Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology最新文献

{"title":"Analysis of mercury content in cosmetic products available on the Polish market.","authors":"Katarzyna Bandurska, Agnieszka Berdowska, Iwona Zawierucha","doi":"10.1080/15569527.2025.2526609","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15569527.2025.2526609","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Mercury is a highly toxic element and dangerous to human health and even life. Constant exposure to mercury is associated with a high risk of many health conditions. Cosmetic products, which come into direct contact with human skin, should be especially monitored for the presence of heavy metals harmful to health. Despite legal regulations regarding the content of mercury in both color and care cosmetics, this element is still present in many products. The aim of this study was to analyze selected cosmetic products to determine the presence and concentration of mercury.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>The mercury content was measured in finished cosmetics products readily available in the Polish market: care creams and serum as well as color make-up cosmetics (eyeliner, eye shadow, blush). The analyses were performed using the atomic absorption spectrometry method with the AMA 254 mercury analyzer.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Based on the conducted research, it was found that all analyzed cosmetic products contain mercury. Among the tested cosmetics, the highest mercury content was detected in care cosmetic serum that improve skin tone.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Although the detected mercury content in the tested cosmetics did not exceed the permissible standards, considering the adverse impact of mercury on human health, its presence in all tested products is disturbing. Despite the low levels, mercury is still considered dangerous, especially during long-term exposure, and should be forbidden in cosmetic products.</p>","PeriodicalId":11023,"journal":{"name":"Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147867089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cutaneous manifestations in autoimmune thyroid disease: a cross-sectional study.","authors":"Zekiye Kanat, Zuhal Karaca Karagöz, Fatma Baskaya Dogan, Dursun Türkmen, Nihal Altunışık, Serpil Şener","doi":"10.1080/15569527.2026.2657468","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15569527.2026.2657468","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Autoimmune thyroid diseases, mainly Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Graves' disease, are chronic disorders causing thyroid dysfunction. Thyroid hormones regulate skin, hair, and nails; therefore, various dermatological manifestations may occur. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of dermatological findings in autoimmune thyroid diseases and their association with laboratory parameters.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This cross-sectional analytical study included 85 individuals aged ≥18 years presenting to the endocrinology outpatient clinic. Diagnosis was based on clinical findings, antibody positivity (anti-TPO/anti-Tg), and, when available, ultrasound. Participants were divided into autoimmune thyroid disease (<i>n</i> = 63) and control (<i>n</i> = 22) groups. All underwent dermatological examination by the same team. Xerosis cutis, hair loss, pruritus, and seborrheic dermatitis were assessed using standard definitions. Laboratory parameters included TSH, fT3, fT4, anti-TPO, and anti-Tg. Statistical analyses included parametric/nonparametric tests, correlation, ROC, and logistic regression (p < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Dermatological findings were significantly more frequent in the disease group (55.6% vs. 27.3%, p &lt; 0.05). Xerosis cutis showed a significant positive association (r = 0.248, <i>p</i> < 0.05), while hair loss, pruritus, and seborrheic dermatitis were not significant. Autoimmune thyroid disease correlated strongly with anti-TPO (<i>r</i> = 0.731) and weakly with TSH (<i>r</i> = 0.292; <i>p</i> < 0.05). In multivariable analysis, elevated anti-TPO (OR = 3.18), higher TSH (OR = 1.82), and presence of skin findings (OR = 4.43) were independently associated with disease (Nagelkerke <i>R</i>² = 0.89).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Dermatological findings, particularly xerosis cutis, are more common in autoimmune thyroid diseases. Alongside anti-TPO and TSH, skin findings are independently associated and may aid clinical evaluation.