Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology最新文献

{"title":"Acute cutaneous adverse drug reactions in hepatocellular carcinoma patients undergoing combined targeted and immunotherapy: unraveling the impact of dosage and interval.","authors":"Tong Li, Lin Li, Xu Li, Kefei Chen, Yonggang Wei, Bo Li, Jingyi Li","doi":"10.1080/15569527.2025.2552715","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15569527.2025.2552715","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Combination of targeted therapy and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) is a leading approach in the treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, an increased incidence of skin rashes poses a clinical challenge. Understanding the acute cutaneous adverse drug reactions (CADRs) during the early stage of the combination treatment is crucial.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To investigate the clinical characteristics of acute CADRs in HCC patients undergoing combined targeted agents and ICIs and identify potential risk factors contributing to the development of severe CADRs phenotypes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective analysis of 33 HCC patients with acute CADRs following combination therapy was conducted. Patients were categorized into maculopapular eruption (MPE) group and atypical targetoid eruption (ATE) group based on the rash phenotypes. Clinical characteristics were compared between the subgroups, and the administration pattern of the combination therapy was analyzed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>16 MPE cases and 17 ATE cases were identified. No other types of acute skin eruptions were documented. Patients with ATE developed rashes with a shorter time latency, experienced more systemic symptoms, showed higher severity grades, had longer disease courses, and demonstrated a lower rate of successful rechallenge compared to patients with MPE. The ATE group displayed a significantly higher percentage receiving full-dose targeted agents and a shorter interval between targeted agents and ICIs upon initiation of combination therapy.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In HCC patients receiving combined regimens, atypical targetoid rashes indicate a more severe CADR. Full-dose targeted agents and shorter intervals between targeted agents and ICIs may contribute to the more severe CADR phenotype.</p>","PeriodicalId":11023,"journal":{"name":"Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144946166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of ischaemia-modified albumin and antioxidant vitamins and minerals levels in alopecia areata patients and evaluation of their relationship with disease severity.","authors":"Deniz Duman Günsay, Berna Kuş, Abdullah Arpacı, Asena Çiğdem Doğramacı","doi":"10.1080/15569527.2025.2511723","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15569527.2025.2511723","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aimed to investigate the levels of ischaemia-modified albumin, an oxidative stress marker, and antioxidant vitamins and minerals in patients with Alopecia Areata <i>(AA)</i> to measure total antioxidant and oxidant capacity and to determine whether the obtained values were related to the severity of the disease.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This prospective, controlled study has enrolled 30 patients admitted to our institution's outpatient clinic with a clinical or histopathological diagnosis of AA and 30 individuals as the control group. Serum ischaemia-modified albumin, vitamin E, selenium, copper, zinc, total antioxidant capacity <i>(TAC),</i> and total oxidant capacity <i>(TOC)</i> levels of the individuals included in the study were evaluated, and their relationship with the severity of the disease was determined.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Ischaemia-modified albumin level was significantly higher in the patient group compared to the control group <i>(p = 0.002),</i> and vitamin E level was significantly lower in the patient group compared to the control group <i>(p = 0.017).</i> Ischaemia-modified albumin levels were significantly higher in patients with severe disease than in those with mild disease <i>(p = 0.027),</i> while Zn was significantly lower <i>(p = 0.014).</i> No significant difference was found between Se, Cu, Zn, TAC, and TOC levels in the patient and control groups. No significant difference was found between the disease severity and vitamin E, Se, Cu, TAC, and TOC levels.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In our study, the high ischaemia-modified albumin and low vitamin E levels in AA patients indicate that the oxidant-antioxidant balance in AA patients has shifted towards the oxidant state, and oxidative stress may be effective in the pathogenesis of the disease. We believe new studies conducted in larger patient groups may shed light on the relationship between Se, Cu, Zn, TAC, and TOC levels and oxidative stress in AA patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":11023,"journal":{"name":"Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"303-310"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144186692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In vitro assessment of portable, domestic UV-C disinfection devices' effects on skin fibroblasts.","authors":"Eleni Kardamila, Chara Almpani, Andreas Vitsos, Dimitra Ieronymaki, Aspasia Petri, Michail Ch Rallis","doi":"10.1080/15569527.2025.2502426","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15569527.2025.2502426","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Portable UV-C disinfection devices for domestic use have been widely commercially available since COVID-19 pandemic. Concerns regarding their safety have been expressed, while there is a lack of actual data regarding the health effects of commercial hand-held UV-C disinfection devices. Herein, the acute effects of two commercial UV-C devices for domestic disinfection are evaluated in vitro, under realistic exposure conditions.