Belén Carriquí-Madroñal , Lisa Lasswitz , Thomas von Hahn , Gisa Gerold
{"title":"Genetic and pharmacological perturbation of hepatitis-C virus entry","authors":"Belén Carriquí-Madroñal , Lisa Lasswitz , Thomas von Hahn , Gisa Gerold","doi":"10.1016/j.coviro.2023.101362","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coviro.2023.101362","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Hepatitis-C virus (HCV) chronically infects 58 million individuals worldwide with variable disease outcome. While a subfraction of individuals exposed to the virus clear the infection, the majority develop chronic infection if untreated. Another subfraction of chronically ill proceeds to severe liver disease. The underlying causes of this interindividual variability include genetic polymorphisms in interferon genes. Here, we review available data on the influence of genetic or pharmacological perturbation of HCV host dependency factors on the clinically observed interindividual differences in disease outcome. We focus on host factors mediating virus entry into human liver cells. We assess available data on genetic variants of the major entry factors scavenger receptor class-B type I, CD81, claudin-1, and occludin as well as pharmacological perturbation of these entry factors. We review cell culture experimental and clinical cohort study data and conclude that entry factor perturbation may contribute to disease outcome of hepatitis C.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":11082,"journal":{"name":"Current opinion in virology","volume":"62 ","pages":"Article 101362"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10282979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The more the merrier? Gene duplications in the coevolution of primate lentiviruses with their hosts","authors":"Martin Müller, Daniel Sauter","doi":"10.1016/j.coviro.2023.101350","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coviro.2023.101350","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Gene duplications are a major source of genetic diversity and evolutionary innovation. Newly formed, duplicated genes can provide a selection advantage in constantly changing environments. One such example is the arms race of HIV and related lentiviruses with innate immune responses of their hosts. In recent years, it has become clear that both sides have benefited from multiple gene duplications. For example, amplifications of antiretroviral factors such as apolipoprotein-B mRNA-editing enzyme catalytic polypeptide-3 (APOBEC3), interferon-induced transmembrane protein (IFITM), and tripartite motif-containing (TRIM) proteins have expanded the repertoire of cell-intrinsic defense mechanisms and increased the barriers to retroviral replication and cross-species transmission. Conversely, recent studies have also shed light on how duplications of accessory lentiviral genes and Long terminal repeat (LTR) elements can provide a selection advantage in the coevolution with antiviral host proteins.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":11082,"journal":{"name":"Current opinion in virology","volume":"62 ","pages":"Article 101350"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10282484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The role of nuclear pores and importins for herpes simplex virus infection","authors":"Katinka Döhner , Manutea C Serrero , Beate Sodeik","doi":"10.1016/j.coviro.2023.101361","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coviro.2023.101361","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Microtubule transport and nuclear import are functionally connected, and the nuclear pore complex (NPC) can interact with microtubule motors. For several alphaherpesvirus proteins, nuclear localization signals (NLSs) and their interactions with specific importin-α proteins have been characterized. Here, we review recent insights on the roles of microtubule motors, capsid-associated NLSs, and importin-α proteins for capsid transport, capsid docking to NPCs, and genome release into the nucleoplasm, as well as the role of importins for nuclear viral transcription, replication, capsid assembly, genome packaging, and nuclear capsid egress. Moreover, importin-α proteins exert antiviral effects by promoting the nuclear import of transcription factors inducing the expression of interferons (IFN), cytokines, and IFN-stimulated genes, and the IFN-inducible MxB restricts capsid docking to NPCs.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":11082,"journal":{"name":"Current opinion in virology","volume":"62 ","pages":"Article 101361"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10336373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Antigenic evolution of SARS coronavirus 2","authors":"Anna Z Mykytyn, Ron AM Fouchier, Bart L Haagmans","doi":"10.1016/j.coviro.2023.101349","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coviro.2023.101349","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>SARS coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of COVID-19, emerged in China in December 2019. Vaccines developed were very effective initially, however, the virus has shown remarkable evolution with multiple variants spreading globally over the last three years. Nowadays, newly emerging Omicron lineages are gaining substitutions at a fast rate, resulting in escape from neutralization by antibodies that target the Spike protein. Tools to map the impact of substitutions on the further antigenic evolution of SARS-CoV-2, such as antigenic cartography, may be helpful to update SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. In this review, we focus on the antigenic evolution of SARS-CoV-2, highlighting the impact of Spike protein substitutions individually and in combination on immune escape.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":11082,"journal":{"name":"Current opinion in virology","volume":"62 ","pages":"Article 101349"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10275788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Advantages and challenges of Newcastle disease virus as a vector for respiratory mucosal vaccines","authors":"Rik L de Swart , George A Belov","doi":"10.1016/j.coviro.2023.101348","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coviro.2023.101348","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is an avian pathogen with an unsegmented negative-strand RNA genome. Properties such as the ease of genome modification, respiratory tract tropism, and self-limiting replication in mammals make NDV an attractive vector for vaccine development. Experimental NDV-based vaccines against multiple human and animal pathogens elicited both systemic and mucosal immune responses and were protective in preclinical animal studies, but their real-life efficacy remains to be demonstrated. Only recently, the first results of clinical trials of NDV-based vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 became available, highlighting the challenges that need to be overcome to fully realize the potential of NDV as a platform for the rapid development of economically affordable and effective mucosal vaccines.