</p>","PeriodicalId":11023,"journal":{"name":"Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147728615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long-term OCTA-based evaluation of macular microvascular density following intravenous chemotherapy for retinoblastoma.","authors":"Noha Salah Mohamed, Nada Abdel Salam Abdel Aziz","doi":"10.1080/15569527.2026.2660179","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15569527.2026.2660179","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To quantitatively assess the macular microvasculature after intravenous chemotherapy (IVC) for retinoblastoma (RB) using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A case control study compared the OCT and OCTA measurements of the macular thickness, macular vessel density (VD) in the superficial (SCP) and deep (DCP) capillary plexuses and foveal avascular zone (FAZ) parameters of sixteen eyes with extramacular group B retinoblastoma (group 1) to those of age matched: a) twenty fellow eyes of unilateral RB children (group 2), b) twenty-two normal eyes of healthy controls (group 3).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There were no statistically significant differences between the three groups regarding the age at time of the study (12.6 ± 5, 11.7 ± 3.8, 10.8 ± 3.8 years, p = 0.404), the axial length (22.2 ± 0.69, 22.5 ± 0.97, 23 ± 0.96 mm, p = 0.064), or the spherical equivalent (1.11 ± 1.2, 0.87 ± 1.51 and 0.09 ± 1.52, p = 0.097). The differences between the three groups regarding foveal thickness (247 ± 23.8, 238 ± 13, 237 ± 14.7 um, p = 0.381), parafoveal thickness (319.9 ± 14.2, 319.4 ± 11.7, 319.8 ± 11.8 um, p = 0.994), FAZ area (0.308 ± 0.12, 0.314 ± 0.09, 0.338 ± 0.11 mm², p = 0.650), VD of SCP (whole image) (47.1 ± 2.7, 48.6 ± 2.67, 47.5 ± 3.01%, p = 0.252) and VD of DCP (whole image) (50.5 ± 5.09, 52.6 ± 3.04, 52 ± 4.57%, p = 0.350) were not statistically significant. A statistically significant difference existed between the three groups regarding Log MAR visual acuity: median (IQR)=0.176 (0-0.176) for group 1, 0 (0-0.176) for group 2 and 0(0-0) for group 3, p = 0.005.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>At a mean of 10 years following IVC for RB, no statistically significant alterations of macular vessel density were detected.</p>","PeriodicalId":11023,"journal":{"name":"Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147721926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Scenario-based evaluation of large language models for reference accuracy in dermatology: literature retrieval on latent tuberculosis in psoriasis patients on anti-IL-17/23 therapy.","authors":"Nihal Altunisik, Sibel Altunisik Toplu, Dursun Turkmen","doi":"10.1080/15569527.2026.2656177","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15569527.2026.2656177","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Large language models (LLMs) could accelerate clinical literature searches, but their reliability is compromised by \"hallucinations\" generating false references. This study compared three general-purpose LLMs using a standardized dermatology literature retrieval prompt for reference accuracy, relevance, and hallucination rates.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A clinical scenario on latent tuberculosis management in psoriasis patients on IL-17/23 inhibitors was defined. To establish a reference standard, references (n=74) from the two most recent and comprehensive systematic reviews on the topic were screened. These two reviews were selected as they represented the most current and complete syntheses of evidence on this clinical question; using their reference lists ensured a focused, expert-validated foundation for evaluating LLM outputs. This process yielded 16 studies directly addressing the scenario. Each LLM (ChatGPT, Gemini, Deepseek-V3.2) was prompted to list 15 recent specific references. The 45 retrieved references were manually validated as: \"True and Relevant,\" \"True but Irrelevant/General,\" or \"False/Hallucination.\" Distributions were compared using Pearson's chi-square test.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A significant difference was found between models (p<0.010). ChatGPT listed 80.0% (12/15) correct and relevant references with no hallucinations. Gemini produced 80.0% (12/15) hallucinations, while Deepseek-V3.2 generated 100.0% fictional references. Notably, 4 references ChatGPT found correct were valid articles overlooked in the predefined pool; these were verified as relevant, indicating the reference standard may not have been exhaustive.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>LLM performance varies considerably with high hallucination risk. Findings highlight caution and independent verification. Future research should test advanced query techniques and hybrid systems integrating LLMs with academic databases.</p>","PeriodicalId":11023,"journal":{"name":"Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147688750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Leveraging a TRPV1-overexpressing cell model: an integrated testing strategy for UV filter-induced ocular irritation.","authors":"Tao Zhang, Fanghui Sun, Yue Liu, Baoxia Zhuang, Junzhuang Chang, Xinyi Deng, Shujun Cheng","doi":"10.1080/15569527.2026.2649261","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15569527.2026.2649261","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Eye discomfort is a common issue for consumers using sunscreen products. While UV filters are suspected of being the main cause, no clear scientific evidence has been found to support this hypothesis. This research aims to develop a scientifically effective eye irritation screening method to provide a scientific explanation for the eye discomfort caused by UV filters.