Dermal irritancy assessment of microbial toxins and pesticidal contaminants found in recreational water using two- and three-dimensional human skin models.
Michael F Hughes, David G Ross, Jane Ellen Simmons
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引用次数: 0
Abstract
Purpose: Dermal exposure to freshwaters contaminated with pesticides and microbial toxins may result in toxicity. This study assessed the in vitro dermal irritancy of selected pesticides and microbial toxins using two- (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) human skin models.
Materials and methods: The 2D model was normal human keratinocytes. The 3D model was EpiDerm, derived from normal human keratinocytes that forms a multi-layered differentiated human epidermal model. Pesticides included dimethipin, α-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocylohexane, oxyfluorfen, permethrin, profenofos, and tribufos. Toxins included cylindrospermopsin and microcystin-LA, -LR, and -RR. Exposure to contaminants was either 1 or 24 h. Viability was assessed by the MTT assay. Results were determined relative to negative control.
Results: Significant effects in viability were observed in both models and time points. The greatest significant decrease in viability in the 2D model was tribufos at 1 h (23%) and cylindrospermopsin (37%) at 24 h. In the 3D model, the greatest significant decrease was microcystin-LA (16%) at 1 h and microcystin-RR (32%) at 24 h.
Conclusion: Several microbial toxins and pesticides were cytotoxic in both models and time points. However, no contaminant tested in the 3D model for 1 h was > 50% cytotoxic, which would categorize a chemical as a dermal irritant (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development Test Guideline 439 for skin irritation). The 24 h exposure time point had a greater number of cytotoxic contaminants in both models, particularly the 2D model. Screening potential irritants in the 2D model for 24 h may prioritize chemicals for further assessment in the 3D model.
期刊介绍:
Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology is an international, peer-reviewed journal that covers all types of harm to cutaneous and ocular systems. Areas of particular interest include pharmaceutical and medical products; consumer, personal care, and household products; and issues in environmental and occupational exposures.
In addition to original research papers, reviews and short communications are invited, as well as concise, relevant, and critical reviews of topics of contemporary significance.