Critical Reviews in Toxicology最新文献_第8页

Improving interventional causal predictions in regulatory risk assessment. 改进监管风险评估中的干预因果预测。

IF 5.9 2区医学

Critical Reviews in Toxicology Pub Date : 2023-05-01 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2023.2229923

Louis Anthony Cox

{"title":"Improving interventional causal predictions in regulatory risk assessment.","authors":"Louis Anthony Cox","doi":"10.1080/10408444.2023.2229923","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10408444.2023.2229923","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In 2022, the US EPA published an important risk assessment concluding that “Compared to the current annual standard, meeting a revised annual standard with a lower level is estimated to reduce PM2.5-associated health risks in the 30 annually-controlled study areas by about 7–9% for a level of 11.0 µg/m3… and 30–37% for a level of 8.0 µg/m3.” These are interventional causal predictions: they predict percentage reductions in mortality risks caused by different counterfactual reductions in fine particulate (PM2.5) levels. Valid causal predictions are possible if: (1) Study designs are used that can support valid causal inferences about the effects of interventions (e.g., quasi-experiments with appropriate control groups); (2) Appropriate causal models and methods are used to analyze the data; (3) Model assumptions are satisfied (at least approximately); and (4) Non-causal sources of exposure-response associations such as confounding, measurement error, and model misspecification are appropriately modeled and adjusted for. This paper examines two long-term mortality studies selected by the EPA to predict reductions in PM2.5-associated risk. Both papers use Cox proportional hazards (PH) models. For these models, none of these four conditions is satisfied, making it difficult to interpret or validate their causal predictions. Scientists, reviewers, regulators, and members of the public can benefit from more trustworthy and credible risk assessments and causal predictions by insisting that risk assessments supporting interventional causal conclusions be based on study designs, methods, and models that are appropriate for predicting effects caused by interventions.","PeriodicalId":10869,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Toxicology","volume":"53 5","pages":"311-325"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9974560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Hazards of current concentration-setting practices in environmental toxicology studies. 环境毒理学研究中当前浓度设定做法的危害。

IF 5.9 2区医学

Critical Reviews in Toxicology Pub Date : 2023-05-01 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2023.2229372

Jeffrey C Wolf, Helmut E Segner

{"title":"Hazards of current concentration-setting practices in environmental toxicology studies.","authors":"Jeffrey C Wolf, Helmut E Segner","doi":"10.1080/10408444.2023.2229372","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10408444.2023.2229372","url":null,"abstract":"The setting of concentrations for testing substances in ecotoxicological studies is often based on fractions of the concentrations that cause 50% mortality (LC50 or LD50) rather than environmentally relevant levels. This practice can result in exposures to animals at test concentrations that are magnitudes of order greater than those experienced in the environment. Often, such unrealistically high concentrations may cause non-specific biochemical or morphologic changes that primarily reflect the near-lethal health condition of the animal subjects, as opposed to effects characteristic of the particular test compound. Meanwhile, it is recognized that for many chemicals, the toxicologic mode of action (MOA) responsible for lethality may differ entirely from the MOAs that cause various sublethal effects. One argument for employing excessively high exposure concentrations in sublethal studies is to ensure the generation of positive toxicological effects, which can then be used to establish safety thresholds; however, it is possible that the pressure to produce exposure-related effects may also contribute to false positive outcomes. The purpose of this paper is to explore issues involving some current usages of acute LC50 data in ecotoxicology testing, and to propose an alternative strategy for performing this type of research moving forward. Toward those ends, a brief literature survey was conducted to gain an appreciation of methods that are currently being used to set test concentrations for sublethal definitive studies.","PeriodicalId":10869,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Toxicology","volume":"53 5","pages":"297-310"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10025267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Detection of anti-androgenic activity of chemicals in fish studies: a data review. 鱼类研究中化学物质抗雄激素活性的检测:数据综述。

IF 5.9 2区医学

Critical Reviews in Toxicology Pub Date : 2023-05-01 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2023.2232398

Grace H Panter, Rebecca J Brown, Alan Jones, Oliver Körner, Laurent Lagadic, Lennart Weltje