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In order to assess the ocular irritation of two UV filters, Octocrylene (OCT) and Ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate (OMC), a combination of <i>in silico</i> and <i>in vitro</i> methods was employed. <i>In silico</i> prediction was conducted using seven computational ADMET prediction models (e.g. AdmetSAR 3.0, ADMETlab 2.0). The i<i>n vitro</i> experimental validation included Bovine Corneal Opacity and Permeability (BCOP) and Short Time Exposure (STE) assays, and TRPV1 ion channel activation was probed using TRPV1-overexpressing rabbit corneal epithelial cells (TRPV1-OE SIRC cells).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Different <i>in silico</i> toxicology prediction models did not yield consistent results regarding the eye irritation potential of the two UV filters. The results of the BCOP and STE tests showed that both UV filters were nonirritating. Detection of TRPV1 channel activation indicated that OCT can induce Ca²⁺ influx in cells, resulting in ocular discomfort, while OMC did not.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These results indicated that this <i>in vitro</i> screening method based on the activation of the TRPV1 channel is more sensitive in detecting stinging sensations in the eyes. This mechanism may provide a possible explanation for UV filter-induced eye discomfort and has potential for screening other cosmetic ingredients that cause such discomfort without irritation.</p>","PeriodicalId":11023,"journal":{"name":"Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147688824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correlation between serum IL-17 and peripheral blood Treg cells and efficacy of 308 nm excimer light therapy in progressive vitiligo.","authors":"Junlong Wang, Hongyu Luo, Xiaoling Zhao, Chengcheng Wang, Shibin Jiang","doi":"10.1080/15569527.2026.2646449","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15569527.2026.2646449","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Objective: &lt;/strong&gt;We hypothesized that baseline immune status, specifically the Th17/Treg axis, influences therapeutic outcomes. This study aimed to investigate the correlation between serum interleukin-17 (IL-17) and peripheral blood regulatory T cells (Tregs), Vitiligo Area Scoring Index (VASI), and the efficacy of 308 nm excimer light therapy by comparing an active treatment group of progressive vitiligo patients (subdivided into effective and ineffective subgroups) with a control group of stable vitiligo patients. Key variables investigated included baseline and post-treatment IL-17, Treg cell levels, and VASI scores.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;A total of 117 patients with progressive vitiligo treated with 308 nm excimer light were divided into ineffective (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 31) and effective (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 86) groups based on 6-month outcomes. An additional 35 patients with stable vitiligo were recruited as a control group. Serum IL-17, Treg cell levels, and VASI scores were measured at baseline and after 6 months of therapy for progressive vitiligo patients, and once for stable vitiligo patients. These parameters were compared between groups. Changes from baseline were analyzed. Risk factors for treatment failure were analyzed using logistic regression based on baseline parameters, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves evaluated the exploratory predictive value of baseline IL-17 and Treg cells.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;At baseline, the ineffective progressive vitiligo group had significantly higher IL-17 and VASI scores, and lower Treg cell levels compared to the effective group (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.05). After 6 months of treatment, the effective group showed a significant decrease in IL-17 and VASI, and an increase in Treg cells (P &lt; 0.05), while the ineffective group showed no significant changes. Post-treatment IL-17 and Treg levels in the ineffective group remained significantly different from the effective group (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.05). Patients with stable vitiligo had significantly lower IL-17 and higher Treg cell levels compared to both progressive vitiligo groups at baseline (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.05). Baseline VASI scores correlated positively with baseline IL-17 and negatively with baseline Treg cells (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression identified baseline autoimmune comorbidities, baseline VASI scores, IL-17, and Treg cells as independent predictors for treatment failure (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.05). ROC analysis revealed optimal cutoff values of 21.15 ng/L for baseline IL-17 (sensitivity 80.65%, specificity 79.07%, AUC 0.875) and 3.75% for baseline Treg cells (sensitivity 83.87%, specificity 74.42%, AUC 0.818). Combined detection of baseline markers achieved a sensitivity of 80.65%, a specificity of 95.35% and an AUC of 0.921. These exploratory predictive models are internally derived and require external validation.