Current Atherosclerosis Reports最新文献

{"title":"\"Anti-inflammatory Therapies in Atherosclerosis - Where are we going?\"","authors":"Natdanai Punnanithinont, Soumya Kambalapalli, Beshoy Iskander, Keishi Ichikawa, Srikanth Krishnan, Suvasini Lakshmanan, Sion K Roy, Matthew Budoff","doi":"10.1007/s11883-024-01267-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11883-024-01267-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>Inflammation has been commonly known for the past decade as a part of the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis, along with lipid accumulation. However, some patients with optimized lipid-lowering therapy still have elevated inflammatory biomarkers. Anti-inflammation therapies were developed to eradicate this residual risk. We summarized the primary inflammatory pathway and recent clinical trials in anti-inflammation therapies.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>Colchicine Cardiovascular Outcomes Trial (COLCOT) and LoDoCo2 (Colchicine Reduces Risk of Major Cardiovascular Events in Chronic Coronary Disease) found that low-dose colchicine significantly reduced cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction (MI), ischemic stroke and coronary revascularization in patients with recent MI within 30 days and chronic coronary disease respectively. The US Food and Drug Administration approved low-dose colchicine in 2023 for patients with established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). However, its use was limited for chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. Reduction in Inflammation in Patients with Advanced Chronic Renal Disease Utilizing Antibody Mediated Interleukin-6 Inhibition (RESCUE) was conducted using Ziltivekimab, an IL-6 ligand monoclonal antibody and found that it significantly reduced high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, an inflammatory surrogate marker. There is an ongoing phase-3 clinical trial, Ziltivekimab Versus Placebo Cardiovascular Outcomes in Participants with Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease, Chronic Kidney Disease, and Systemic Inflammation trial (ZEUS), which will be essential for further anti-inflammation therapy for patients with CKD. Numerous clinical trials have investigated anti-inflammation therapies. Colchicine is by far the only one that has the potential to be widely used due to its cost-effectiveness. Further research is needed on other novel anti-inflammation therapies and their real-world implementation.</p>","PeriodicalId":10875,"journal":{"name":"Current Atherosclerosis Reports","volume":"27 1","pages":"19"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142853334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Risk Factors Favoring Plaque Erosion.","authors":"Tomoyo Hamana, Palak Shah, Alyssa Grogan, Rika Kawakami, Desiree Williams, Keisha Medina Diaz, Renu Virmani, Aloke V Finn","doi":"10.1007/s11883-024-01262-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11883-024-01262-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>Plaque erosion is the second leading cause of coronary thrombosis following plaque rupture and represents a key pathophysiological process underlying acute coronary syndromes that can culminate in sudden coronary death. While the precise mechanisms and risk factors driving plaque rupture are well-established, those for erosion have only recently been explored. This review summarizes current literature on the characteristics and risk factors favoring plaque erosion.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>Plaque erosion is characterized by a defective endothelial layer in the intima, promoting thrombus formation in the presence of an intact fibrous cap. It is more common in younger women (< 50 years) and smokers. Pathologic intimal thickening or fibroatheroma are common underlying lesions. Risk factors include gender, age, smoking, and disturbances in shear flow. Advances in pathogenic and molecular mechanisms, such as endothelial shear stress, neutrophil activation, and toll-like receptor-2 pathways, are discussed. Understanding the major risk factors for plaque erosion can inform diagnostics and therapeutics to prevent the progression of arterial thrombosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":10875,"journal":{"name":"Current Atherosclerosis Reports","volume":"27 1","pages":"17"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142806393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Statin Use in Children and Adolescents - Dos, Don'ts and Practical Tips.","authors":"Don P Wilson, Minali Patel","doi":"10.1007/s11883-024-01256-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11883-024-01256-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>We review treatment criteria in the pediatric population, provide practical advice on how and when to prescribe statins, and share tips to improve compliance.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>Although long-term outcome studies of cardiovascular-related events, such as myocardial infarction (MI) and stroke, are lacking in this population, statin therapy initiated during adolescence has been shown to be safe and effective for up to 20 years of continuous use. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) are the most effective class of drugs for lowering low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in children and adolescents.