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Does dental material type influence bacterial adhesion under the same polishing conditions? Direct observation using a fluorescent staining technique: An in vitro study. 在相同的抛光条件下，牙科材料类型会影响细菌附着力吗？使用荧光染色技术直接观察：体外研究。
IF 1.9 4区 医学
Dental materials journal Pub Date : 2024-07-31 Epub Date: 2024-06-01 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2023-309
Watcharapong Tonprasong, Masanao Inokoshi, Muneaki Tamura, Kumiko Yoshihara, Rena Takahashi, Kosuke Nozaki, Takahiro Wada, Shunsuke Minakuchi
{"title":"Does dental material type influence bacterial adhesion under the same polishing conditions? Direct observation using a fluorescent staining technique: An in vitro study.","authors":"Watcharapong Tonprasong, Masanao Inokoshi, Muneaki Tamura, Kumiko Yoshihara, Rena Takahashi, Kosuke Nozaki, Takahiro Wada, Shunsuke Minakuchi","doi":"10.4012/dmj.2023-309","DOIUrl":"10.4012/dmj.2023-309","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Highly polished 3, 4, and 5 mol% yttria-stabilized zirconia and CAD/CAM composite resin samples were prepared, and the influence of surface roughness (R<sub>a</sub> and S<sub>a</sub>, 21 areas/group), wettability (contact angle and surface energy, 3 samples/group), and surface chemical composition (2 samples/group) on single-strain bacterial adhesion models (Porphyromonas gingivalis, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus sanguinis, Streptococcus gordonii, and Streptococcus mutans) were compared via fluorescent staining with graphical analysis (21 areas/group). Statistical analysis was performed using the Shapiro-Wilk test followed by one-way analysis of variance with Tukey's test or the Kruskal-Wallis test with Dunn's test (α=0.05) and linear regression. For dental zirconia with the same surface roughness, the yttria content did not significantly influence the initial bacterial adhesion. However, higher bacterial adhesion was detected for the composite resin owing to its high C, O, and Si contents. There was no correlation between surface energy and bacterial adhesion for any bacterial strain (p<0.005).</p>","PeriodicalId":11065,"journal":{"name":"Dental materials journal","volume":" ","pages":"485-494"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141199296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Effect of dentin surface conditions and curing mode of resin cement on the dentin bond strength. 牙本质表面条件和树脂粘接剂固化模式对牙本质粘接强度的影响。
IF 2.5 4区 医学
Dental materials journal Pub Date : 2024-06-01 Epub Date: 2024-05-09 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2023-287
Sung-Ae Son, Jae-Hoon Kim, Deog-Gyu Seo, Jeong-Kil Park
{"title":"Effect of dentin surface conditions and curing mode of resin cement on the dentin bond strength.","authors":"Sung-Ae Son, Jae-Hoon Kim, Deog-Gyu Seo, Jeong-Kil Park","doi":"10.4012/dmj.2023-287","DOIUrl":"10.4012/dmj.2023-287","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study investigates the effects of dentin's drying time, roughness, and curing modes of resin cement on bond strength. Forty human teeth were divided into eight groups based on three experimental factors: dentin's roughness by 240-or 600-grit SiC paper (coarse or fine), dentin wetness with air-drying time (5-s or 10-s), and Single Bond Universal adhesive's curing mode by co-curing with RelyX Ultimate cement or light-curing separately (co-curing or light-curing). The micro-tensile bond strength of fifteen resin-dentin stikcs per groups was measured. Failure mode and adhesive layers were observed using stereoscopic and confocal laser scanning microscopy, respectively. The curing mode of the adhesive layer affected the bond strength of the dentin-resin cement (p<0.05). In particular, the light-curing mode exhibited a significantly higher bond strength than the co-curing one (p<0.05). The bond strength between the resin cement and dentin was improved in the 5-s drying groups than in the 10-s drying groups.</p>","PeriodicalId":11065,"journal":{"name":"Dental materials journal","volume":" ","pages":"469-476"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140891770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
An evaluation of dental paste-like bulk-fill composite wear using intra-oral scanner. 使用口内扫描仪评估牙膏状散装填充复合材料的磨损情况。
IF 2.5 4区 医学
Dental materials journal Pub Date : 2024-06-01 Epub Date: 2024-05-01 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2023-288
İsmail Hakkı Baltacioğlu, Gülbike Demirel, Burcu Öztürk, Fulya Aydin, Mutlu Özcan