{"title":"Detection of anti-androgenic activity of chemicals in fish studies: a data review.","authors":"Grace H Panter, Rebecca J Brown, Alan Jones, Oliver Körner, Laurent Lagadic, Lennart Weltje","doi":"10.1080/10408444.2023.2232398","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10408444.2023.2232398","url":null,"abstract":"A systematic review was conducted on the sensitivity of fish testing guidelines to detect the anti-androgenic activity of substances. Sequence Alignment to Predict Across Species Susceptibility (SeqAPASS) was used to investigate the conservation of the androgen receptor (AR) between humans and fish, and among fish species recommended in test guidelines. The AR is conserved between fish species and humans (i.e. ligand binding domain [LBD] homology ≥70%) and among the recommended fish species (LBD homology >85%). For model anti-androgens, we evaluated literature data on in vitro anti-androgenic activity in fish-specific receptor-based assays and changes in endpoints indicative of endocrine modulation from in vivo studies. Anti-androgenic activity was most consistently and reliably detected in in vitro and in vivo mechanistic studies with co-exposure to an androgen (spiggin in vitro assay, Rapid Androgen Disruption Activity Reporter [RADAR] Assay, and Androgenised Female Stickleback Screen). Regardless of study design (Fish Short-Term Reproduction Assay [FSTRA], Fish Sexual Development Test [FSDT], partial or full life-cycle tests), or endpoint (vitellogenin, secondary sexual characteristics, gonadal histopathology, sex ratio), there was no consistent evidence for detecting anti-androgenic activity in studies without androgen co-exposure, even for the most potent substances (while less potent substances may induce no (clear) response). Therefore, based on studies without androgen co-exposure (35 FSTRAs and 22 other studies), the other studies (including the FSDT) do not outperform the FSTRA for detecting potent anti-androgenic activity, which if suspected, would be best addressed with a RADAR assay. Overall, fish do not appear particularly sensitive to mammalian anti-androgens.","PeriodicalId":10869,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Toxicology","volume":"53 5","pages":"326-338"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10324863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Is the 90-day dog study necessary for pesticide toxicity testing? 农药毒性试验是否需要90天的狗试验?

IF 5.9 2区医学

Critical Reviews in Toxicology Pub Date : 2023-04-01 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2023.2221987

Patricia L Bishop, Vicki L Dellarco, Douglas C Wolf

{"title":"Is the 90-day dog study necessary for pesticide toxicity testing?","authors":"Patricia L Bishop, Vicki L Dellarco, Douglas C Wolf","doi":"10.1080/10408444.2023.2221987","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10408444.2023.2221987","url":null,"abstract":"When registering a new pesticide, 90-day oral toxicity studies performed with both rodent and non-rodent species, typically rats and dogs, are part of a standard battery of animal tests required in most countries for human health risk assessment (RA). This analysis set out to determine the need for the 90-day dog study in RA by reviewing data from 195 pesticides evaluated by the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) from 1998 through 2021. The dog study was used in RA for only 42 pesticides, mostly to set the point of departure (POD) for shorter-term non-dietary pesticide exposures. Dog no-observed-adverse-effect-levels (NOAELs) were lower than rat NOAELs in 90-day studies for 36 of the above 42 pesticides, suggesting that the dog was the more sensitive species. However, lower NOAELs may not necessarily correspond to greater sensitivity as factors such as dose spacing and/or allometric scaling need to be considered. Normalizing doses between rats and dogs explained the lower NOAELs in 22/36 pesticides, indicating that in those cases the dog was not more sensitive, and the comparable rat study could have been used instead for RA. For five of the remaining pesticides, other studies of appropriate duration besides the 90-day rat study were available that would have offered a similar level of protection if used to set PODs. In only nine cases could no alternative be found in the pesticide's database to use in place of the 90-day dog study for setting safe exposure levels or to identify unique hazards. The present analysis demonstrates that for most pesticide risk determinations the 90-day dog study provided no benefit beyond the rat or other available data.","PeriodicalId":10869,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Toxicology","volume":"53 4","pages":"207-228"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9968117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Effects of pyrethroids on the cerebellum and related mechanisms: a narrative review. 拟除虫菊酯对小脑的影响及其相关机制:述评。

IF 5.9 2区医学

Critical Reviews in Toxicology Pub Date : 2023-04-01 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2023.2229384

