Current Atherosclerosis Reports最新文献

{"title":"Health Data Sciences and Cardiovascular Diseases in South Asia: Innovations and Challenges in Digital Health.","authors":"Kartik Gupta, Vashma Junaid, Muhammad Ahmad Qureshi, Abhishek Gupta, Sana Sheikh, Mayank Dalakoti, Salim S Virani, Adeel Khoja","doi":"10.1007/s11883-024-01233-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11883-024-01233-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>Health data sciences can help mitigate high burden of cardiovascular disease (CVD) management in South Asia by increasing availability and affordability of healthcare services. This review explores the current landscape, challenges, and strategies for leveraging digital health technologies to improve CVD outcomes in the region.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>Several South Asian countries are implementing national digital health strategies that aim to provide unique health account numbers for patients, creating longitudinal digital health records while others aim to digitize healthcare services and improve health outcomes. Significant challenges impede progress, including lack of interoperability, inadequate training of healthcare workers, cultural barriers, and data privacy concerns. Leveraging digital health for CVD management involves using big data for early detection, employing artificial intelligence for diagnostics, and integrating multiomics data for health insights. Addressing these challenges through policy frameworks, capacity building, and international cooperation is crucial for improving CVD outcomes in region.</p>","PeriodicalId":10875,"journal":{"name":"Current Atherosclerosis Reports","volume":" ","pages":"639-648"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142139468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Beyond the Guidelines: Perspectives on Management of Pediatric Patients with Hypertriglyceridemia.","authors":"Charles A Gagnon, Ambika P Ashraf","doi":"10.1007/s11883-024-01237-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11883-024-01237-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>To provide a comprehensive overview of hypertriglyceridemia (HTG) in youth, identifying gaps in categorizing triglyceride (TG) levels and management strategies, and exploring new therapies for TG reduction.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>Non-fasting TG levels as important cardiovascular (CV) risk indicators, with HTG's pathophysiology involving genetic and secondary factors affecting TG metabolism. Emerging treatments, including those affecting the lipoprotein lipase complex and inhibiting proteins like apoC3 and ANGPTL3, show promise. The review highlights the need for specific management approaches for youth, the significance of non-fasting TG levels, and the potential of new therapies in reducing CV and pancreatitis risks, advocating for further research on these treatments' efficacy and safety.</p>","PeriodicalId":10875,"journal":{"name":"Current Atherosclerosis Reports","volume":" ","pages":"617-628"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11519174/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142343295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Targeting Macrophage Phenotypes and Metabolism as Novel Therapeutic Approaches in Atherosclerosis and Related Cardiovascular Diseases.","authors":"Juan Wang, Qiang Wu, Xinyu Wang, Hongbin Liu, Mulei Chen, Li Xu, Ze Zhang, Kuibao Li, Weiming Li, Jiuchang Zhong","doi":"10.1007/s11883-024-01229-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11883-024-01229-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of the review: </strong>Macrophage accumulation and activation function as hallmarks of atherosclerosis and have complex and intricate dynamics throughout all components and stages of atherosclerotic plaques. In this review, we focus on the regulatory roles and underlying mechanisms of macrophage phenotypes and metabolism in atherosclerosis. We highlight the diverse range of macrophage phenotypes present in atherosclerosis and their potential roles in progression and regression of atherosclerotic plaque. Furthermore, we discuss the challenges and opportunities in developing therapeutic strategies for preventing and treating atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>Dysregulation of macrophage polarization between the proinflammatory M1 and anti-inflammatory M2 phenotypealters the immuno-inflammatory response during atherosclerosis progression, leading to plaque initiation, growth, and ultimately rupture. Altered metabolism of macrophage is a key feature for their function and the subsequent progression of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. The immunometabolism of macrophage has been implicated to macrophage activation and metabolic rewiring of macrophages within atherosclerotic lesions, thereby shifting altered macrophage immune-effector and tissue-reparative function. Targeting macrophage phenotypes and metabolism are potential therapeutic strategies in the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis and atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. Understanding the precise function and metabolism of specific macrophage subsets and their contributions to the composition and growth of atherosclerotic plaques could reveal novel strategies to delay or halt development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases and their associated pathophysiological consequences. Identifying biological stimuli capable of modulating macrophage phenotypes and metabolism may lead to the development of innovative therapeutic approaches for treating patients with atherosclerosis and coronary artery diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":10875,"journal":{"name":"Current Atherosclerosis Reports","volume":" ","pages":"573-588"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11392985/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141916303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PCSK9 and Coronary Artery Plaque-New Opportunity or Red Herring?","authors":"Lucia Barbieri, Gabriele Tumminello, Isabella Fichtner, Alberto Corsini, Raul D Santos, Stefano Carugo, Massimiliano Ruscica","doi":"10.1007/s11883-024-01230-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11883-024-01230-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>Although the clinical benefit of reducing low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLc) in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) is well-established, the impact on plaque composition and stability is less clear. Our narrative review aimed to assess the clinical effects of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors on coronary plaque characteristics specifically focusing from atheroma progression to regression and stabilization.