Current topics in microbiology and immunology最新文献

{"title":"Innate Immune Recognition of EBV.","authors":"Jessica Stewart, Blossom Damania","doi":"10.1007/82_2025_297","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/82_2025_297","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a very successful human pathogen, with ~95% seroprevalence worldwide (Mentzer et al, Nat Commun 13:1818, 2022). If contracted in early childhood, EBV infection is typically asymptomatic; however, infections in adolescence and adulthood can manifest as infectious mononucleosis (IM). The innate immune response is the first line of defense, and its function is critical for controlling EBV infection. During EBV infection, components of the virus, known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), are recognized by germline-encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). PRRs are found on both non-immune and immune cells including antigen-presenting cells, such as macrophages, monocytes, dendritic cells, natural killer (NK), and mast cells. PRRs are also found on B cells and epithelial cells, the primary targets of EBV infection. Without immune surveillance, EBV can transform cells inducing various malignancies. Conversely, a prolonged innate immune response can lead to chronic inflammation which increases the likelihood of cancer. This review discusses innate immune recognition of EBV and its associated diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":11102,"journal":{"name":"Current topics in microbiology and immunology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144119163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Horizons of the Future: Preparedness and Response.","authors":"Luísa Maria Inácio da Silva, Rafael Maciel-de-Freitas, Marcelo Henrique Santos Paiva, Gabriel da Luz Wallau","doi":"10.1007/82_2025_292","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/82_2025_292","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the last decades, we have witnessed the worldwide spread and growing impact of one of the most important neglected tropical diseases, the dengue fever. Even though it continues to be neglected mainly due to its major impact on the more socio and economically vulnerable populations there was progress toward a more complete understanding about the basic biology of dengue infection in mosquitoes and humans as well as translational research to develop antivirals and improved vaccines. Paradoxically, dengue fever incidence has steadily grown globally suggesting that the development/refinement of basic/translational research and control approaches are not keeping the pace of dengue spread. Therefore, in this last chapter, we will discuss the latest developments regarding preparedness and response against dengue, looking into their applicability to reduce dengue fever around the globe.</p>","PeriodicalId":11102,"journal":{"name":"Current topics in microbiology and immunology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144110066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Viral Entry.","authors":"Samantha Hardy, Crystal B Chhan, Amelia R Davis, Andrew T McGuire","doi":"10.1007/82_2025_300","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/82_2025_300","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Epstein-Barr virus chiefly infects B cells and epithelial cells but is capable of infecting other cell types in the human host. Host cell entry is a complex process mediated by several viral glycoproteins that define tropism and mediate membrane fusion. This chapter will review what is known about the function of viral glycoproteins in the entry process, explore the nature of interactions between viral glycoproteins and host cell receptors, and highlight gaps in knowledge about the entry process that remain to be filled.</p>","PeriodicalId":11102,"journal":{"name":"Current topics in microbiology and immunology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143978603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dengue Dilemma: Navigating Cross-Reactivity and Immune Challenges.","authors":"Cristina R de Barros Cardoso, Thiago Cerqueira-Silva, Manoel Barral-Netto, Viviane S Boaventura","doi":"10.1007/82_2025_294","DOIUrl":"10.1007/82_2025_294","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This chapter examines the immunological mechanisms underlying the cross-reactivity and immune enhancement in dengue and how they influence the clinical outcomes. The four DENV serotypes (DENV-1 to DENV-4) share high genetic and antigenic similarity, leading to antibodies and T cells that can recognize multiple serotypes. While this cross-reactive immunity can confer partial or transient protection, it can also result in antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE), wherein non-neutralizing antibodies facilitate viral entry into immune cells, increasing the likelihood of severe disease in secondary infections and in infants carrying maternal anti-DENV antibodies. Furthermore, cross-reactivity with other flaviviruses, such as ZIKV, complicates serological diagnosis by producing false-positive results and uncertain prior exposure histories. These complexities extend to vaccine design, which must induce effective immunity against all four DENV serotypes while minimizing ADE risk. Epidemiological studies confirm that secondary infections, especially when antibody levels have waned, carry an elevated risk of severe clinical manifestations. However, the timing between infections and the specific serotype involved can modulate these outcomes. A thorough understanding of cross-reactivity and immune enhancement is therefore pivotal for advancing diagnostic accuracy, guiding patient care, and informing vaccine strategies and public health policies to better control dengue globally.