{"title":"An evaluation of dental paste-like bulk-fill composite wear using intra-oral scanner.","authors":"İsmail Hakkı Baltacioğlu, Gülbike Demirel, Burcu Öztürk, Fulya Aydin, Mutlu Özcan","doi":"10.4012/dmj.2023-288","DOIUrl":"10.4012/dmj.2023-288","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study evaluates the wear resistance of dental paste-like bulk-fill composites compared to conventional paste-like composite resins using an intraoral scanner and 3-D analyzing software. Six different dental composite materials, including five bulk-fill composites and one conventional composite, were tested alongside natural human enamel as a control group. A computer-controlled chewing simulator for wear testing. A one-way ANOVA test was used to identify any significant differences between the means of the tested dental composite materials α=0.05. The results showed variability among bulk-fill composites, with some demonstrating wear resistance similar to conventional composites (p<0.05). Human enamel displayed the lowest wear values, but some bulk-fill composites matched this resistance(p>0.05). Significant variability was observed among bulk-fill composites but the results were comparable to those of conventional composites. The enamel control group demonstrated the lowest wear values, with some bulk-fill composites showing similar wear resistance. This study provides valuable information about the wear resistance of contemporary bulk-fill composite materials, commonly used in current clinical practice, contributing to enhancing clinical procedures.</p>","PeriodicalId":11065,"journal":{"name":"Dental materials journal","volume":" ","pages":"446-452"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140852063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Effects of dentin bonding agents and silanization on bond strength between 3D printed resin and composite resin. 牙本质粘接剂和硅烷化对 3D 打印树脂和复合树脂粘接强度的影响。
IF 2.5 4区 医学
Dental materials journal Pub Date : 2024-06-01 Epub Date: 2024-05-09 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2023-181
Jae-Yeon Han, Joo-Hee Shin, Ji-Suk Shim, Ryan Jin Young Kim
{"title":"Effects of dentin bonding agents and silanization on bond strength between 3D printed resin and composite resin.","authors":"Jae-Yeon Han, Joo-Hee Shin, Ji-Suk Shim, Ryan Jin Young Kim","doi":"10.4012/dmj.2023-181","DOIUrl":"10.4012/dmj.2023-181","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to evaluate the effects of dentin bonding agents and silanization on the bond strength between 3D printed resin and composite resin and compare it with a conventional composite resin. 3D printed resin cylinders (PCB) and composite resin substrates (Z250) were prepared and divided into eight subgroups based on the bonding agents used (n=12). The shear bond strength was measured using a universal testing machine, and the failure modes were evaluated. The bond strength was found to vary significantly among the bonding agents and substrate types. Silane application did not significantly improve the bond strength. Among the bonding agents, the universal adhesives exhibited the highest bond strengths for both substrates. Compared to PCB, Z250 demonstrated stronger bonds and exhibited more cohesive failures. Further research is needed to optimize the surface treatments and resin formulations for enhanced bond strength and durability between 3D printed and composite resins.</p>","PeriodicalId":11065,"journal":{"name":"Dental materials journal","volume":" ","pages":"400-406"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140891773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Color stability and translucency of newly developed composites for splinting teeth. 新开发的夹板牙齿用复合材料的颜色稳定性和半透明性。
IF 2.5 4区 医学
Dental materials journal Pub Date : 2024-06-01 Epub Date: 2024-05-01 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2023-257
Hyun-Ji Shin, Hyuntae Kim, Wonjoon Moon, Ji-Soo Song, Hong-Keun Hyun
{"title":"Color stability and translucency of newly developed composites for splinting teeth.","authors":"Hyun-Ji Shin, Hyuntae Kim, Wonjoon Moon, Ji-Soo Song, Hong-Keun Hyun","doi":"10.4012/dmj.2023-257","DOIUrl":"10.4012/dmj.2023-257","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to investigate the colorimetric properties of newly developed composites for dental trauma splints using various staining solutions during the clinical splinting period. The clear shades of G-Fix (GF), Ortho Connect Flow (OC), Light Fix (LF), and Filtek Z350XT (FZ) were fabricated into 96 disk-shaped specimens. Specimens from each composite group were stored in distilled water, coffee, tea, and red wine solutions at 37ºC. CIE values were measured using a spectrophotometer at 24 h after specimen preparation and at 1 day, 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, and 4 weeks after storage in each solution. Color differences and translucency parameters were calculated using the initial and measured values. Within the experiment period, the color differences of GF, OC, and LF compared to the initial measurement were smaller than that for FZ for all staining solutions except distilled water. There were no significant color differences between the GF, OC, and LF groups.</p>","PeriodicalId":11065,"journal":{"name":"Dental materials journal","volume":" ","pages":"437-445"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140856347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Mechanical properties and degree of conversion of resin-based core build-up materials and short fiber-reinforced flowable resin-based composite. 树脂基芯材和短纤维增强可流动树脂基复合材料的机械性能和转化程度。
