{"title":"An Updated Review of the Gestational Diabetes","authors":"Mozhgan Hafizi Moori","doi":"10.34172/ddj.2021.22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/ddj.2021.22","url":null,"abstract":"High blood glucose levels during pregnancy can lead to unfavorable outcomes in the mother, fetus, and neonatal state. This review focused on the latest guidelines on diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment of gestational diabetes mellites. This narrative review was conducted by searching through several online databases including PubMed, Science Direct, and Embase for relevant articles using keywords such as \"Gestational Diabetes\", \"Diabetes Mellitus\", \"Pregnancy\", and \"guideline\" with no date limitations. Based on the literature review, proper treatment of diabetes during pregnancy results in a normal pregnancy, labor, postpartum state. The key to a normal pregnancy is to control and keep your blood sugar levels within the recommended range by various guidelines, which were the discussion subjects of this narrative review in detail. In addition to maintaining normal blood sugar levels before or during pregnancy, there should be a balance between diet, exercise, and insulin intake if indicated for treatment. Gestational diabetes control program needs close monitoring and appraisal with progression in the pregnancy. As a result, recognizing the burden of gestational diabetes is decisive for timely diagnosis and further evaluations by healthcare policymakers. Overall, multiple updates on the guidelines of gestational diabetes management are annually published, and a comparison of these guidelines could inform clinicians to update their approach.","PeriodicalId":11143,"journal":{"name":"Disease and Diagnosis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85851529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Moayedi, A. Negahi, Seyed Hossein Asadi Yousefabad, S. Saadat, M. Salari, R. Safari, Ghasem Ghaedi Hengami
{"title":"Epidemiology of Acute Flaccid Paralysis in Hormozgan Province, Iran","authors":"A. Moayedi, A. Negahi, Seyed Hossein Asadi Yousefabad, S. Saadat, M. Salari, R. Safari, Ghasem Ghaedi Hengami","doi":"10.34172/ddj.2021.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/ddj.2021.17","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) is a syndrome that occurs with the sudden onset of paralysis in any part of the body of infants and children under 15 years old. This study investigated the epidemiology and causes of AFP in patients under 15 years of age admitted to hospitals in Hormozgan province during 2011-2018. Materials and Methods: After receiving the code of ethics, the information of the studied patients was collected by referring to the health center of Hormozgan province and reviewing their records. The corresponding data were gathered using a checklist that included the causes of paralysis, age, gender, place of residence, and involved organs and then analyzed with SPSS software. Results: Out of 121 patients, 58.7% were males. In addition, 69.4% and 21.5% of these patients were in the age groups of 0-5 and 5-10 years, and the remaining cases were in the age group of 10-15 years. In terms of accommodation, 19.8% and 14.9% of patients lived in Bandar Abbas and Minab, respectively. The highest incidence of the disease was 19% and 18.2% in 2013 and 2015, respectively. The most affected organ was 57% of both feet. The most common cause of AFP in this study was Guillain-Barre syndrome (37.2%), followed by transient synovitis (17.4%). Conclusion: Considering the high annual incidence of this disease compared to the standard of the World Health Organization, it is recommended to launch training and vaccination campaigns to reduce the incidence and eradicate this disease.","PeriodicalId":11143,"journal":{"name":"Disease and Diagnosis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77851482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Hoseini, A. Sarani, Afsaneh Sarabandi, Masoud Kerman Saravi
{"title":"Evaluation of Estrogen Receptor-α Gene (T/C) Polymorphism in Patients With Leiomyoma Compared to Healthy Individuals","authors":"H. Hoseini, A. Sarani, Afsaneh Sarabandi, Masoud Kerman Saravi","doi":"10.34172/DDJ.2021.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/DDJ.2021.13","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Leiomyoma as one of the most prevalent tumors in women occurs at the same time of reproductive age and its causes are still unknown. Hormone therapy is one of the common treatments for this disease. Estrogen hormone through its receptor, which is called ER α, plays an effective role in the treatment of leiomyoma. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are effective in the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of many diseases and tumors. In this regard, the current study investigated the estrogen receptor gene polymorphisms of ER α in women with leiomyoma in Sistan and Baluchestan province, Zahedan and then compared them with healthy individuals. Materials and Methods: Overall, 150 women with leiomyoma were sampled and their DNA was isolated as well. In addition, 150 samples were taken from healthy individuals as the control group. The polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method and PvuII were used to study gene polymorphisms. Results: The results showed a significant relationship between ER α gene polymorphism and leiomyoma. Conclusion: Accordingly, this gene polymorphism can be considered as a marker for prognosis in leiomyoma in the population of Iranian women in Zahedan, Sistan and Baluchestan province.","PeriodicalId":11143,"journal":{"name":"Disease and Diagnosis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76147711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Assessment of Thyroid Cancer Risk After Cervical Computed Tomography: The Impact of Bismuth Shielding","authors":"H. Ghaznavi, Zeinab Momeni, Sadegh Ghaderi","doi":"10.34172/DDJ.2021.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/DDJ.2021.14","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Computed tomography (CT) is vastly applied in X-ray procedures because of its high quality in detecting the anatomical structures of the body. However, it leads to an increase in patient dose, resulting in carcinogenesis. In the head and neck CT, the thyroid is the most important at-risk organ. The aim of this study was to estimate thyroid cancer risk in cervical CT with and without a bismuth shield. Materials and Methods: After obtaining permission from the authors, data related to the thyroid dose of patients undergoing cervical CT in the study by Santos et al (2019) were used, and then thyroid cancer risk was calculated for different ages at exposure in male and female patients using the biological effects of the ionizing radiation (BEIR) VII model. Results: Using bismuth shielding reduced thyroid dose by 37% and 39% in male and female phantoms, respectively. Thyroid cancer estimation demonstrated that the risk was nearly two-fold in females compared to males. Finally, bismuth shielding reduced 40% of cancer risk, and it decreased in both genders by increasing age at exposure. Conclusion: According to our findings, excess relative risk (ERR) up to 0.06% was associated with cervical CT. Although ERR amounts were low, the effect of radiation on thyroid cancer risk should not be neglected. Accordingly, it is suggested that future trials use bismuth shielding to reduce thyroid cancer risk.","PeriodicalId":11143,"journal":{"name":"Disease and Diagnosis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84955462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Switching of Hashimoto Thyroiditis Into Graves’ Disease: A Case Report and Literature Review","authors":"Rajab Maksoud, Nour Maksoud, Lubana Wannous, Samaher Almousa","doi":"10.34172/DDJ.2021.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/DDJ.2021.16","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT) and Graves’ disease (GD) are autoimmune inflammatory thyroid disorders. The evolution from GD into HT is the most common scenario while the conversion from HT into GD seems to be less common. Case Presentation: A 20-year-old female patient referred to the endocrinology clinic with a three-month history of fatigue, lethargy, lack of appetite, constipation, menorrhagia, cold intolerance, and 5 kg weight gain in the last two months. Clinical examination showed dry skin, scalp hair loss, and painless hard goiter whereas thyroid ultrasound revealed generalized homogeneous hypoechoic thyroid hypertrophy. Laboratory tests demonstrated increased serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) 210 µIU/L (normal: 0.25-4.50), decreased free thyroxine (FT4) 0.37 ng/L (normal: 0.8-1.8) and free triiodothyronine (FT3) 1.94 pg/mL (normal: 1.8-4.6), and finally, increased thyroid peroxidase antibodies (anti-TPO) 462 IU/mL (normal: up to 34). Based on observations, HT was diagnosed and thus daily treatment with levothyroxine 75 mcg was started for the patient. Two months later, she referred with symptoms suggestive of hyperthyroidism with reduced TSH levels, which did not improve after levothyroxine cessation, thus more laboratory tests were conducted and revealed decreased TSH levels, increased T3 and T4, and TSH receptor stimulating antibody (TSAb)levels, and increased radioactive iodine uptake at 24 hours. Therefore, the diagnosis of GD was made. Five weeks after treatment, she was in full remission. Conclusion: Although the switch from HT into GD is rare, it can occur at any time during the disease. Nonetheless, early diagnosis and treatment would improve the quality of care.","PeriodicalId":11143,"journal":{"name":"Disease and Diagnosis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79186175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mirzaali Nazarnezhad, S. Mohseni, Mohammad Shamsadiny, Pirdad Najafi, M. Salemi
