Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology最新文献

{"title":"Comparison of hematological inflammatory markers and comorbid conditions in patients with psoriasis vulgaris and lichen planus.","authors":"Mehmet Semih Çelik, Hamza Aktaş","doi":"10.1080/15569527.2025.2519028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15569527.2025.2519028","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and objective: </strong>Psoriasis vulgaris (PV) and lichen planus (LP) are inflammatory skin diseases. Systemic inflammatory markers, which may indicate inflammation in these diseases, have been investigated in various studies. This research focused on analysing the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), systemic immune-inflammation index (SII), and RDW values in patients with PV and LP. Additionally, we investigated their associations with comorbidities and assessed the diagnostic value of NLR in identifying psoriatic arthritis (PsA).</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>The study included 110 patients with LP and 140 patients with PV who presented to the dermatology outpatient clinic between 2022 and 2024. Age, gender, NLR, PLR, SII, RDW values, and accompanying comorbid diseases of the patients were recorded. Differences in NLR based on disease type and comorbid conditions were analysed. Additionally, in patients with PV, the relationship between the presence of (PsA) and NLR was evaluated. Cut-off values, sensitivity, specificity, and AUC values were calculated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We observed that the PV group had significantly elevated NLR and PLR values in comparison to the LP group (<i>p</i> < 0.001, <i>p</i> = 0.027). For NLR: (AUC: 0.669; 95% CI: 0.607-0.727); cut-off value: ≤2, sensitivity: 66.36%, specificity: 66.43%; <i>p</i> < 0.0001.For PLR: (AUC: 0.584; 95% CI: 0.520-0.646); cut-off value: ≤109.35, sensitivity: 55.45%, specificity: 63.57%; <i>p</i> = 0.0221. In the group with PsA, A significant elevation in NLR was observed (<i>p</i> = 0.043). For NLR in this group: (AUC: 0.621; 95% CI: 0.535-0.701); cut-off value: >2.15, sensitivity: 83.33%, specificity: 47.27%; <i>p</i> = 0.0175.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>NLR and PLR may be useful markers in distinguishing PV. NLR, with a higher AUC and specificity compared to PLR, may be considered a stronger marker. Furthermore, due to its high sensitivity for PsA, NLR could be more suitable for screening purposes rather than diagnosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":11023,"journal":{"name":"Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144282765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cutaneous manifestations of primary immune deficiencies.","authors":"A Acar, Ö Ardeniz","doi":"10.1080/15569527.2025.2511721","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15569527.2025.2511721","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Primary immune deficiencies (PIDs) can present with a wide range of clinical findings. This review aims to evaluate PIDs in which cutaneous findings are common.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>English literature regarding cutaneous manifestations of primary immunodeficiencies was reviewed using PubMed between January 2005 and March 2023.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Cutaneous findings in PIDs can be broadly classified into two main groups: infectious and non-infectious. The most prevalent skin finding in PIDs is cutaneous infections (bacterial, fungal, and viral), and these infections often manifest as early-onset, recurrent, treatment-resistant, or atypical cases. Eczema is being the most frequent among non-infectious findings. Cutaneous manifestations, such as erythroderma, telangiectasia, granulomatous dermatitis, and autoimmune symptoms like alopecia and vitiligo can also occur.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Cutaneous manifestations in PIDs can assist clinicians in making early diagnoses, enabling patients to receive appropriate therapy promptly.</p>","PeriodicalId":11023,"journal":{"name":"Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144224667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determination of mercury content in skin lightening cosmetics products using a direct mercury analyser.","authors":"S Houmine, H El Hamri, Z Jouhadi, H Bouchahta, M Fekhaoui","doi":"10.1080/15569527.2025.2511717","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15569527.2025.2511717","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The objective of this study, the first study of its kind conducted in Morocco, was to evaluate mercury concentrations in skin whitening products using the MA-3000 direct mercury analyser.</p><p><strong>Context: </strong>Mercury is widely recognised as one of the most dangerous elements to human health. Despite the well-known risks, skin whitening creams and soaps containing this toxic substance continue to be produced and purchased, especially in the Middle East, Asia, and Africa. This practice constitutes a global public health issue due to the widespread distribution of these products. In Morocco, these items are commonly found in beauty stores and boutiques, which are frequently used for their skin-lightening effects.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Twenty-nine samples of skin whitening products were collected from the local market in Rabat. The mercury content in these products was measured using the MA-3000 direct mercury analyser, in accordance with USEPA Method 7473. The method has a Limit of Detection (LOD) of 0.002 µg/g and a Limit of Quantification (LOQ) of 0.008 µg/g, ensuring the reliability and validity of the results. Moreover, the method demonstrated a recovery rate of 105%, further confirming its accuracy and precision. The mercury concentration was measured in micrograms per gram (µg/g). This unit is equivalent to parts per million (ppm), a unit commonly used to express very low concentrations.