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion: &lt;/strong&gt;Baseline and post-treatment serum IL-17 and Treg cell levels, alon","PeriodicalId":11023,"journal":{"name":"Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147670988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Salvianolic acid B inhibits proliferation, migration and aerobic glycolysis of melanoma cells via regulation of PKM2 in vitro.","authors":"Yanjun Zhu, Caiyun Bian, Yan Liu, Wen Xu","doi":"10.1080/15569527.2026.2649266","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15569527.2026.2649266","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To investigate the potential effects of Salvianolic acid B (Sal B) on the viability and glycolytic activity of melanoma cells and elucidate the underlying mechanism of these changes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>CCK-8, FCM, and colony formation assays were performed to examine the effects of Sal B on the viability and apoptosis of melanoma cells. Transwell and immunostaining assays were conducted to determine the effects of Sal B on melanoma cell motility and EMT. In addition, glucose consumption, lactic acid production and ATP production were detected using their kits, and Immunoblot assays were conducted to determine the mechanism.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our findings revealed that Sal B inhibits the proliferation of melanoma cells, while also promoting apoptosis. Sal B could also inhibit the migration and EMT of melanoma cells, suppress abnormal glycolysis, and mechanistically, exerted these effects by blocking PKM2 expression.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Sal B suppressed the viability and abnormal glycolysis of melanoma cells by mediating PKM2 expression.</p>","PeriodicalId":11023,"journal":{"name":"Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147662514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Uremic pruritus and its relationship with geriatric syndromes in older hemodialysis patients: analysis using the 5-D itch scale.","authors":"Funda Datli Yakaryilmaz, Dursun Turkmen, Haci Bayram Berktas, Irem Pembegul","doi":"10.1080/15569527.2026.2656174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15569527.2026.2656174","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Uremic pruritus (UP) is a common and distressing symptom in hemodialysis patients and may contribute to geriatric syndromes such as impaired sleep, depression, cognitive decline, and functional limitation. Evidence focusing on comprehensive geriatric assessment in older hemodialysis populations remains limited.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To evaluate the association between UP severity (5-D Itch Scale) and geriatric syndromes (functional status, cognitive function, depressive symptoms, nutritional status, and sleep quality) in older hemodialysis patients.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This cross-sectional study included patients aged ≥65 years who had undergone hemodialysis for at least 6 months. UP was assessed using the 5-D Itch Scale. Comprehensive geriatric assessment comprised Activity of Daily Living (ADL), Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL), Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Geriatric Depression Scale-15 (GDS-15), Mini Nutritional Assessment-Short Form (MNA-SF), and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Group comparisons were performed using nonparametric tests, and associations were examined using Spearman correlation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 118 older hemodialysis patients were included; 70.4% (n = 83) reported UP. Vitamin D levels were lower in patients with UP. Compared with patients without UP, those with UP had lower MMSE scores, and higher GDS and PSQI scores. 5-D score correlated positively with age, depressive symptoms, sleep disturbance, and ADL dependency; and negatively with dialysis duration and cognitive function.