IF 2.5 4区 医学
Dental materials journal Pub Date : 2024-06-01 Epub Date: 2024-05-01 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2023-207
Abdulrahman Alshabib, Carlos A Jurado, Francisco X Azpiazu-Flores, Khalid Aldosary, Akimasa Tsujimoto, Hamad Algamaiah
{"title":"Mechanical properties and degree of conversion of resin-based core build-up materials and short fiber-reinforced flowable resin-based composite.","authors":"Abdulrahman Alshabib, Carlos A Jurado, Francisco X Azpiazu-Flores, Khalid Aldosary, Akimasa Tsujimoto, Hamad Algamaiah","doi":"10.4012/dmj.2023-207","DOIUrl":"10.4012/dmj.2023-207","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To evaluate the degree of conversion (DC), surface hardness (SH), and flexural strength (FS) of resin-based core build-up materials. Core build-up materials used were: MultiCore Flow (MCF); Activa (ACT); Core-X Flow (CXF); and everX flow (EVX), and DC, SH and FS were measured. An increase of DC was identified for all materials post-cure, except for EVX. The DC change percentage ranged from 5%-33%, and EVX was displayed the greatest DC rate. All materials displayed an SH increase after 30 days and the greatest increase was observed in ACT. At 1 h, the SH of EVX and CXF was different from the other materials. At 30 days, MCF displayed the greatest SH. All materials displayed an increase in their FS after 30 days except for EVX, and ranging 3%-36% were noticed. Differences observed between materials, thus clinician should be acquainted mechanical properties of these materials to ensure the success of the restorations.</p>","PeriodicalId":11065,"journal":{"name":"Dental materials journal","volume":" ","pages":"453-459"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140861366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Residual stresses in glass crowns generated by polymerization and water sorption of resin cements. 树脂水门汀的聚合和吸水作用在玻璃牙冠中产生的残余应力。
IF 2.5 4区 医学
Dental materials journal Pub Date : 2024-06-01 Epub Date: 2024-05-09 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2023-283
Daichi Aizawa, Masao Hanabusa, Tohru Hayakawa, Takatsugu Yamamoto
{"title":"Residual stresses in glass crowns generated by polymerization and water sorption of resin cements.","authors":"Daichi Aizawa, Masao Hanabusa, Tohru Hayakawa, Takatsugu Yamamoto","doi":"10.4012/dmj.2023-283","DOIUrl":"10.4012/dmj.2023-283","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study investigated residual stresses in glass crowns cemented with resin cements. Glass caps were cemented to cylindrical cores using a conventional resin composite cement, a self-adhesive resin cement, or a methyl methacrylate (MMA)-based cement in dual-cure or self-cure mode. The cemented caps were stored in 37°C water for 28 days, and stresses on the cap surface were repeatedly measured. The water sorption, water solubility, and elastic modulus of the cements were also measured. Polymerization of the cements initially generated compressive stresses on the surfaces. Dual-curing or a greater modulus yielded greater initial stress. The stresses gradually decreased over time and lingered on the surfaces at 28 days with all the cements. Greater sorption tended to lead to greater stress reduction; however, the MMA-based cement exhibited less stress reduction despite exhibiting the greatest sorption. The use of a resin composite cement or dual-curing is recommended to reinforce crown restorations.</p>","PeriodicalId":11065,"journal":{"name":"Dental materials journal","volume":" ","pages":"460-468"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140891776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Antibacterial activities of phytochemicals against Porphyromonas gingivalis with and without experimental fluoride varnish for periodontal disease prevention. 植物化学物质对牙龈卟啉单胞菌的抗菌活性（含或不含预防牙周病的试验性氟化物清漆）。
IF 2.5 4区 医学
Dental materials journal Pub Date : 2024-06-01 Epub Date: 2024-05-09 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2023-294
Ju-Lee Son, Seunghan Oh, Seong Hwan Kim, Ji-Myung Bae