{"title":"Analysis of Epidemiological Characteristics of COVID-19 Patients in Rudan county, Iran","authors":"Mirzaali Nazarnezhad, S. Mohseni, Mohammad Shamsadiny, Pirdad Najafi, M. Salemi","doi":"10.34172/DDJ.2021.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/DDJ.2021.10","url":null,"abstract":"Background: On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) as a global pandemic. The aim of the present study was to analyze the epidemiological characteristics of COVID-19 patients in Rudan county so that regional managers can make timely and effective decisions. Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional study performed on all registered patients with confirmed COVID-19 in Rudan county by July 10, 2020. Patient information was extracted from COVID-19 patient information registration system. The collected data included gender, age, mortality, underlying disease, time of infection, occupation, contact history, and hospitalizations. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 22.0. Results: In this study, 614 (56%) of the patients were male and 477 (43%) were female. The mean age of patients was 43 ± 17 years. A total of 136 patients (12.5%) had at least one underlying disease. The majority of patients with underlying diseases (75%) had a history of contact with a patient with confirmed COVID-19. There was no statistically significant relationship between mortality and gender. The mean age of inpatients and outpatients was 56 ± 19 and 40 ± 15 years, respectively. Most deaths occurred among the elderly and housewives, and the highest infection rate also occurred among the latter group. Conclusion: In a situation where the COVID-19 pandemic is a global threat, health systems must demonstrate appropriate and timely responses based on the development and implementation of preventive policies and the care of vulnerable and high-risk patients.","PeriodicalId":11143,"journal":{"name":"Disease and Diagnosis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85084357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Hajinezhad, A. Jamshidian, Motahareh Abdollahi, Alireza Samzadeh Kermani
{"title":"Comparing the Histopathological Effects of Selenium Nanoparticles and Selenium Nanocomposites in Rat Models","authors":"M. Hajinezhad, A. Jamshidian, Motahareh Abdollahi, Alireza Samzadeh Kermani","doi":"10.34172/DDJ.2021.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/DDJ.2021.15","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Selenium nanoparticles (Se NPs) and selenium nanocomposites (Se NCs) have different biological effects. The current study aimed to compare the effects of newly synthesized Se NPs and Se NCs on biochemical and histopathological parameters of rats. The synthesized Se NPs were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. Materials and Methods: Adult male Wistar rats were divided into four equal groups to examine the biological effects of Se NPs. Control rats received saline intraperitoneally while experimental rats were received four-week intraperitoneal injections of Se powder, Se NPs, and Se NCs at the dose of (0.4 mg/kg). After four weeks, serum was obtained by the conventional methods, and then rats were sacrificed to separate liver, kidney, and testis tissues for histopathological examinations. Results: The intraperitoneal injection of Se powder caused significant elevations in serum liver enzyme levels, serum blood urea nitrogen (BUN) lipid peroxidation, and serum creatinine levels (P<0.05). The histopathological investigations showed necrosis and fatty change in liver. Kidney sections showed cytoplasmic vacuolation and hyaline casts, and the testis sections showed degeneration of seminiferous tubules. Se NPs intraperitoneal injections at a dose of 0.4 mg/kg caused no significant effects on liver enzymes, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and histopathological changes while significantly increased serum BUN and creatinine levels (P<0.05). The group treated with Se NCs showed normal biochemical and histopathological parameters (P<0.05). Conclusion: The current study proved the toxicity of Se powder; however, nano-formulations of Se showed fewer side effects.","PeriodicalId":11143,"journal":{"name":"Disease and Diagnosis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80742803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Ansari, Mehran Jafari, M. Akhlaghi, Mohammad Teabpour, M. Moghimi
