId":11159,"journal":{"name":"Diabetes technology & therapeutics","volume":" ","pages":"113-120"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142281838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Interrupting Prolonged Sitting with Frequent Activity Breaks on Postprandial Glycemia and Insulin Sensitivity in Adults with Type 1 Diabetes on Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion Therapy: A Randomized Crossover Pilot Trial.","authors":"Robyn Larsen, Frances Taylor, Paddy C Dempsey, Melitta McNarry, Kym Rickards, Parneet Sethi, Ashleigh Homer, Neale Cohen, Neville Owen, Kavita Kumareswaran, Richard MacIsaac, Sybil A McAuley, David O'Neal, David W Dunstan","doi":"10.1089/dia.2024.0146","DOIUrl":"10.1089/dia.2024.0146","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Objective:</i></b> This study examined acute effects of interrupting prolonged sitting with short activity breaks on postprandial glucose/insulin responses and estimations of insulin sensitivity in adults with type 1 diabetes (T1D). <b><i>Method:</i></b> In a randomized crossover trial, eight adults (age = 46 ± 14 years [mean ± SD], body mass index [BMI] = 27.2 ± 3.8 kg/m²) receiving continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) therapy completed two 6-h conditions as follows: uninterrupted sitting (SIT) and sitting interrupted with 3-min bouts of simple resistance activities (SRAs) every 30 min. Basal and bolus insulin were standardized across conditions except in cases of hypoglycemia. Postprandial responses were assessed using incremental area-under-the-curve (iAUC) and total AUC (tAUC) from half-hourly venous sampling. Meal-based insulin sensitivity determined from glucose sensor and insulin pump (S<i>_i</i>^SP) was assessed from flash continuous glucose monitor and insulin pump data. Outcomes were analyzed using mixed models adjusted for sex, BMI, treatment order, and preprandial values. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Glucose iAUC did not differ by condition (SIT: 19.8 ± 3.0 [estimated marginal means ± standard error] vs. SRA: 14.4 ± 3.0 mmol.6 h.L^-1; <i>P</i> = 0.086). Despite CSII being standardized between conditions, insulin iAUC was higher in SRA compared to SIT (137.1 ± 22.7 vs. 170.9 ± 22.7 mU.6 h.L^-1; <i>P</i> < 0.001). This resulted in a lower glucose response relative to the change in plasma insulin in SRA (tAUCglu/tAUCins: 0.32 ± 0.02 vs. 0.40 ± 0.02 mmol.mU^-1; <i>P</i> = 0.03). Si^SP was also higher at dinner following the SRA condition, with no between-condition differences at breakfast or lunch. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> Regularly interrupting prolonged sitting in T1D may increase plasma insulin and improve insulin sensitivity when meals and CSII are standardized. Future studies should explore underlying mechanistic determinants and the applicability of findings to those on multiple daily injections. <b><i>Trial Registration:</i></b> Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry Identifier-ACTRN12618000126213 (www.anzctr.org.au).</p>","PeriodicalId":11159,"journal":{"name":"Diabetes technology & therapeutics","volume":" ","pages":"101-112"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142589730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical Utility of Serum C-Peptide Concentration for Hospitalized Patients with Hyperglycemia.","authors":"Damla N Costa, Yogish C Kudva, Michael D Jensen, Pankaj Shah","doi":"10.1089/dia.2024.0246","DOIUrl":"10.1089/dia.2024.0246","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Background:</i></b> Serum C-peptide concentration is often utilized for diagnostic, prognostic, or therapeutic assessment in diabetes mellitus. However, there are limited clinical data regarding diagnostic and predictive value of C-peptide measured during hospitalizations for hyperglycemia. <b><i>Materials and Methods:</i></b> Adults admitted to Mayo Clinic inpatient facilities due to an acute hyperglycemic emergency between January 2017 and November 2022 were included in our study. Predictive capacity of C-peptide for discontinuation of therapeutic insulin was examined in the entire cohort and the subgroup of non-autoimmune non-pancreatitis diabetes (NANP-DM). <b><i>Results:</i></b> We included 187 patients (63 women) in our study. During hospitalization, patients with type 1 diabetes antibodies displayed diminished serum C-peptide concentration (<i>P</i> = 0.014), correlating inversely with subsequent hemoglobin A1c% [<i>r</i> = (-0.22), <i>P</i> = 0.005]. Initial C-peptide concentrations did not differ between patients requiring insulin therapy during follow-up and those who did not (<i>P</i> = 0.16). C-peptide concentrations showed limited predictive capacity for achieving glycemic control. Subgroup analyses in NANP-DM exhibited similar limited capacity for anticipating therapeutic insulin needs and achieving glycemic controls. <b><i>Discussion:</i></b> C-peptide concentration did not exhibit a robust predictive capability for future need of insulin therapy and achieving glycemic control, limiting its utility in clinical practice within inpatient settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":11159,"journal":{"name":"Diabetes technology & therapeutics","volume":" ","pages":"121-127"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142125123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Feasibility of an Experimental Hypobaric Simulation to Evaluate the Safety of Closed-Loop Insulin Delivery Systems in Flight-Related Atmospheric Pressure Changes.","authors":"Ka Siu Fan, Fariba Shojaee-Moradie, Antonios Manoli, Petra M Baumann, Gerd Koehler, Victoria Edwards, Vivienne Lee, Chantal Mathieu, Julia K Mader, David Russell-Jones","doi":"10.1089/dia.2024.0380","DOIUrl":"10.1089/dia.2024.0380","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hybrid closed-loop (HCL) systems remain underexplored within aviation, and as atmospheric pressure changes can independently affect insulin pumps and continuous glucose monitoring readings, this preliminary study assessed the feasibility of HCL safety evaluation, in both fasting and post-prandial states, by using hypobaric chamber to simulate flights. Participants with type 1 diabetes and on HCL were studied: Medtronic Guardian 4-Medtronic 780G-SmartGuard (<i>n</i> = 4), Dexcom G6-Omnipod DASH-Android APS (<i>n</i> = 1), and Dexcom G6-Ypsomed Pump-CamAPS (<i>n</i> = 1). Flight cabin pressures of 550 mmHg and 750 mmHg were simulated in a hypobaric chamber. Seven-hundred-50 glucose measurements were taken, with glucose levels demonstrating a stable decline to 4 mmol/L during fasting. To maintain a tight fasting and post-prandial glucose range across the different pressure settings, the HCL administered insulin as expected. While not demonstrating any apparent issues, repeating flight simulation protocol with other systems, examining longer flights, and undertaking larger, powered randomised controlled trials can confirm their safety in aviation.</p>","PeriodicalId":11159,"journal":{"name":"Diabetes technology & therapeutics","volume":" ","pages":"128-133"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142496843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Safe Options for the Treatment of Mothers and Babies with Pregestational Diabetes.","authors":"Katrien Benhalima, Chantal Mathieu, Angela Napoli, Yogish C Kudva, Katarzyna Cypryk, Peter Hammond, Tali Cukierman-Yaffe, Katarzyna Cyganek, Hema Divakar, Moshe Hod","doi":"10.1089/dia.2024.0499","DOIUrl":"10.1089/dia.2024.0499","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11159,"journal":{"name":"Diabetes technology & therapeutics","volume":" ","pages":"91-92"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142581376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}