</p>","PeriodicalId":10875,"journal":{"name":"Current Atherosclerosis Reports","volume":"27 1","pages":"16"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142784394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sticky Business: Correlating Oligomeric Features of Class B Scavenger Receptors to Lipid Transport.","authors":"Emma A Tillison, Daisy Sahoo","doi":"10.1007/s11883-024-01260-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11883-024-01260-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of the review: </strong>Atherosclerotic plaques result from imbalanced lipid metabolism and maladaptive chronic immune responses. Class B scavenger receptors are lipid transporters and regulators of their metabolism. The purpose of this review is to explore recent structural findings of these membrane-associated receptors, with particular focus on their higher-order oligomeric organization and impact on lipid transport.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>Class B scavenger receptors have evidence for oligomerization, with recent efforts placed on identifying residues and motifs responsible for mediating this process. The first studies correlating scavenger receptor oligomerization to function are described. This review highlights two emerging hypotheses regarding the function of scavenger receptor oligomerization. The first is a hydrophobic channel created by self-association of receptors to promote transport. The second hypothesis suggests that homo-oligomerization stabilizes receptors, prevents internalization and thereby promotes transport indirectly. Novel computational and in vitro experimental techniques with purified receptors are also described.</p>","PeriodicalId":10875,"journal":{"name":"Current Atherosclerosis Reports","volume":"27 1","pages":"15"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142767002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Highlights of Cardiovascular Disease Prevention Studies Presented at the 2024 European Society of Cardiology Congress.","authors":"Vashma Junaid, Abdul Mannan Khan Minhas, Maha Inam, Colin Hinkamp, Khawaja M Talha, Chelsea Meloche, Sana Sheikh, Adeel Khoja, Chayakrit Krittanawong, Elizabeth M Vaughan, Dinesh K Kalra, Leandro Slipczuk, Salim S Virani","doi":"10.1007/s11883-024-01253-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11883-024-01253-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>To summarize selected late-breaking science on cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention presented at the 2024 European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Congress.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>Key studies from the 2024 ESC Congress highlight advances in (CVD) management. Apolipoprotein A-1 infusions reduced risk in acute myocardial infarction patients with high LDL cholesterol. Plozasiran cut triglycerides and apolipoprotein C-III levels, lowering pancreatitis risk. A 14-year study linked smoking among youth to cardiac abnormalities. Baseline hsCRP, LDL-C, and Lp(a) were strong predictors of 30-year outcomes in women. Alternative LDL-lowering strategies matched high-intensity statins in effectiveness of LDL-C lowering and reduced diabetes risk. Early combination lipid lowering therapy improved outcomes post-myocardial infarction. Nordic and Mediterranean diets were linked to lower atherosclerotic CVD risk. The findings from the 2024 ESC Congress highlight significant advancements in CVD prevention, including novel lipid-lowering therapies, biomarker-based risk prediction, and lifestyle interventions. These studies underscore the importance of early and personalized treatment strategies to mitigate long-term cardiovascular risk.</p>","PeriodicalId":10875,"journal":{"name":"Current Atherosclerosis Reports","volume":"27 1","pages":"14"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142766995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"\"Improving Diet Quality of Children with Dyslipidemia Who also Exhibit Picky Eating Behaviors\".","authors":"Janet Carter","doi":"10.1007/s11883-024-01242-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11883-024-01242-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of the review: </strong>This review is intended to serve as guidance for care providers working with children who have dyslipidemia and exhibit picky eating behaviors.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>Picky eating behaviors in children can be very stressful for caregivers and children alike, even if they may not reach clinical significance. In the setting of lipid disorder treatment, picky eating can present an even greater challenge, since many of the foods considered most heart-healthy are not often considered \"kid-friendly\". Care providers should validate caregivers' concerns, screen for picky eating and be prepared to provide guidance to parents and a referral to a specialist, if needed. This review contains an itemized list of points to focus on with families and additional resources.</p>","PeriodicalId":10875,"journal":{"name":"Current Atherosclerosis Reports","volume":" ","pages":"701-705"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11530505/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142343294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Targeting Inflammatory Pathways in Atherosclerosis: Exploring New Opportunities for Treatment.","authors":"Alessia d'Aiello, Simone Filomia, Mattia Brecciaroli, Tommaso Sanna, Daniela Pedicino, Giovanna Liuzzo","doi":"10.1007/s11883-024-01241-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11883-024-01241-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of the review: </strong>This review discusses the molecular mechanisms involved in the immuno-pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, the pleiotropic anti-inflammatory effects of approved cardiovascular therapies and the available evidence on immunomodulatory therapies for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ACVD). We highlight the importance of clinical and translational research in identifying molecular mechanisms and discovering new therapeutic targets.