{"title":"Antibacterial activities of phytochemicals against Porphyromonas gingivalis with and without experimental fluoride varnish for periodontal disease prevention.","authors":"Ju-Lee Son, Seunghan Oh, Seong Hwan Kim, Ji-Myung Bae","doi":"10.4012/dmj.2023-294","DOIUrl":"10.4012/dmj.2023-294","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of phytochemicals with or without an experimental fluoride varnish against Porphyromonas gingivalis. Five phytochemicals, chrysophanol (CHR), emodin (EMO), anthrarufin (ANT), bavachalcone (BCC), and isobavachromene (IBC), were tested using agar diffusion, minimal inhibition concentration (MIC), and minimum bacterial concentration (MBC) assays. We also assessed the cell viability and cytotoxicity of phytochemicals. All phytochemicals showed clear inhibition zones in the agar diffusion test. The inhibition zones of all phytochemical-containing fluoride varnishes were similar to or larger than that of the positive control, excluding that of 1 mM EMO. With or without the fluoride varnish, BCC exhibited the lowest MIC and MBC levels. Cell viability was high in the presence of all phytochemicals except 200 μM EMO. In conclusion, BCC was most effective as a phytochemical alone, while all phytochemical-containing fluoride varnishes inhibited P. gingivalis growth without cytotoxicity.</p>","PeriodicalId":11065,"journal":{"name":"Dental materials journal","volume":" ","pages":"477-484"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140891804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Repair bond strength of a new self-adhesive composite resin to three different resin-matrix ceramic CAD-CAM materials. 新型自粘复合树脂与三种不同树脂基质陶瓷 CAD-CAM 材料的修复粘接强度。
IF 2.5 4区 医学
Dental materials journal Pub Date : 2024-03-29 Epub Date: 2024-01-17 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2023-165
Hande Kemaloglu, Ozge Cay, Elif Ercan Devrimci, Tijen Pamir
{"title":"Repair bond strength of a new self-adhesive composite resin to three different resin-matrix ceramic CAD-CAM materials.","authors":"Hande Kemaloglu, Ozge Cay, Elif Ercan Devrimci, Tijen Pamir","doi":"10.4012/dmj.2023-165","DOIUrl":"10.4012/dmj.2023-165","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to evaluate the shear bond strength of two flowable composite resins to resin-matrix ceramic CAD-CAM materials.Fifty-four plates obtained from Lava Ultimate (LU), Cerasmart (CS), and Vita Enamic (VE) CAD-CAM blocks were assigned to nine groups: N0: Nova Compo SF (NCSF), N1: Silane/Single Bond Universal (SBU)/NCSF, N2: SBU/NCSF, N3: Silane/G-Premio Bond (GPB)/NCSF, N4: GPB/NCSF, G1: Silane/SBU/G-aenial Universal Injectable Composite (GUIC), G2: SBU/GUIC, G3: Silane/GPB/GUIC, G4: GPB/GUIC. After the repair procedures, shear bond strength values were analyzed. Silane pre-application decreased bond strength in most LU and CS groups but increased it in VE. NCSF performed better than GUIC in all CAD-CAM's with similar adhesive protocols. SBU in combination with NSCF had the highest bond strength among all repair procedures in LU and CS. Silane-containing universal adhesives in combination with self-adhesive resin composites should be used to repair resin-matrix ceramic materials.</p>","PeriodicalId":11065,"journal":{"name":"Dental materials journal","volume":" ","pages":"137-145"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139484828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Surface modification affects human gingival epithelial cell behavior on polyetheretherketone surfaces. 表面改性会影响人牙龈上皮细胞在聚醚醚酮表面上的行为。
IF 2.5 4区 医学
Dental materials journal Pub Date : 2024-03-29 Epub Date: 2024-01-20 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2023-196
Keiju Omatsu, Isao Yamawaki, Yoichiro Taguchi, Norimasa Tsumori, Yoshiya Hashimoto, Makoto Umeda
{"title":"Surface modification affects human gingival epithelial cell behavior on polyetheretherketone surfaces.","authors":"Keiju Omatsu, Isao Yamawaki, Yoichiro Taguchi, Norimasa Tsumori, Yoshiya Hashimoto, Makoto Umeda","doi":"10.4012/dmj.2023-196","DOIUrl":"10.4012/dmj.2023-196","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Gingival epithelial attachment to the abutment is important for the prevention of peri-implantitis. Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) has recently gained attention as an alternative material to titanium; however, it is biologically inert, which is disadvantageous for obtaining soft tissue sealing of the transmucosal part of the implant abutment. Therefore, ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, argon plasma irradiation, and buffing were selected as treatments to modify the PEEK surface. None of the treatments had any effect on the material's mechanical strength. The UV and plasma treatments did not significantly affect the surface morphology. Surface elemental analysis showed a decrease in carbon content and an increase in oxygen content and wettability for all treatments. Human gingival epithelial cell adhesion, proliferation, and the expression of adhesion proteins integrin β4 and laminin 332, were increased. Surface modification to PEEK was suggested to enhance cell activity on PEEK.</p>","PeriodicalId":11065,"journal":{"name":"Dental materials journal","volume":" ","pages":"191-199"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139511872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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