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>The combination of statin therapy and PCSK9 inhibitors (evolocumab and alirocumab) promotes plaque stability in patients following an acute coronary syndrome. The GLAGOV study highlighted the relationship between achieved LDLc levels and changes in percentage atheroma volume. Similarly, the PACMAN-AMI study concluded that the qualitative and quantitative changes in coronary plaque were associated with the levels of LDLc. Assessing the severity of coronary artery stenosis and the extent of atherosclerotic burden by means of imaging techniques (e.g., IVUS, OCT and near-infrared spectroscopic) have significantly advanced our understanding of the benefits from promoting plaque regression and achieving to features of plaque stabilization through increasingly intensive lipid-lowering strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":10875,"journal":{"name":"Current Atherosclerosis Reports","volume":" ","pages":"589-602"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11393034/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141987609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies for Metabolic Disorders: Major Advancements and Future Perspectives.","authors":"Pratiksha Jamadade, Neh Nupur, Krushna Ch Maharana, Sanjiv Singh","doi":"10.1007/s11883-024-01228-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11883-024-01228-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>Globally, the prevalence of metabolic disorders is rising. Elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol is a hallmark of familial hypercholesterolemia, one of the most prevalent hereditary metabolic disorders and another one is Diabetes mellitus (DM) that is more common globally, characterised by hyperglycemia with low insulin-directed glucose by target cells. It is still known that low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) increases the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). LDL-C levels are thought to be the main therapeutic objectives.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>The primary therapy for individuals with elevated cholesterol levels is the use of statins and other lipid lowering drugs like ezetimibe for hypercholesterolemia. Even after taking statin medication to the maximum extent possible, some individuals still have a sizable residual cardiovascular risk. To overcome this proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors-monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are a novel class of systemic macromolecules that have enhanced LDL-C-lowering efficacy. Along with this other inhibitor are used like Angiopoeitin like 3 inhibitors. Research on both humans and animals has shown that anti-CD3 antibodies can correct autoimmune disorders like diabetes mellitus. Individuals diagnosed with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) may need additional treatment options beyond statins, especially when facing challenges such as statin tolerance or the inability of even the highest statin doses to reach the desired target cholesterol level. Here is the summary of PCSK9, ANGPTL-3 and CD3 inhibitors and their detailed information. In this review we discuss the details of PCSK9, ANGPTL-3 and CD3 inhibitors and the current therapeutic interventions of using the monoclonal antibodies in case of the metabolic disorder. We further present the present studies and the future prospective of the same.</p>","PeriodicalId":10875,"journal":{"name":"Current Atherosclerosis Reports","volume":" ","pages":"549-571"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141616063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Obicetrapib-the Rebirth of CETP Inhibitors?","authors":"Bliss Chang, Luke J Laffin, Ashish Sarraju, Steven E Nissen","doi":"10.1007/s11883-024-01231-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11883-024-01231-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>To provide perspective on the current development status, and potential future role, of obicetrapib, a third-generation cholesterylester transfer protein (CETP) inhibitor. Obicetrapib has received recent attention following positive Phase II clinical trial data and initiation of Phase III trials for the treatment of dyslipidemia and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD).</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>The ROSE and ROSE2 trials are Phase II studies that examined the lipid lowering effects of obicetrapib in patients on pre-existing high-intensity statin therapy. Obicetrapib significantly reduced key dyslipidemia biomarkers including low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), Apolipoprotein B (Apo B), and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) while increasing high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Four phase III clinical trials, including a cardiovascular outcomes trial, are ongoing. Preliminary data for obicetrapib shows favorable effects on dyslipidemia, which could theoretically lead to a decrease in ASCVD clinical events. Short-term safety data in preliminary studies shows no significant safety signals.