</p>","PeriodicalId":11102,"journal":{"name":"Current topics in microbiology and immunology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143982155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction to: A Brief History of Polyclonal Antibody Therapies Against Bacterial and Viral Diseases Before COVID-19.","authors":"Nigel Paneth, Madison Walsh, Breanna Kornatowski, Arturo Casadevall","doi":"10.1007/82_2025_295","DOIUrl":"10.1007/82_2025_295","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11102,"journal":{"name":"Current topics in microbiology and immunology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143984985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dengue: Historical Aspects.","authors":"Myrna Cristina Bonaldo, Samuel Goldenberg, Ricardo Galler, Claudia Nunes Duarte Dos Santos","doi":"10.1007/82_2025_289","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/82_2025_289","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To write about dengue retrospective epidemiology is a challenging subject because until laboratory diagnosis tests were developed to confirm human infections by dengue virus (DENV) between 1940 and 1950, all reports about disease or epidemics referred to a generic \"dengue/break bone fever/contagious fever/bilious remitting fever.\" These nomenclatures employed in past times had perspectives based on medical reports, letters and diaries of people living in the affected areas at the time, and local newspaper reports. As Packard (Bull Hist Med 90(2):193-221) highlighted, the difficulty of using historical sources and \"the ambiguous nature\" of eighteenth-century disease categories turns the analysis puzzling. Nevertheless, if judiciously used, it can illuminate the history of dengue epidemics over time.In this chapter, we will focus on three periods that were pivotal to shaping our current understanding of dengue disease and epidemiology: (1) First reports of a dengue-like disease and the impact of the infection during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries; (2) The impact of the II World War (II WW) on the spread of the DENV and its vector worldwide; and (3) The re-introduction of dengue in the Americas and the challenge of Public Health services to control the dramatic escalation of cases and the introduction of new serotypes/genotypes. It is worth mentioning that in the last years, South and Central America and Caribe account for more than 80% of dengue cases in the world (PAHO).</p>","PeriodicalId":11102,"journal":{"name":"Current topics in microbiology and immunology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143995009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using Passive Antibody Therapies in the Next Pandemic.","authors":"Nigel Paneth, Michael J Joyner, Arturo Casadevall","doi":"10.1007/82_2024_283","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/82_2024_283","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The twenty-first century has witnessed seven human viral pandemics. Approximately once every three to four years over the past quarter-century, the world has experienced a new viral epidemic that expanded well beyond its original national borders to become a pandemic. The probability that another pandemic caused by a previously unknown agent will occur in the near future is thus very high and public health agencies must prioritize mechanisms for detecting their first signals. At the onset of these recent pandemics, no specific therapeutic agent was available for any of the newly emergent pathogens. However, convalescent plasma therapy can be available as soon as there are survivors and is likely to be effective if used early and in sufficient strength. But for the three forms of passive antibody-convalescent plasma, monoclonal antibodies, and hyperimmune globulins-to be available and effective in a pandemic situation, careful strategic planning will be necessary. In the pre-pandemic period, we must reinforce the capacities of blood banks and plasma fractionating companies in the production and storage of their products; ensure that outpatient settings can provide intravenous products; educate providers in the proper use of plasma; and create a research infrastructure to examine the effectiveness of passive antibody products. Once a pandemic is underway, regulatory bodies should simplify the approval of research and emergency use protocols and develop treatment registries. Incentives for the rapid production of monoclonal antibodies and hyperimmune globulins will likely be required. A national resource to link providers with passive antibody products and national databases to monitor pandemic progress and pandemic treatment will permit the most effective allocation of pandemic-fighting resources. We cannot afford to wait until the next pandemic is upon us to respond. The time to strengthen clinical, research, and manufacturing infrastructure to permit us to be ready to confront the next new virulent pathogen is now.</p>","PeriodicalId":11102,"journal":{"name":"Current topics in microbiology and immunology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142845990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Safety Profile of COVID-19 Convalescent Plasma.","authors":"Michael J Joyner, Rickey E Carter, R Scott Wright, Jonathon W Senefeld","doi":"10.1007/82_2024_282","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/82_2024_282","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Despite concerns about potential side effects, based both on historical experience with plasma products and more recent concerns about contemporary use of plasma, COVID-19 convalescent plasma has been shown to be a very safe product. Research early in the COVID-19 pandemic documented-among the very large population of convalescent plasma recipients in the US Convalescent Plasma Study component of the FDA-authorized Expanded Access Program-that the overall risk profile was no different than that seen for fresh frozen plasma, a product used routinely in medical practice. The safety of CCP was further demonstrated using real-world evidence, pragmatic trials, and