Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology最新文献

{"title":"Dermal irritancy assessment of microbial toxins and pesticidal contaminants found in recreational water using two- and three-dimensional human skin models.","authors":"Michael F Hughes, David G Ross, Jane Ellen Simmons","doi":"10.1080/15569527.2025.2485137","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15569527.2025.2485137","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Dermal exposure to freshwaters contaminated with pesticides and microbial toxins may result in toxicity. This study assessed the in vitro dermal irritancy of selected pesticides and microbial toxins using two- (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) human skin models.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>The 2D model was normal human keratinocytes. The 3D model was EpiDerm, derived from normal human keratinocytes that forms a multi-layered differentiated human epidermal model. Pesticides included dimethipin, α-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocylohexane, oxyfluorfen, permethrin, profenofos, and tribufos. Toxins included cylindrospermopsin and microcystin-LA, -LR, and -RR. Exposure to contaminants was either 1 or 24 h. Viability was assessed by the MTT assay. Results were determined relative to negative control.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Significant effects in viability were observed in both models and time points. The greatest significant decrease in viability in the 2D model was tribufos at 1 h (23%) and cylindrospermopsin (37%) at 24 h. In the 3D model, the greatest significant decrease was microcystin-LA (16%) at 1 h and microcystin-RR (32%) at 24 h.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Several microbial toxins and pesticides were cytotoxic in both models and time points. However, no contaminant tested in the 3D model for 1 h was > 50% cytotoxic, which would categorize a chemical as a dermal irritant (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development Test Guideline 439 for skin irritation). The 24 h exposure time point had a greater number of cytotoxic contaminants in both models, particularly the 2D model. Screening potential irritants in the 2D model for 24 h may prioritize chemicals for further assessment in the 3D model.</p>","PeriodicalId":11023,"journal":{"name":"Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"172-185"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143771823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Therapeutic effect of systemic use of glatiramer acetate in imiquimod-induced mouse psoriasis model.","authors":"Goknur Demiran, Rukiye Yasak Guner, Mustafa Ozkara, Mustafa Tosun, Melih Akyol","doi":"10.1080/15569527.2025.2496638","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15569527.2025.2496638","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The aim of this study is to evaluate the therapeutic potential of systemic glatiramer acetate (GA), a drug used in the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS), in an imiquimod-induced psoriasis mouse model, given the common immunopathogenic mechanisms between the two diseases.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Fifty-four adult female BALB/c mice (16-18 weeks old) were divided into nine groups (6 mice each). A psoriasis-like model was induced in eight groups by application of 5% imiquimod cream for seven days. Systemic treatments included methotrexate (2 mg/kg/week), saline (1 mL/kg/day) and GA at doses ranging from 50 to 100 mcg, administered subcutaneously either during or after the induction phase. Clinical severity was assessed using the modified Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (mPASI), while histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses were performed to assess inflammation and cytokine expression, focusing on TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-17.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The highest mPASI scores were observed in the untreated psoriasis group, whereas the healthy control and mice treated with 50 mcg GA, especially after induction, showed the lowest scores. Statistically significant improvements in histopathological scores were observed (p < 0.05). GA treatment at 50 mcg resulted in the most favourable cytokine profile, with TNF-α and IL-17 levels comparable to the healthy group and a similar trend observed for IL-1β expression.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Among the doses tested, 50 mcg GA administered after model induction was the most effective in reducing clinical severity and inflammatory cytokine expression. These findings suggest that GA is a promising systemic therapeutic agent for psoriasis.</p>","PeriodicalId":11023,"journal":{"name":"Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"210-216"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143976766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative evaluation of chitligsan nanosuspension gel and spray for enhancing full-thickness wound healing in a rat model.","authors":"Taner Arslan, Sıtkıcan Okur, Esra Modoğlu, Ayşe Gölgeli Bedir, Emrah Özakar, Serkan Yıldırım, İsmail Bolat, Yasemin Akçora","doi":"10.1080/15569527.2025.2496639","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15569527.2025.2496639","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>This study explores the wound healing potential of Chitligsan (CHG), a novel formulation derived from the enzymatic and fossil-based components of Sahara soil, in nanosuspension-based gel and spray forms. Using a full-thickness wound model in Wistar rats, CHG's efficacy was compared with saline (control) and terramycin treatments.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 48 rats were divided into four groups: Control (saline), Spray (CHG spray), Gel (CHG gel), and Terramycin pomad. Wound areas were measured at days 3, 7, 14, and 21.