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The analysis revealed that 25 out of 29 samples contained mercury concentrations ranging from 1.01 µg/g to 10.47 µg/g, exceeding the 1 µg/g limit established by the Minamata Convention on Mercury. Conversely, 4 samples showed no detectable traces of mercury.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study reveals the concerning presence of mercury in skin-lightening products available on the Moroccan market. The continued circulation and frequent use of mercury-containing creams and soaps, both in Morocco and in other developing countries, underscore the pressing need for strengthened regulatory frameworks and stricter control of hazardous substances in cosmetic products. These findings raise significant public health concerns, particularly for vulnerable populations who may be unknowingly exposed to toxic levels of mercury through daily use of skin-lightening products.</p>","PeriodicalId":11023,"journal":{"name":"Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144215125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>Anchusa officinalis</i> accelerates wound healing via the improvement of transforming growth factor beta 1 expressions, antioxidant levels, and inhibition of TNF-α, IL-6.","authors":"Safwan Mahmoud Al-Adwan, Talal Salem Al-Qaisi, Ahmed Abduljalal Jabbar, Parween Abdulsamad Ismail, Mohammed M Hussein M Raouf, Hanan Ibrahim Althagbi, Roaa A Tayeb, Bassam Ali Abed Wahab, Rawaz Rizgar Hassan, Mahmood Ameen Abdulla, Musher Ismael Saleh","doi":"10.1080/15569527.2025.2481145","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15569527.2025.2481145","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Wound healing is an intricate, complicated process that needs special attention because of its related complications that may occur if not treated properly or because of therapeutic insufficiency. Common bugloss (<i>Anchusa officinalis</i> L.) is a deep-rooted, hairy perennial herb used in folk medicine for numerous human issues, including wound recovery. To delineate its safety and healing potentials, we investigated the acute toxicity and wound-healing effects of <i>Anchusa officinalis</i> L. (APEAO) aerial part extracts on excisional neck injury in rats. A uniform dorsal neck cut was formed in twenty-four albino rats, which were arbitrarily divided into 4 groups and treated daily with a topical 0.2 ml dose of the following: group A, rats received 10% tween 20; group B, rats received intrasite gel; groups C and D, rats had 250 and 500 mg/kg of APEAO, respectively. The APEAO treatment did not cause toxic damage in rats administered with up to 5 g/kg APEAO. In the wound experiment, APEAO-treated skin exhibited significantly higher deposition of tissue collagen and fibroblast cells. In contrast, inflammatory cells were significantly lower in the recovered tissues of than positve control rats. Topical application of APEAO caused positive modulation of Transforming Growth Factor Beta 1 (angiogenesis) in recovered skin, indicating elevated tissue growth and faster wound-healing action. Moreover, APEAO treatment caused a significant elevation in tissue antioxidants (Superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalyze) and hydroxyproline (collagen) content, lowering Malondialdehyde levels compared to vehicle rats. Serum inflammatory chemicals (Transforming growth factor α, Interlukin-6, and Interlukin-10) were significantly modulated following APEAO application. The outcomes revealed significant tissue regeneration potentials of APEAO exhibited by its modulatory actions on several cellular processes, which could serve as scientific evidence for future investigation regarding the production of potent pharmaceuticals for faster wound contraction.</p>","PeriodicalId":11023,"journal":{"name":"Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"147-160"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143709072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"LncRNA SNHG1/miR-320b/CTNNB1 axis regulating the collective migration of fibroblasts in the formation of keloid.","authors":"Qiaoling Li, Bowei Zhang, Jie Lu, Anqi Li, Qingbiao Wa","doi":"10.1080/15569527.2025.2496634","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15569527.2025.2496634","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>To explore the regulatory molecular mechanism of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) small nucleolar RNA host gene 1 (SNHG1) expression on keloid formation.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The expression differences of SNHG1, miR-320b, and Catenin Beta 1 (CTNNB1) in keloid tissue and normal skin tissue of patients with keloid were detected. Normal cultured human fibroblasts were used as the Blank group (Blank) and then transfected with si-SNHG1 to silence SNHG1 expression. MTT assay, Transwell chamber assay, RT-qPCR, and Western blot (WB) were used. SNHG1 and miR-320b, as well as miR-320b and CTNNB1, were found to be targeted using the dual luciferase reporter gene (DLRG) strategy.