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In older hemodialysis patients, UP is common and is associated with worse sleep quality, more depressive symptoms, lower cognitive performance, and greater functional limitation. Integrating UP screening into routine geriatric assessment may help identify vulnerable patients and guide multidisciplinary symptom management strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":11023,"journal":{"name":"Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147653922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wound-healing effects of bene gum (<i>Pistacia eurycarpa</i> yalt): role of growth factor, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory mediators.","authors":"Shatha Nasih Tawfeeq, Khaled Abdul-Aziz Ahmed, Sheylan Salah Abdullah, Mohammed T Mohammed, Ahmed A J Jabbar, Gökhan Akçakavak, Goran Noori Saleh, Mustafa Abdul-Monam, Abdulmohsen I Algefare, Manal A Alfwuaires, Hanan Ibrahim Alsharif, Talal Salem Al-Qaisi, Khalid M Alqaisi","doi":"10.1080/15569527.2026.2645821","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15569527.2026.2645821","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>This study evaluates the acute toxicity and wound-healing effects of bene gum on a dorsal wound model in rats.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>An excisional neck wound was created in twenty-four Sprague Dawley rats, and they were randomly assigned to four cages: normal saline (A); 0.2 ml of intrasite gel (B); 2.5% bene gum (C), or 5% of bene gum (D). After two weeks, skin samples from the healed area and serum were obtained for histological and biochemical investigations.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The topical application of Bene gum (2.5 and 5%) did not show any overt sign of toxicity (local irritation or swelling); yet, it accelerated wound recovery, indicated by lower wound size and a faster rate of wound closure (90.32 and 93.36%, respectively). The histological evaluation of healed skin from bene gum (2.5% and 5%)-treated rats revealed increased deposition of tissue collagen, increased blood capillaries in the granulated tissue areas, and other histologic features consistent with fibroblast activity. Bene gum application increased angiogenetic factors (TGF-β1) by 9.68% and 54.66%, and hydroxyproline/collagen deposition by 41.62% and 97.12%, respectively, relative to vehicle control. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of bene gum (2.5 and 5%) were confirmed by its up-regulating effects on endogenous superoxide dismutase and catalase enzymes, interleukin-10, while down-regulating the malondialdehyde (MDA) and pro-inflammatory chemicals (reduced interleukin-6 by 31.40% and 67.11%, and tumor necrosis factor-α by 42.10% and 63.18%, resp.), suggesting modulation of inflammatory mediators associated with wound healing.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The outcomes back up the traditional use of bene gum as an effective wound healer.</p>","PeriodicalId":11023,"journal":{"name":"Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147638056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Statin intervention does not slow early-intermediate stage AMD progression.","authors":"Clayton Kirk, Erica Smith, Amy Wozniak, Felipe de Alba, Ping Bu, Evan B Stubbs","doi":"10.1080/15569527.2026.2646451","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15569527.2026.2646451","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Emerging evidence supports a protective role of statins at preventing the progression of early-intermediate stage non-neovascular (dry) AMD. Clinical findings, however, remain equivocal as to the beneficial effects of statin use for the management of early-intermediate AMD.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Here, we conducted a retrospective review of 10 026 patient encounters seen over a 10-year period between January 2009 and December 2019 by the Department of Ophthalmology at Loyola University Chicago Medical Center.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the 10 026 patient encounters reviewed, 15.7% (1579 patients) had received a clinical diagnosis of early-intermediate stage (non-neovascular) AMD. Of those 1579 patients, the majority (68%) were reported to have at least one co-existing at-risk vascular comorbidity including the presence of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, or coronary artery disease with two-thirds (66%) having received statin intervention. Regardless of vascular at-risk comorbidity, however, managing blood LDL cholesterol levels with statin intervention did not alter AMD progression in this patient population (HR = 0.97, 95% CI = 0.73-1.28, <i>p</i> = 0.82).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Overall, these findings suggest that early-intermediate AMD patients presenting with a co-existing history of at-risk vascular comorbidities are not at increased risk for AMD progression.</p><p><strong>Translational relevance: </strong>These retrospective findings do not support the prophylactic use of statins to slow/prevent the progression of early-intermediate stage AMD.</p>","PeriodicalId":11023,"journal":{"name":"Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147638049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}