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>By day 21, CHG spray reduced wound size to 0.08 ± 0.01 cm², while the gel achieved 0.09 ± 0.01 cm², outperforming both control (0.34 ± 0.02 cm²) and terramycin (0.14 ± 0.05 cm², <i>p</i> < 0.05). Histopathological analysis demonstrated superior epithelial regeneration, dense collagenization, and minimal inflammation in CHG-treated groups compared to others. The nanoscale size of CHG particles (89.6 ± 0.26 nm) and their stable zeta potential (-26.1 ± 1.5 mV) contributed to enhanced bioavailability and wound healing efficiency. Morphological and FTIR analyses confirmed the stability and compatibility of the nanosuspension.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study highlights CHG's potential as a biocompatible and effective wound care solution, offering significant advantages in granulation tissue formation and keratinization compared to conventional treatments.</p>","PeriodicalId":11023,"journal":{"name":"Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"217-226"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143985965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of ischaemia-modified albumin and antioxidant vitamins and minerals levels in alopecia areata patients and evaluation of their relationship with disease severity.","authors":"Deniz Duman Günsay, Berna Kuş, Abdullah Arpacı, Asena Çiğdem Doğramacı","doi":"10.1080/15569527.2025.2511723","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15569527.2025.2511723","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aimed to investigate the levels of ischaemia-modified albumin, an oxidative stress marker, and antioxidant vitamins and minerals in patients with Alopecia Areata <i>(AA)</i> to measure total antioxidant and oxidant capacity and to determine whether the obtained values were related to the severity of the disease.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This prospective, controlled study has enrolled 30 patients admitted to our institution's outpatient clinic with a clinical or histopathological diagnosis of AA and 30 individuals as the control group. Serum ischaemia-modified albumin, vitamin E, selenium, copper, zinc, total antioxidant capacity <i>(TAC),</i> and total oxidant capacity <i>(TOC)</i> levels of the individuals included in the study were evaluated, and their relationship with the severity of the disease was determined.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Ischaemia-modified albumin level was significantly higher in the patient group compared to the control group <i>(p = 0.002),</i> and vitamin E level was significantly lower in the patient group compared to the control group <i>(p = 0.017).</i> Ischaemia-modified albumin levels were significantly higher in patients with severe disease than in those with mild disease <i>(p = 0.027),</i> while Zn was significantly lower <i>(p = 0.014).</i> No significant difference was found between Se, Cu, Zn, TAC, and TOC levels in the patient and control groups. No significant difference was found between the disease severity and vitamin E, Se, Cu, TAC, and TOC levels.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In our study, the high ischaemia-modified albumin and low vitamin E levels in AA patients indicate that the oxidant-antioxidant balance in AA patients has shifted towards the oxidant state, and oxidative stress may be effective in the pathogenesis of the disease. We believe new studies conducted in larger patient groups may shed light on the relationship between Se, Cu, Zn, TAC, and TOC levels and oxidative stress in AA patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":11023,"journal":{"name":"Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144186692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficacy and side effect profiles of single versus divided doses of isotretinoin in acne vulgaris.","authors":"Merve Kaya, Burak Celik, Düriye Deniz Demirseren","doi":"10.1080/15569527.2025.2511722","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15569527.2025.2511722","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Acne vulgaris is a common skin disorder treated effectively with oral isotretinoin, which can cause significant side effects. This study compares the efficacy and adverse events of single versus divided dosing and evaluates morning versus evening administration.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This single-center, retrospective cohort study included 60 acne vulgaris patients treated with oral isotretinoin between October 2021 and December 2022. Patients were grouped based on dosing regimen: 30 mg received as a single daily dose and 30 mg received in divided doses (15 mg in the morning, 15 mg in the evening). Laboratory parameters (Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), creatine kinase (CK), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), and total cholesterol) were measured at baseline and 2, 4, and 6 months. Acne severity was assessed using the Global Acne Grading System. Clinical side effects were recorded during follow-up visits.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Both dosing regimens showed similar efficacy, with significant reductions in acne severity. No significant differences were observed in laboratory parameters between the groups. patients on the single-dose regimen experienced a higher incidence of conjunctivitis and facial erythema compared to those on divided doses (<i>p</i>-values 0.01 for both). Morning dose was associated with a significantly higher incidence of ocular side effects than evening dosing.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Divided dosing of isotretinoin preserves efficacy while reducing conjunctivitis and erythema. If a single dose is preferred, evening administration may minimize ocular adverse events. These results support using divided or evening dosing to improve tolerability without compromising treatment outcomes. .