Dermal irritancy assessment of microbial toxins and pesticidal contaminants found in recreational water using two- and three-dimensional human skin models.

IF 1.6 4区 医学 Q3 OPHTHALMOLOGY
Michael F Hughes, David G Ross, Jane Ellen Simmons
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Abstract

Purpose: Dermal exposure to freshwaters contaminated with pesticides and microbial toxins may result in toxicity. This study assessed the in vitro dermal irritancy of selected pesticides and microbial toxins using two- (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) human skin models.

Materials and methods: The 2D model was normal human keratinocytes. The 3D model was EpiDerm, derived from normal human keratinocytes that forms a multi-layered differentiated human epidermal model. Pesticides included dimethipin, α-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocylohexane, oxyfluorfen, permethrin, profenofos, and tribufos. Toxins included cylindrospermopsin and microcystin-LA, -LR, and -RR. Exposure to contaminants was either 1 or 24 h. Viability was assessed by the MTT assay. Results were determined relative to negative control.

Results: Significant effects in viability were observed in both models and time points. The greatest significant decrease in viability in the 2D model was tribufos at 1 h (23%) and cylindrospermopsin (37%) at 24 h. In the 3D model, the greatest significant decrease was microcystin-LA (16%) at 1 h and microcystin-RR (32%) at 24 h.

Conclusion: Several microbial toxins and pesticides were cytotoxic in both models and time points. However, no contaminant tested in the 3D model for 1 h was > 50% cytotoxic, which would categorize a chemical as a dermal irritant (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development Test Guideline 439 for skin irritation). The 24 h exposure time point had a greater number of cytotoxic contaminants in both models, particularly the 2D model. Screening potential irritants in the 2D model for 24 h may prioritize chemicals for further assessment in the 3D model.

使用二维和三维人体皮肤模型对娱乐用水中发现的微生物毒素和农药污染物的皮肤刺激性进行评估。
目的:皮肤接触受农药和微生物毒素污染的淡水可能会导致中毒。本研究使用二维(2D)和三维(3D)人体皮肤模型评估了特定农药和微生物毒素的体外皮肤刺激性:二维模型为正常人角质细胞。三维模型是 EpiDerm,源自正常人的角质形成多层分化的人体表皮模型。农药包括二甲戊灵、α-1,2,3,4,5,6-六氯环己烷、氧化乐果、氯菊酯、丙溴磷和三唑磷。毒素包括圆筒孢霉烯和微囊藻毒素-LA、-LR 和 -RR。暴露于污染物的时间为 1 或 24 小时,活力通过 MTT 试验进行评估。结果相对于阴性对照:结果:两种模型和两个时间点都观察到了对活力的显著影响。在二维模型中,存活率下降幅度最大的是 1 小时内的曲布福斯(23%)和 24 小时内的圆柱孢霉烯(37%);在三维模型中,存活率下降幅度最大的是 1 小时内的微囊藻毒素-LA(16%)和 24 小时内的微囊藻毒素-RR(32%):结论:几种微生物毒素和农药在两种模型和两个时间点都具有细胞毒性。然而,在三维模型中测试 1 小时的污染物的细胞毒性均不大于 50%,这将把化学品归类为皮肤刺激剂(经济合作与发展组织关于皮肤刺激的测试准则 439)。在两个模型中,尤其是二维模型中,24 小时暴露时间点的细胞毒性污染物数量较多。在二维模型中筛选 24 小时内的潜在刺激性物质,可以确定在三维模型中进一步评估化学品的优先次序。
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来源期刊
CiteScore
3.30
自引率
6.20%
发文量
40
审稿时长
1 months
期刊介绍: Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology is an international, peer-reviewed journal that covers all types of harm to cutaneous and ocular systems. Areas of particular interest include pharmaceutical and medical products; consumer, personal care, and household products; and issues in environmental and occupational exposures. In addition to original research papers, reviews and short communications are invited, as well as concise, relevant, and critical reviews of topics of contemporary significance.
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