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Skin cells were exposed to an LP-Hg wand and an LED disinfection device for 10s, 30s, 5, 10 and 15 min. The devices measured the erythema effective irradiance was 5 W m^-2. Cellular viability, oxidative stress, protein oxidation and lipid peroxidation were evaluated right after irradiation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A dose-dependent cellular viability decrease and oxidative stress, protein oxidation and lipid peroxidation increase were demonstrated, while the LP-Hg wand seemed to induce more severe effects than the LED. Lipid peroxidation has been shown to be the dominant photooxidation mechanism, even at a sublethal radiant exposure.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The results provide evidence regarding the cutaneous photodamaging effects of commercially available UV-C disinfection devices for domestic use at the cellular level, contributing to the UV-C disinfection devices' risk management.</p>","PeriodicalId":11023,"journal":{"name":"Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"267-273"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143973383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of hematological inflammatory markers and comorbid conditions in patients with psoriasis vulgaris and lichen planus.","authors":"Mehmet Semih Çelik, Hamza Aktaş","doi":"10.1080/15569527.2025.2519028","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15569527.2025.2519028","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and objective: </strong>Psoriasis vulgaris (PV) and lichen planus (LP) are inflammatory skin diseases. Systemic inflammatory markers, which may indicate inflammation in these diseases, have been investigated in various studies. This research focused on analysing the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), systemic immune-inflammation index (SII), and RDW values in patients with PV and LP. Additionally, we investigated their associations with comorbidities and assessed the diagnostic value of NLR in identifying psoriatic arthritis (PsA).</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>The study included 110 patients with LP and 140 patients with PV who presented to the dermatology outpatient clinic between 2022 and 2024. Age, gender, NLR, PLR, SII, RDW values, and accompanying comorbid diseases of the patients were recorded. Differences in NLR based on disease type and comorbid conditions were analysed. Additionally, in patients with PV, the relationship between the presence of (PsA) and NLR was evaluated. Cut-off values, sensitivity, specificity, and AUC values were calculated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We observed that the PV group had significantly elevated NLR and PLR values in comparison to the LP group (<i>p</i> < 0.001, <i>p</i> = 0.027). For NLR: (AUC: 0.669; 95% CI: 0.607-0.727); cut-off value: ≤2, sensitivity: 66.36%, specificity: 66.43%; <i>p</i> < 0.0001. For PLR: (AUC: 0.584; 95% CI: 0.520-0.646); cut-off value: ≤109.35, sensitivity: 55.45%, specificity: 63.57%; <i>p</i> = 0.0221. In the group with PsA, A significant elevation in NLR was observed (<i>p</i> = 0.043). For NLR in this group: (AUC: 0.621; 95% CI: 0.535-0.701); cut-off value: >2.15, sensitivity: 83.33%, specificity: 47.27%; <i>p</i> = 0.0175.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>NLR and PLR may be useful markers in distinguishing PV. NLR, with a higher AUC and specificity compared to PLR, may be considered a stronger marker. Furthermore, due to its high sensitivity for PsA, NLR could be more suitable for screening purposes rather than diagnosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":11023,"journal":{"name":"Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"315-319"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144282765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cutaneous manifestations of primary immune deficiencies.","authors":"A Acar, Ö Ardeniz","doi":"10.1080/15569527.2025.2511721","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15569527.2025.2511721","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Primary immune deficiencies (PIDs) can present with a wide range of clinical findings. This review aims to evaluate PIDs in which cutaneous findings are common.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>English literature regarding cutaneous manifestations of primary immunodeficiencies was reviewed using PubMed between January 2005 and March 2023.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Cutaneous findings in PIDs can be broadly classified into two main groups: infectious and non-infectious. The most prevalent skin finding in PIDs is cutaneous infections (bacterial, fungal, and viral), and these infections often manifest as early-onset, recurrent, treatment-resistant, or atypical cases. Eczema is being the most frequent among non-infectious findings. Cutaneous manifestations, such as erythroderma, telangiectasia, granulomatous dermatitis, and autoimmune symptoms like alopecia and vitiligo can also occur.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Cutaneous manifestations in PIDs can assist clinicians in making early diagnoses, enabling patients to receive appropriate therapy promptly.