</p>","PeriodicalId":11023,"journal":{"name":"Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144186691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of systemic doxycycline treatment on hematological inflammatory parameters in patients with acne vulgaris.","authors":"Mehmet Semih Celik, Candan Celik","doi":"10.1080/15569527.2025.2511725","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15569527.2025.2511725","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and objective: </strong>Due to its anti-inflammatory effects, doxycycline is widely used in the treatment of various dermatological diseases. Recent studies have indicated that doxycycline may influence hematological parameters by suppressing the inflammatory response. This study aimed to evaluate changes in hematological inflammatory parameters (NLR, PLR, MLR, MPV, and SII) in patients undergoing doxycycline treatment.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This retrospective study included 72 patients who were prescribed doxycycline treatment. The severity of acne was assessed using the Global Acne Grading System (GAGS). Hematological parameters (NLR, PLR, MLR, MPV, and SII) were recorded and analyzed at baseline (month 0), during treatment (month 1), and at the second month of treatment.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A significant decrease in NLR, PLR, and SII values was observed during doxycycline treatment. The initial NLR value was 2.24 ± 1.69, which decreased significantly to 1.59 ± 0.575 in the second month (<i>p</i> = 0.002). The initial SII value was 640 ± 593, which also decreased significantly to 432 ± 277 in the second month (<i>p</i> = 0.004). The initial Global Acne Grading Score (GAGS) was 26.3 ± 5.40, decreasing significantly to 21.9 ± 5.78 by the second month (<i>p</i> < 0.001). Additionally, NLR, PLR, and SII values showed a significant positive correlation with the Global Acne Grading Score (GAGS) both at baseline (month 0) and after treatment (month 2). NLR exhibited the strongest relationship with GAGS (<i>p</i> < 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study demonstrates that doxycycline treatment significantly reduces inflammatory response markers, including NLR, PLR, and SII. The significant decrease in GAGS scores, along with NLR, PLR, and SII, confirms the inflammatory role of these markers. Further large-scale, controlled studies are needed to better understand the systemic anti-inflammatory effects of doxycycline.</p>","PeriodicalId":11023,"journal":{"name":"Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144172988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction.","authors":"","doi":"10.1080/15569527.2025.2510038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15569527.2025.2510038","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11023,"journal":{"name":"Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144141619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Longitudinal changes in choroidal thickness and choroidal vascularity index in myopic children treated with 0.01% and 0.05% atropine eye drops every other day: one-year results.","authors":"Betul Onal Gunay, Furkan Kirik, Sibel Coskun Akdemir, Cenap Mahmut Esenulku","doi":"10.1080/15569527.2025.2507867","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15569527.2025.2507867","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To investigate the effect of two different concentrations of atropine eye drops on choroidal thickness (ChT) and choroidal vascularity index (CVI) in a Caucasian child population after one year of treatment.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The medical records of patients who received atropine eye drops every other day (0.01% and 0.05%) due to myopia progression were retrospectively reviewed. Demographic data and ocular biometry were recorded. The ChT (subfoveal, 1000 µm nasal, and 1000 µm temporal) was measured by spectral domain optical coherence tomography. Total choroidal area (TCA), luminal area (LA), stromal area (SA), and CVI were assessed with ImageJ software. Comparisons were made between baseline and 1-year data.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Sixty-eight eyes of 34 (25 female, 73.5%) patients were included in the study. The spherical equivalent was significantly increased, whereas axial length and anterior chamber depth changes were not significant. Baseline to one-year changes in ChT, TCA, LA, SA, and CVI were not statistically significant both in all eyes and in 0.01% and 0.05% groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Atropine eye drops used at 0.01% and 0.05% doses every other day did not cause a statistically significant change in ChT, TCA, LA, SA, and CVI at the end of 1 year.</p>","PeriodicalId":11023,"journal":{"name":"Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144126955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Green approach for the synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles and their enhanced sun protection factor in the presence of octocrylene.","authors":"M Pasupathi, S Moscow, B Natarajan, T Kumar","doi":"10.1080/15569527.2025.2502422","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15569527.2025.2502422","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/purpose: </strong>This research project aims to create and test an eco-friendly method for producing zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) using herbal extracts. The goal is to study how these nanoparticles can boost the Sun Protection Factor (SPF) of sunscreens when used along with the synthetic UV filter octocrylene.