</p>","PeriodicalId":10875,"journal":{"name":"Current Atherosclerosis Reports","volume":" ","pages":"603-608"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11393031/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141987608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Low LDL-C: Is It all Good News?","authors":"Jacob Hartz","doi":"10.1007/s11883-024-01238-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11883-024-01238-y","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Purpose of review</h3><p>This review presents the risks and benefits of very low LDL cholesterol and the safety of using lipid-lowering therapy to achieve these levels.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Recent findings</h3><p>A growing body of literature suggests that lower LDL cholesterol levels are associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease. Further, achieving these levels with pharmaceuticals is remarkably safe. Although statins may slightly increase the risk of diabetes mellitus and hemorrhagic stroke, the benefits outweigh the risks.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Summary</h3><p>While recommendations from professional societies are increasingly aggressive, additional risk reduction could be achieved by setting more even ambitious LDL cholesterol goals.</p>","PeriodicalId":10875,"journal":{"name":"Current Atherosclerosis Reports","volume":"73 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142192710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Emerging Specialty of Cardio-Rheumatology.","authors":"Malek Nayfeh, Helene DiGregorio, Jean Michel Saad, Mouaz Al-Mallah, Mahmoud Al Rifai","doi":"10.1007/s11883-024-01221-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11883-024-01221-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>In this review, we aimed to summarize the different aspects of the field of cardio-rheumatology, the role of the cardio-rheumatologist, and future research in the field.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>Cardio-rheumatology is an emerging subspecialty within cardiology that focuses on addressing the intricate relationship between systemic inflammation and cardiovascular diseases. It involves understanding the cardiovascular impact of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases on the heart and vascular system. A cardio-rheumatologist's role is multifaceted. First, they should understand the cardiac manifestations of rheumatological diseases. They should also be knowledgeable about the different immunotherapies available and side effects. Additionally, they should know how to utilize imaging modalities, either for diagnosis, prognosis, or treatment monitoring. This field is constantly evolving with new research on both treatment and imaging of the effects of inflammation on the cardiovascular system.</p>","PeriodicalId":10875,"journal":{"name":"Current Atherosclerosis Reports","volume":" ","pages":"499-509"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141442240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"When Does Primary Prevention Encroach on Secondary Prevention?","authors":"Matthew R Deshotels, Prasanti Alekhya Kotta, Juan Simon Rico Mesa, Olamide Adeola Oyenubi, Vijay Nambi","doi":"10.1007/s11883-024-01227-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11883-024-01227-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>The risk of incident atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) in primary prevention is typically lower than in secondary prevention. However, there is a spectrum of risk among individuals undergoing primary prevention with the risk in some individuals approaching those of secondary prevention. We review the clinical conditions wherein the risk in primary prevention is similar to that observed in secondary prevention.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>Among individuals without established ASCVD, coronary artery calcium (CAC) scores ≥ 300 AU are associated with ASCVD event rates similar to secondary prevention populations. CAC score ≥ 1,000 AU are associated with an ASCVD risk seen in very high-risk secondary prevention populations. Interpretation of these observations must however consider differences in the risk reduction strategies. Current guidelines dichotomize ASCVD prevention into primary and secondary prevention, but certain primary prevention patients have an ASCVD risk equivalent to that of secondary prevention populations. Identifying higher risk primary prevention populations will allow for better risk mitigation strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":10875,"journal":{"name":"Current Atherosclerosis Reports","volume":" ","pages":"511-519"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141554345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Role of Social Determinants of Health in Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease.","authors":"Logan Brown, Claire Cambron, Wendy S Post, Eric J Brandt","doi":"10.1007/s11883-024-01226-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11883-024-01226-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>This review seeks to provide important information on each of the major domains of social determinants of health (SDOH) in the context of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>SDOH can be classified into five domains: social and community context, health care access and quality, neighborhood and built environment, economic stability, and education access and quality. SDOH are major drivers for cardiovascular health outcomes that exceed the impact from traditional risk factors, and explain inequities in health outcomes observed across different groups of individuals. SDOH profoundly impacts healthcare's receipt, delivery, and outcomes. Many patients fall within various disenfranchised groups (e.g., identify with minority race, low socioeconomic status, low educational attainment, LGBTQ+), which impact overall health status and care. Learning to understand, recognize, and address SDOH as the driving force of disparities are critical for achieving health equity in the prevention and adequate treatment of ASCVD.</p>","PeriodicalId":10875,"journal":{"name":"Current Atherosclerosis Reports","volume":" ","pages":"451-461"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11974476/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141558336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}