{"title":"Pathological Indicators for Reporting Gastric Malignancies in a Hospital in Yazd","authors":"K. Ansari, Mehran Jafari, M. Akhlaghi, Mohammad Teabpour, M. Moghimi","doi":"10.34172/DDJ.2021.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/DDJ.2021.12","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Gastric cancer is one of the most common cancers and is one of the most frequent causes of cancer death worldwide. In recent years, there has been a great deal of emphasis on the use of pathology reporting standards. Therefore, the aim of this study was how to report the pathological indicators of gastric malignancies in samples sent to the Pathology Department of Shahid Sadoughi hospital in Yazd in Iran in 2016-2018. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 174 patients. Study variables including age and gender, type of biopsy, the extent of gastric tissue involvement, exact anatomical location, tumor size, histological grading, invasion of surrounding tissues, and lymph node metastasis were extracted from patients’ records. Data were analyzed by SPSS 22. Frequency and percentage were reported using descriptive statistics and Chi-square/Fisher’s exact test for qualitative variables and independent sample t-test for quantitative variables. Finally, graphs were drawn using Excel 2010. Results: Out of 174 participants, 63.8% were females (n = 111). Most reports were related to the histology of adenocarcinoma (n = 136, P=78.20), tumor size (n = 89, P=51.15), and anatomical exact location (n = 90, P=51.70), respectively. Regarding the exact anatomical location of 90 patients, most reports were related to the antrum (n = 38, P=42.23). The highest prevalence of histological type of adenocarcinoma was related to poorly differentiated cases (n = 57, P=41.94). Conclusion: The findings of this study showed that the method of reporting pathological indicators in gastric malignancies in the studied cases was somewhat appropriate.","PeriodicalId":11143,"journal":{"name":"Disease and Diagnosis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85547632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alireza Attarian, Sadra Movahedi, Ahmad Haghiri Dehbarez, M. Hassani Azad, Atefeh Karimi Haji Khademi
{"title":"Prevalence of Surgical Site Infection in Patients With Femoral Shaft Fracture","authors":"Alireza Attarian, Sadra Movahedi, Ahmad Haghiri Dehbarez, M. Hassani Azad, Atefeh Karimi Haji Khademi","doi":"10.34172/ddj.2021.08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/ddj.2021.08","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The surgical site infections (SSIs) associated with orthopedic surgeries are prevalent since the commonly used implantation techniques increase the risk of infection. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of SSI in patients with femoral shaft fracture (FSF). Materials and Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study was performed on patients with FSF referred to Shahid Mohammadi hospital of Bandar Abbas, Iran from 2012 to 2016 for open intramedullary nailing (IMN) of the femoral shaft. Data were entered into the SPSS software version 25.0 for statistical analysis. Results: Sixty-two individuals with the mean age of 26.95±1.19 years participated in the study, of whom 85.5% were male and 14.5% were female. Twelve patients (19.4%) had open fractures and 50 (80.6%) had closed FSFs. SSI was observed in eight cases, one of whom had deep SSI (osteomyelitis). Our results showed that SSI was not correlated with age or sex (P < 0.05), but it was significantly correlated with the frequency of hospitalizations, fractures in other areas, and the type of fracture (open and closed) (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The overall prevalence of SSI was 12.9%, which was higher compared to previous studies. Humidity and warm weather can be major contributing factors to the high prevalence of post-operative infection in this treatment center; however, the conditions of the orthopedic operating room and facilities should also be considered.","PeriodicalId":11143,"journal":{"name":"Disease and Diagnosis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87904075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Job’s Syndrome With a Family History of Kawasaki Disease: A Case Presentation and Review of Literature","authors":"Tamar Yared, Samer Mohsen","doi":"10.34172/DDJ.2021.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/DDJ.2021.04","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Job’s syndrome or hyper-immunoglobulin E (IgE) syndrome (HIES) is an extremely rare primary immunodeficiency disease with an approximate annual incidence of less than 1/1000000. It is characterized by recurrent cold staphylococcal infections, unusual eczematous dermatitis, severe lung infections, and extensively high concentrations of the serum antibody IgE. Case Presentation: A typical case of Job’s syndrome with a family history of Kawasaki disease is presented in this study aiming at identifying the clinical features, investigational procedures, and management strategy, as well as evaluating the role of the ear, nose, and throat specialist and highlighting the probable relation between Job’s syndrome and Kawasaki disease. Conclusions: In general, early detection with proper care can prevent the progression of Job syndrome. In addition, the initiated treatment at the first signs of infection is mandatory for preventing long-term complications. There is a probable relation between Job and Kawasaki which requires more consideration.","PeriodicalId":11143,"journal":{"name":"Disease and Diagnosis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89081749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}