</p>","PeriodicalId":11023,"journal":{"name":"Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"290-298"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144224667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determination of mercury content in skin lightening cosmetics products using a direct mercury analyser.","authors":"S Houmine, H El Hamri, Z Jouhadi, H Bouchahta, M Fekhaoui","doi":"10.1080/15569527.2025.2511717","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15569527.2025.2511717","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The objective of this study, the first study of its kind conducted in Morocco, was to evaluate mercury concentrations in skin whitening products using the MA-3000 direct mercury analyser.</p><p><strong>Context: </strong>Mercury is widely recognised as one of the most dangerous elements to human health. Despite the well-known risks, skin whitening creams and soaps containing this toxic substance continue to be produced and purchased, especially in the Middle East, Asia, and Africa. This practice constitutes a global public health issue due to the widespread distribution of these products. In Morocco, these items are commonly found in beauty stores and boutiques, which are frequently used for their skin-lightening effects.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Twenty-nine samples of skin whitening products were collected from the local market in Rabat. The mercury content in these products was measured using the MA-3000 direct mercury analyser, in accordance with USEPA Method 7473. The method has a Limit of Detection (LOD) of 0.002 µg/g and a Limit of Quantification (LOQ) of 0.008 µg/g, ensuring the reliability and validity of the results. Moreover, the method demonstrated a recovery rate of 105%, further confirming its accuracy and precision. The mercury concentration was measured in micrograms per gram (µg/g). This unit is equivalent to parts per million (ppm), a unit commonly used to express very low concentrations.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The analysis revealed that 25 out of 29 samples contained mercury concentrations ranging from 1.01 µg/g to 10.47 µg/g, exceeding the 1 µg/g limit established by the Minamata Convention on Mercury. Conversely, 4 samples showed no detectable traces of mercury.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study reveals the concerning presence of mercury in skin-lightening products available on the Moroccan market. The continued circulation and frequent use of mercury-containing creams and soaps, both in Morocco and in other developing countries, underscore the pressing need for strengthened regulatory frameworks and stricter control of hazardous substances in cosmetic products. These findings raise significant public health concerns, particularly for vulnerable populations who may be unknowingly exposed to toxic levels of mercury through daily use of skin-lightening products.</p>","PeriodicalId":11023,"journal":{"name":"Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"281-289"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144215125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Therapeutic efficacy and influencing factors of 5-fluorouracil combined with ultra-pulsed fractional carbon dioxide laser treatment for hypertrophic scars in burn patients.","authors":"Yi Jiang, Qiang Dai, Wenjuan Shi, Yong Zhang, Shihuan Xie, Qiliang Xu","doi":"10.1080/15569527.2025.2519029","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15569527.2025.2519029","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Laser therapy is widely used in scar repair, and the use of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) as an adjuvant treatment has also attracted attention. This study aimed to compare the therapeutic efficacy of 5-FU combined with ultra-pulsed fractional carbon dioxide laser (UFCL) treatment and UFCL treatment alone for hypertrophic scars after burns, and to analyse influencing factors to provide evidence for clinical practice.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 150 patients with hypertrophic scars from burns were randomly divided into an observation group (OG) and a control group (CG). Assessments were based on the Vancouver scar scale (VSS), patient scar assessment scale (PSAS), and records of adverse reactions (AR).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in terms of burn causes, disease duration, hypertrophic scar formation time, and wound healing time (<i>P</i> > 0.05). After treatment, the OG showed greater improvements in VSS and PSAS scores compared to the CG. In terms of clinical efficacy, 11 cases in the OG achieved complete recovery, and 42 cases showed visible improvement, with a total effective rate of 93.33%, higher than that of the CG. The incidence of AR in the OG (6.67%) was lower as against the CG. Multivariate regression analysis indicated that advanced age, longer disease duration, and higher pre-treatment VSS scores were negatively correlated with treatment effectiveness (<i>P <</i> 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The combination of 5-FU and UFCL treatment is significantly more effective than laser treatment alone. Risk factors affecting clinical efficacy include advanced age, longer disease duration, and higher pre-treatment VSS scores.</p>","PeriodicalId":11023,"journal":{"name":"Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"320-328"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144505076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancements in drug delivery for hyperpigmentation: emerging therapies and future prospects.","authors":"Akshi Deb, Sateesha Sb, Shrikishan B, Sunil Gowda Hp, Rajamma Aj","doi":"10.1080/15569527.2025.2524683","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15569527.2025.2524683","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of the article: </strong>This review emphasizes the significance of emerging drug delivery technologies and explores potential avenues for future dermatological treatments.