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>As against normal skin tissue, SNHG1 and CTNNB1 were increased, while miR-320b was decreased in keloid tissue (<i>P <</i> 0.05). As against the Blank, there was a drop in the number of transferring and attacking cells, a decrease in the proliferative activity, an increase in the expression of miR-320b, a decrease in CTNNB1, and the relative expression (RE) of Pro-Collagen I, Cyclin D1, VEGF, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), matrix metallopeptidase-2 (MMP-2), and MMP-9 was decreased in the si-SNHG1 group (AG) (<i>P <</i> 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>SNHG1 could target and regulate miR-320b, and miR-320b could target and regulate CTNNB1. Fibroblast transfer, attack, and multiplication may all be prevented by reducing SNHG1 expression.</p>","PeriodicalId":11023,"journal":{"name":"Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"191-198"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143985980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of hyperbaric oxygen therapy on central corneal thickness and anterior segment parameters.","authors":"Doğukan Cömerter, Yavuz Aslan, Elçin Kalalı Issı, Melike Sarıdoğan, Taha Baysal, Ceylan Uslu Doğan","doi":"10.1080/15569527.2025.2496640","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15569527.2025.2496640","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) is a treatment modality commonly used for various medical conditions, such as diabetic foot ulcers and sudden hearing loss. This study aims to evaluate HBOT's effects on central corneal thickness (CCT) and other corneal topographic parameters through comprehensive ophthalmic assessment.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Detailed ophthalmologic examinations and corneal topography measurements were performed on 92 patients with various non-ophthalmologic diseases, both before and immediately after undergoing HBOT. Corneal topography was measured before and after the therapy. The recorded parameters included central corneal thickness, anterior chamber depth, anterior chamber volume, and corneal volume. The patients were also categorised into two groups: diabetic (<i>n</i> = 22) and non-diabetic (<i>n</i> = 70).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Following treatment, statistically significant reductions were observed in CCT (529.69 ± 31.7 μm vs. 526.63 ± 33 μm, <i>p</i> = 0.002) and corneal volume (58.63 ± 3.71 mm³ vs. 58.21 ± 3.58 mm³, <i>p</i> = 0.016). Conversely, anterior chamber volume significantly increased (124.38 ± 30 mm³ vs. 126.42 ± 30.7 mm³, <i>p</i> = 0.003). Comparative analysis between diabetic and non-diabetic groups revealed no substantial differences in CCT and corneal volume changes following HBOT. However, the diabetic group exhibited significantly lower baseline anterior chamber volume before treatment (<i>p</i> = 0.01 and <i>p</i> = 0.042).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>HBOT administration resulted in measurable reductions in CCT and corneal volume, along with an increase in anterior chamber volume, in all treated eyes. The observed decrease in corneal thickness manifested less prominently in diabetic patients compared to their non-diabetic counterparts, suggesting potential metabolic influences on corneal response to hyperoxic conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":11023,"journal":{"name":"Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"227-232"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143958179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effects of oral supplementation of carvacrol on autophagy and epithelial to mesenchymal transition regulation in UV-induced skin damage.","authors":"Ozge Alvur, Halil Ozkol, Fikret Altındag, Hatice Uce Ozkol, Gulsah Evyapan, Sakine Akar","doi":"10.1080/15569527.2025.2496636","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15569527.2025.2496636","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The skin is the biggest organ of the body being most exposed to UV radiation (UVR). Many skin diseases may develop due to UV exposure. Thus, it is extremely important to reveal molecules that can prevent these diseases.</p><p><strong>Material and method: </strong>Carvacrol (CVC), a liquid phenolic monoterpenoid is found in thyme and some plants related to thyme. In our study, for the first time in the literature we aimed to determine the effects of CVC on autophagy and Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) mechanisms in skin damage of rats exposed to combined UVA and UVB radiation. For this purpose, twenty-eight rats were divided into four groups: I (Control), II (CVC alone), III (UVA + UVB), IV (UVA + UVB + CVC). While UVA + UVB was applied without any treatment in Group III, this application was performed with CVC support in Group IV. As for the animals in Group II, only carvacrol was given. On the 30th day of the trial, expression of certain genes playing a role in autophagy and EMT pathways were evaluated at mRNA and protein level by qRT-PCR and immunohistochemical staining in the shaved back skin tissues of rats.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Based on our results, it can be concluded that CVC may prevent autophagic cell death by suppressing autophagy and it might support the wound healing process by inducing EMT in UV-induced skin damage. The molecular mechanisms of the effect of CVC on autophagy and EMT mechanisms should be clarified in further studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":11023,"journal":{"name":"Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"199-209"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143967999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>Calendula officinalis</i> extract enhances wound healing by promoting fibroblast activity and reducing inflammation in mice.","authors":"Yalcin Alper Ozturan, Ibrahim Akin","doi":"10.1080/15569527.2025.2485129","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15569527.2025.2485129","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Despite evidence supporting the therapeutic potential of <i>Calendula officinalis</i>, well-designed and controlled studies are still needed to confirm its beneficial effects on various health conditions, including skin care. This study therefore evaluates the effectiveness of topically administered 5% aqueous <i>Calendula officinalis</i> extract on healing full-thickness skin wounds in male BALB/c mice.