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":11082,"journal":{"name":"Current opinion in virology","volume":"62 ","pages":"Article 101348"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10282381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Role of the viral polymerase during adaptation of influenza A viruses to new hosts","authors":"Brad Gilbertson , Melanie Duncan , Kanta Subbarao","doi":"10.1016/j.coviro.2023.101363","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coviro.2023.101363","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>As a group, influenza-A viruses (IAV) infect a wide range of animal hosts, however, they are constrained to infecting selected host species by species-specific interactions between the host and virus, that are required for efficient replication of the viral RNA genome. When IAV cross the species barrier, they acquire mutations in the viral genome to enable interactions with the new host factors, or to compensate for their loss. The viral polymerase genes polymerase basic 1, polymerase basic 2, and polymerase-acidic are important sites of host adaptation. In this review, we discuss why the viral polymerase is so vital to the process of host adaptation, look at some of the known viral mutations, and host factors involved in adaptation, particularly of avian IAV to mammalian hosts.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":11082,"journal":{"name":"Current opinion in virology","volume":"62 ","pages":"Article 101363"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10336371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A review of broadly protective monoclonal antibodies to treat Ebola virus disease","authors":"Pramila Rijal , Francesca R. Donnellan","doi":"10.1016/j.coviro.2023.101339","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coviro.2023.101339","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The filovirus vaccine and the therapeutic monoclonal antibody (mAb) research have made substantial progress. However, existing vaccines and mAbs approved for use in humans are specific to <em>Zaire ebolavirus</em> (EBOV). Since other Ebolavirus species are a continuing threat to public health, the search for broadly protective mAbs has drawn attention. Here, we review viral glycoprotein-targeting mAbs that have proved their broader protective efficacy in animal models. MBP134<sup>AF</sup>, the most advanced of these new-generation mAb therapies, has recently been deployed in Uganda during the <em>Sudan ebolavirus</em> outbreak. Furthermore, we discuss the measures associated with enhancing antibody therapies and the risks associated with them, including the rise of escape mutations following the mAb treatment and naturally occurring EBOV variants.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":11082,"journal":{"name":"Current opinion in virology","volume":"61 ","pages":"Article 101339"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10322442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Daming Zhou , Jingshan Ren , Elizabeth E Fry , David I Stuart
{"title":"Broadly neutralizing antibodies against COVID-19","authors":"Daming Zhou , Jingshan Ren , Elizabeth E Fry , David I Stuart","doi":"10.1016/j.coviro.2023.101332","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coviro.2023.101332","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has led to hundreds of millions of infections and millions of deaths, however, human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) can be an effective treatment. Since SARS-CoV-2 emerged, a variety of strains have acquired increasing numbers of mutations to gain increased transmissibility and escape from the immune response. Most reported neutralizing human mAbs, including all approved therapeutic ones, have been knocked down or out by these mutations. Broadly neutralizing mAbs are therefore of great value, to treat current and possible future variants. Here, we review four types of neutralizing mAbs against the spike protein with broad potency against previously and currently circulating variants. These mAbs target the receptor-binding domain, the subdomain 1, the stem helix, or the fusion peptide. Understanding how these mAbs retain potency in the face of mutational change could guide future development of therapeutic antibodies and vaccines.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":11082,"journal":{"name":"Current opinion in virology","volume":"61 ","pages":"Article 101332"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10301462/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9940702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ilona I Tosheva , Kain S Saygan , Suzanne MA Mijnhardt , Charles J Russell , Pieter LA Fraaij , Sander Herfst
{"title":"Hemagglutinin stability as a key determinant of influenza A virus transmission via air","authors":"Ilona I Tosheva , Kain S Saygan , Suzanne MA Mijnhardt , Charles J Russell , Pieter LA Fraaij , Sander Herfst","doi":"10.1016/j.coviro.2023.101335","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coviro.2023.101335","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>To cause pandemics, zoonotic respiratory viruses need to adapt to replication in and spread between humans, either via (indirect or direct) contact or through the air via droplets and aerosols. To render influenza A viruses transmissible via air, three phenotypic viral properties must change, of which receptor-binding specificity and polymerase activity have been well studied. However, the third adaptive property, hemagglutinin (HA) acid stability, is less understood. Recent studies show that there may be a correlation between HA acid stability and virus survival in the air, suggesting that a premature conformational change of HA, triggered by low pH in the airways or droplets, may render viruses noninfectious before they can reach a new host. We here summarize available data from (animal) studies on the impact of HA acid stability on airborne transmission and hypothesize that the transmissibility of other respiratory viruses may also be impacted by an acidic environment in the airways.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":11082,"journal":{"name":"Current opinion in virology","volume":"61 ","pages":"Article 101335"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9941242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}