formal randomized trials. The rates of all serious adverse events were very low, an especially impressive finding in light of the fact that nearly all safety data came from the use of COVID-19 convalescent plasma in patients who were hospitalized, were older, and/or had significant co-morbid cardiopulmonary and metabolic disorders. The well-known complications of blood and plasma transfusions-transfusion-associated circulatory overload and transfusion-related acute lung injury-were found with no higher incidence than with standard use of blood and plasma, nor was there evidence for antibody-dependent enhancement or increased incidence of thromboembolic events. The comprehensive safety profile derived from studies enrolling hundreds of thousands of recipients of COVID-19 convalescent plasma across the world should allay safety fears about the rapid deployment of convalescent plasma in future pandemics.</p>","PeriodicalId":11102,"journal":{"name":"Current topics in microbiology and immunology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142846056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Importance of Antibody Titer Determination to the Effective Use of Convalescent Plasma.","authors":"Peter W Marks","doi":"10.1007/82_2024_281","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/82_2024_281","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Convalescent Plasma (CP) has been used prophylactically and therapeutically over the past century to address a variety of infectious threats. Two tenets of the use of CP were clear from prior experience in the setting of other infectious outbreaks: (1) best results are obtained when CP is given early in the course of the disease, and (2) plasma containing high-titer neutralizing capacity is necessary to achieve optimal results. The magnitude of the COVID-19 pandemic along with the initial lack of effective therapeutic alternatives, combined with the relative safety of the approach of administration of CP, led to the initiation of an expanded access program (EAP) that ultimately provided CP to tens of thousands of individuals. When the program was initiated, no high-throughput assay was available for the determination of antibody titers, so antibody positive units were administered without regard to titer. With foresight regarding the need to ultimately determine such titers, samples from the CP units administered were retained and titers were determined retrospectively. An automated live-virus neutralization assay was ultimately selected for this purpose based on an evaluation of its accuracy and precision. Ultimately, an analysis performed in 13,794 individuals from the EAP for which clinical outcomes were known following the administration of single units of COVID-19 CP between the period of April and August 2020 indicated that higher titer COVID-19 CP was associated with a modest reduction in absolute mortality. The benefit observed was confined to individuals who were not intubated, and there was a trend toward a greater reduction in mortality using the highest SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody-containing CP units. This experience during the COVID-19 pandemic is instructive for the future. To facilitate the production of CP that is likely to be most effective, high-throughput assays to determine neutralizing antibody titers need to be developed and implemented early during an outbreak to facilitate the identification and early administration of high-titer units.</p>","PeriodicalId":11102,"journal":{"name":"Current topics in microbiology and immunology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142784467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Brief History of Polyclonal Antibody Therapies Against Bacterial and Viral Diseases Before COVID-19.","authors":"Nigel Paneth, Madison Walsh, Breanna Kornatowski, Arturo Casadevall","doi":"10.1007/82_2024_279","DOIUrl":"10.1007/82_2024_279","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The use of the serum or plasma of patients or animals who have recovered from an infectious disease, or had been immunized with a relevant antigen, to treat or prevent the same infection in others began in the late 1880s when French and German scientists uncovered, one step at a time, several of the elements of the immune system's response to infection. A key finding was that the damage caused by some bacteria depends upon their secreted toxins which can be neutralized by biologic agents. Antitoxins to diphtheria and tetanus began to be manufactured in large animals in France, Germany, and the US in the 1890s and were soon being used worldwide. The impact of diphtheria antitoxin on childhood mortality was profound. Shortly after the development of antitoxins, convalescent serum began to be used for its anti-bactericidal properties thus addressing serious infections caused by non-toxin-producing organisms. The effectiveness of antitoxins and antisera was demonstrated by examining mortality rates in hospitals before and after the introduction of antitoxins, by comparisons of treated and untreated patients, by comparing early and late treatment and dosage, by examining vital data mortality trends, and by several randomized and alternate assignment trials. Antitoxins continue to have a role in the rare cases of diphtheria and other conditions largely eradicated by immunization, but serum therapy nearly disappeared from the medical armamentarium with the development of antibiotics in the 1940s. Inasmuch as new human pathogens are now emerging with unprecedented regularity as seen in the recent COVID-19 pandemic, and because specific therapies are unlikely to be available for them, plasma-based antibody therapies are likely to again carve out a niche in infectious disease control.</p>","PeriodicalId":11102,"journal":{"name":"Current topics in microbiology and immunology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142105160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}