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Hyperpigmentation is a prevalent skin condition characterized by dark patches due to excessive melanin production. Various forms, such as melasma, post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation, and UV induced pigmentation, arise from a complex interplay of genetic factors, inflammation, hormonal fluctuations, and light exposure. While conventional topical treatments, including azelaic acid, retinoids, hydroquinone, and kojic acid, remain effective, their use is often limited by adverse effects like skin irritation, blistering, and sensitivity. To address these challenges, advanced drug delivery systems have been developed to improve therapeutic efficacy, enhance formulation stability, and enable targeted delivery, thereby minimizing potential side effects.</p><p><strong>Results and conclusions: </strong>Advanced vesicular carriers, including liposomes, niosomes, lipid nanoparticles, and nano-emulsions, offer enhanced drug penetration, bioavailability, and reduced toxicity. However, achieving sustained results and preventing recurrence remain critical challenges in hyperpigmentation management. Recent advancements in personalized treatment strategies and novel delivery methods provide promising solutions for safer and more effective therapies. Additionally, procedural interventions such as chemical peels and micro-needling have demonstrated encouraging results in managing chronic hyperpigmentation.</p>","PeriodicalId":11023,"journal":{"name":"Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"329-341"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144539403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction.","authors":"","doi":"10.1080/15569527.2025.2510038","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15569527.2025.2510038","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11023,"journal":{"name":"Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"351"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144141619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Green approach for the synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles and their enhanced sun protection factor in the presence of octocrylene.","authors":"M Pasupathi, S Moscow, B Natarajan, T Kumar","doi":"10.1080/15569527.2025.2502422","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15569527.2025.2502422","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/purpose: </strong>This research project aims to create and test an eco-friendly method for producing zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) using herbal extracts. The goal is to study how these nanoparticles can boost the Sun Protection Factor (SPF) of sunscreens when used along with the synthetic UV filter octocrylene.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>To make the ZnO NPs extracts from green tea, Bhringraj, Licorice and Cinnamon were used. These nanoparticles were analyzed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Sunscreen compositions were formulated as oil in water emulsions with or without octocrylene incorporating the ZnO NPs. Stability tests were carried out to monitor pH levels, colour and viscosity over the eight weeks at 45°C. The Sun Protection Factor study was done in vitro using a UV spectrophotometer.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results showed that formulations containing both ZnO NPs and octocrylene had SPF levels compared to using octocrylene or ZnO NPs alone. Around 1.4 to 1.65 times higher than octocrylene alone and 3.7 to 4.5 times higher than ZnO NPs alone. The stability study demonstrated changes in pH, viscosity and colour during storage. Conclusion: In conclusion eco-friendly production of ZnO NPs utilizing herbal extracts presents a sustainable alternative to traditional methods. When combined with octocrylene these nanoparticles significantly enhance the SPF of products.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In conclusion eco-friendly production of ZnO NPs utilizing herbal extracts presents a sustainable alternative to traditional methods. When combined with octocrylene these nanoparticles significantly enhance the SPF of products.This study introduces an eco-friendly approach, to creating high SPF sunscreens focusing on sustainability and addressing safety and environmental issues in sun care products. The rising demand for sunscreens has triggered the exploration of innovative methods for producing zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) that go beyond traditional chemical processes. The research exhibits a synthesis method for ZnO NPs using herbal extracts from green tea leaves, Bhringraj leaves, Liquorice roots and Cinnamon bark avoiding the use of harmful precursors. The results display dispersed ZnO NPs with an average size of 100 nm. Furthermore, the study investigates how these green synthesized ZnO NPs interact with the synthetic UV filter octocrylene to potentially enhance SPF in sunscreen formulations. By combining these components, the study shows an increase in SPF compared to using them individually.This study adds to the knowledge of how green synthesized ZnO NPs enhance efficacy of sunscreen products. This study also introduces an innovative approach, for creating eco-friendly effective sunscreens that could revolutionize sun protection methods.</p>","PeriodicalId":11023,"journal":{"name":"Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"250-266"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144076484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}