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Seventy-two mice were divided into three groups: CAL (treated with calendula extract), PSS (treated with physiological saline), and NC (negative control/no treatment). Wound healing was assessed over 14 days using planimetric measurements, counting fibroblasts and macrophages, biochemical analyses of growth factors, inflammation markers, hydroxyproline levels, and genomic analyses.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The data obtained show that the application of CAL extract significantly reduces wound areas by day 7 compared to the NC and PSS groups. CAL extract also leads to an increase in fibroblasts, fibroblast growth factor, and hydroxyproline levels, while it reduces macrophages and inflammatory biomarkers levels in the healing wound. Genomic analyses indicate that topical application of CAL extract significantly reduces the expression of inflammatory biomarkers, including matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings show that 5% aqueous CAL extract enhances wound healing promising new insights for the effective topical treatment of skin wounds.</p>","PeriodicalId":11023,"journal":{"name":"Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"161-171"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143771803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adverse effects of topical tacrolimus compounded ophthalmic preparations.","authors":"Abdulrahman Bakather, Hind Amin, Waleed Nasif, Samir Shoughy","doi":"10.1080/15569527.2025.2485139","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15569527.2025.2485139","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The main aim of this review is to provide an overview of the key ocular side effects associated with topical tacrolimus compounded ophthalmic preparations Materials and methods: Review of literature using Pubmed database.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The use of topical tacrolimus may be associated with side effects ranging from mild ocular discomfort to more server complications like loss of integrity of corneal surface, corneal ulcer and infectious keratitis. However, the use of topical tacrolimus is not associated with increased incidence of secondary glaucoma or cataract.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>It is imperative to understand the potential side effects associated with topical tacrolimus ophthalmic preparations to optimize the treatment outcomes and guarantee patient safety. Routine ophthalmic examinations should be conducted to detect these side effects early and address them appropriately.</p>","PeriodicalId":11023,"journal":{"name":"Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"186-190"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143751679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Which factor have more adverse effect on ocular surface of patients treated with antiglaucoma drops; drug type, number of drugs or drug intensity?","authors":"Yesim Altay","doi":"10.1080/15569527.2025.2479832","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15569527.2025.2479832","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To examine effects of topical antiglaucoma drops on ocular surface (OS)and meibomian glands(MG) in relation to drug type, number of drugs and drug intensity.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This was a cross-sectional case study of 93 patients with glaucoma treated with topical anti-glaucoma drugs for more than 1 year. According to drug type we formed two groups; Group 1: Prostaglandin containing drops(monotherapy and combination therapy), Group 2:Non -PGA therapy.According to drug number, we formed three groups; Group 1:One active drug compound, Group 2: Two active drug compounds, Group 3:Three or more active drug compounds.We formed 2 groups accrding to drug intensity index (DII); Group 1: DII was < 50, Group 2: DII ≥ 50.Conjonctival hyperemia, ocular surface staining, tear break-up time (TBUT), and eyelid signs representing meibomian gland disease (eyelid vascularity, irregularity, nature of meibum and the Marx line score) have been compared between groups.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Prostaglandin containing drops group showed significantly worse results in comparison of TBUT, conjonctival hyperemia, ocular surface staining, lid margin vascularity, meibum quality, and Marx line score.Çonjonctival hyperemia, and lid margin vascularity were observed to be significantly higher in those using eye drops containing two or more active compounds.When the DII is increased only lid margin irregularity, and meibum quality are getting worse, significantly.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our results showed that the main factor contrubuting to OSD and MGD were prostaglandin analog therapy as a drug type. Management of ocular surface disease in glaucomatous patients is important when trying to reduce further ocular morbidity.</p>","PeriodicalId":11023,"journal":{"name":"Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"141-146"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143656450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}