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>To make the ZnO NPs extracts from green tea, Bhringraj, Licorice and Cinnamon were used. These nanoparticles were analyzed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Sunscreen compositions were formulated as oil in water emulsions with or without octocrylene incorporating the ZnO NPs. Stability tests were carried out to monitor pH levels, colour and viscosity over the eight weeks at 45°C. The Sun Protection Factor study was done in vitro using a UV spectrophotometer.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results showed that formulations containing both ZnO NPs and octocrylene had SPF levels compared to using octocrylene or ZnO NPs alone. Around 1.4 to 1.65 times higher than octocrylene alone and 3.7 to 4.5 times higher than ZnO NPs alone. The stability study demonstrated changes in pH, viscosity and colour during storage. Conclusion: In conclusion eco-friendly production of ZnO NPs utilizing herbal extracts presents a sustainable alternative to traditional methods. When combined with octocrylene these nanoparticles significantly enhance the SPF of products.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In conclusion eco-friendly production of ZnO NPs utilizing herbal extracts presents a sustainable alternative to traditional methods. When combined with octocrylene these nanoparticles significantly enhance the SPF of products.This study introduces an eco-friendly approach, to creating high SPF sunscreens focusing on sustainability and addressing safety and environmental issues in sun care products. The rising demand for sunscreens has triggered the exploration of innovative methods for producing zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) that go beyond traditional chemical processes. The research exhibits a synthesis method for ZnO NPs using herbal extracts from green tea leaves, Bhringraj leaves, Liquorice roots and Cinnamon bark avoiding the use of harmful precursors. The results display dispersed ZnO NPs with an average size of 100 nm. Furthermore, the study investigates how these green synthesized ZnO NPs interact with the synthetic UV filter octocrylene to potentially enhance SPF in sunscreen formulations. By combining these components, the study shows an increase in SPF compared to using them individually.This study adds to the knowledge of how green synthesized ZnO NPs enhance efficacy of sunscreen products. This study also introduces an innovative approach, for creating eco-friendly effective sunscreens that could revolutionize sun protection methods.</p>","PeriodicalId":11023,"journal":{"name":"Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"1-17"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144076484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Defined approaches to predict GHS and EPA classifications for ocular irritation potential of agrochemical formulations.","authors":"Amber B Daniel, Anna J van der Zalm, Hans A Raabe, Amy J Clippinger, Neepa Y Choksi, Emily N Reinke, David G Allen, Nicole C Kleinstreuer","doi":"10.1080/15569527.2025.2499552","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15569527.2025.2499552","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Regulations require that agrochemicals be labeled to indicate potential harmful effects caused by exposure. The in vivo Draize rabbit eye test has historically been the standard method used to assess the eye irritation or corrosion potential of chemical substances. However, as scientific confidence has been established for certain in chemico, in vitro, and ex vivo methods developed for this purpose, regulators are increasingly accepting data from such methods in lieu of the in vivo test. Defined approaches (DAs) may also be used to derive hazard and potency predictions by applying fixed data interpretation procedures to results from multiple methods, thereby leveraging strengths of different methods. Currently, the DAs accepted by regulators to predict eye irritation or corrosion potential do not specifically list agrochemical formulations within their applicability domains.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>To address this gap, we conducted testing to confirm the applicability of in vitro methods to agrochemical formulations and to develop DAs to predict eye irritation hazard labeling according to the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling (GHS) and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) classification system. Twenty-nine formulations were tested in up to four methods: bovine corneal opacity and permeability (BCOP; OECD TG 437) including histopathology, EpiOcular Eye Irritation Test (EO; OECD TG 492), SkinEthic time-to-toxicity for liquids (TTL; OECD TG 492B), and EyeIRR-IS. We propose four DAs comprising BCOP with histopathology alone, and combined with EO, TTL, or EyeIRR-IS.</p><p><strong>Results and conclusion: </strong>Instead of evaluating direct concordance of the four individual DAs with historical in vivo rabbit eye test data, for each formulation, we assessed orthogonal concordance of GHS and EPA classifications predicted across all five approaches. Predictions were considered orthogonally concordant when they aligned with the prediction of at least two other approaches (i.e. a majority, or at least 3 of the 5 approaches, achieved the same prediction), referred to as the 'majority prediction.' We also evaluated hazard labeling and PPE labeling associated with the GHS and EPA predictions, respectively. Relative to the hazard and PPE labeling associated with the majority predictions, each of the four DAs were as, or more, protective of human health than the rabbit test; hence, we conclude that these DAs can be used to predict the GHS and EPA classifications of agrochemical formulations.</p>","PeriodicalId":11023,"journal":{"name":"Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"1-17"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144076474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}