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>The CANTOS (Canakinumab Anti-Inflammatory Thrombosis Outcomes Study) trial was the first to demonstrate a reduction in cardiovascular (CV) risk with anti-inflammatory therapy, irrespective of serum lipid levels. ACVD is the leading cause of death worldwide. Although targeting principal risk factors significantly reduces CV risk, residual risk remains unaddressed. The immunological mechanisms underlying atherosclerosis represent attractive therapeutic targets. Several commonly used and non-primarily anti-inflammatory drugs (i.e. SGLT2i, and PCSK9i) exhibit pleiotropic properties. Otherwise, recent trials have investigated the blockade of primarily inflammatory compounds, trying to lower the residual risk via low-dose IL-2, PTPN22 and CD31 pathway modulation. In the era of precision medicine, modern approaches may explore new pharmacological targets, identify new markers of vascular inflammation, and evaluate therapeutic responses.</p>","PeriodicalId":10875,"journal":{"name":"Current Atherosclerosis Reports","volume":" ","pages":"707-719"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11530513/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142460017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Myopathy in Statin-Treated Children and Adolescents: A Practical Approach.","authors":"Rae-Ellen W Kavey","doi":"10.1007/s11883-024-01239-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11883-024-01239-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>This paper reviews the existing literature on statin-related myopathy in children and adolescents, to inform development of a practical management approach.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>Reports of statin treatment in the pediatric population revealed no evidence of muscle pathology, with asymptomatic elevation of creatine kinase(CK) levels and symptoms of muscle pain without CK elevation seen equally in subjects and controls in RCTs. By contrast, rare cases of rhabdomyolysis have now been documented in statin-treated children; this serious problem had never been previously reported. Statin-induced myopathy is rare in childhood so routine monitoring of CK levels is unnecessary in asymptomatic patients, reserved for those with muscle pain. Rare case reports of rhabdomyolysis in statin-treated children and adolescents suggest that parent and patient education on symptoms of adverse statin effects should include immediate physician contact with the appearance of dark urine, with or without muscle pain.</p>","PeriodicalId":10875,"journal":{"name":"Current Atherosclerosis Reports","volume":" ","pages":"683-692"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142307334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PCSK9 Monoclonal Antibodies Have Come a Long Way.","authors":"Sandra Zendjebil, Philippe Gabriel Steg","doi":"10.1007/s11883-024-01243-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11883-024-01243-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of the review: </strong>This review examines the pivotal role of monoclonal antibodies against PCSK9 in lipid-lowering therapy, emphasizing their biological and clinical impact.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>Randomized controlled trials have validated that PCSK9 monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) effectively reduce LDL-c levels by approximately 50%, even when added to maximal statin therapy. They moreover produce a notable 15-20% relative decrease in major cardiovascular events, with a greater reduction among high-risk patients and no evidence for serious adverse effects, assuaging previous concerns. This review highlights the benefits of PCSK9 Mabs in high cardiovascular risk patients. Despite their efficacy and safety, these therapies are hindered by limited access, and require broader integration into clinical practice to optimize therapeutic outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":10875,"journal":{"name":"Current Atherosclerosis Reports","volume":" ","pages":"721-732"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142388757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transitioning Adolescents and Young Adults with Lipid Disorders to Adult Health Care.","authors":"Christopher Schmitt, Thomas M Yohannan","doi":"10.1007/s11883-024-01244-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11883-024-01244-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>Pediatric healthcare providers have increasingly become aware of the need for timely and informative transition of adolescents and young adults with chronic medical conditions such as diabetes and cystic fibrosis. However, there is paucity of published data on the importance of and most effective way to transition youth with lipid disorders who are at increased risk of premature cardiovascular disease.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>Evidence shows that atherosclerosis begins at a young age. However, there are no guidelines on the transition of adolescents and young adults with dyslipidemia. In addition, there are conflicting guidelines for lipid management in children versus adults, despite advances in medical pharmacotherapies for dyslipidemia. The lack of guidelines for transition and discordant recommendations for management of this vulnerable population places young adults at-risk for worsening of their underlying disease, and premature cardiovascular events.</p>","PeriodicalId":10875,"journal":{"name":"Current Atherosclerosis Reports","volume":" ","pages":"693-700"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11530472/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142361298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}