Fei Hao, Ye Bu, Shasha Huang, Wanqi Li, Huiwen Feng, Yuan Wang

{"title":"Effects of pyrethroids on the cerebellum and related mechanisms: a narrative review.","authors":"Fei Hao, Ye Bu, Shasha Huang, Wanqi Li, Huiwen Feng, Yuan Wang","doi":"10.1080/10408444.2023.2229384","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10408444.2023.2229384","url":null,"abstract":"Pyrethroids (PYRs) are a group of synthetic organic chemicals that mimic natural pyrethrins. Due to their low toxicity and persistence in mammals, they are widely used today. PYRs exhibit higher lipophilicity than other insecticides, which allows them to easily penetrate the blood-brain barrier and directly induce toxic effects on the central nervous system. Several studies have shown that the cerebellum appears to be one of the regions with the largest changes in biomarkers. The cerebellum, which is extremely responsive to PYRs, functions as a crucial region for storing motor learning memories. Exposure to low doses of various types of PYRs during rat development resulted in diverse long-term effects on motor activity and coordination functions. Reduced motor activity may result from developmental exposure to PYRs in rats, as indicated by delayed cerebellar morphogenesis and maturation. PYRs also caused adverse histopathological and biochemical changes in the cerebellum of mothers and their offspring. By some studies, PYRs may affect granule cells and Purkinje cells, causing damage to cerebellar structures. Destruction of cerebellar structures and morphological defects in Purkinje cells are known to be directly related to functional impairment of motor coordination. Although numerous data support that PYRs cause damage to cerebellar structures, function and development, the mechanisms are not completely understood and require further in-depth studies. This paper reviews the available evidence on the relationship between the use of PYRs and cerebellar damage and discusses the mechanisms of PYRs.","PeriodicalId":10869,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Toxicology","volume":"53 4","pages":"229-243"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9973544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Low level exposure to hydrogen sulfide: a review of emissions, community exposure, health effects, and exposure guidelines. 低浓度硫化氢暴露：排放、社区暴露、健康影响和暴露指南综述。

IF 5.7 2区医学

Critical Reviews in Toxicology Pub Date : 2023-04-01 Epub Date: 2023-07-11 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2023.2229925

Stuart Batterman, Amelia Grant-Alfieri, Sung-Hee Seo

{"title":"Low level exposure to hydrogen sulfide: a review of emissions, community exposure, health effects, and exposure guidelines.","authors":"Stuart Batterman, Amelia Grant-Alfieri, Sung-Hee Seo","doi":"10.1080/10408444.2023.2229925","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10408444.2023.2229925","url":null,"abstract":"Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a toxic gas that is well-known for its acute health risks in occupational settings, but less is known about effects of chronic and low-level exposures. This critical review investigates toxicological and experimental studies, exposure sources, standards, and epidemiological studies pertaining to chronic exposure to H2S from both natural and anthropogenic sources. H2S releases, while poorly documented, appear to have increased in recent years from oil and gas and possibly other facilities. Chronic exposures below 10 ppm have long been associated with odor aversion, ocular, nasal, respiratory and neurological effects. However, exposure to much lower levels, below 0.03 ppm (30 ppb), has been associated with increased prevalence of neurological effects, and increments below 0.001 ppm (1 ppb) in H2S concentrations have been associated with ocular, nasal, and respiratory effects. Many of the studies in the epidemiological literature are limited by exposure measurement error, co-pollutant exposures and potential confounding, small sample size, and concerns of representativeness, and studies have yet to consider vulnerable populations. Long-term community-based studies are needed to confirm the low concentration findings and to refine exposure guidelines. Revised guidelines that incorporate both short- and long-term limits are needed to protect communities, especially sensitive populations living near H2S sources.","PeriodicalId":10869,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Toxicology","volume":"53 4","pages":"244-295"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10395451/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10342711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Prevention and Detoxification of Mycotoxins in Human Food and Animal Feed using Bio-resources from South Mediterranean Countries: a Critical Review. 利用南地中海国家的生物资源预防和解毒人类食品和动物饲料中的真菌毒素:综述

IF 5.9 2区医学

Critical Reviews in Toxicology Pub Date : 2023-02-01 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2023.2211178

Amina Aloui, Jalila Ben Salah-Abbès, Abdellah Zinedine, Amar Riba, Noel Durand, Jean Christophe Meile, Didier Montet, Catherine Brabet, Samir Abbès

{"title":"Prevention and Detoxification of Mycotoxins in Human Food and Animal Feed using Bio-resources from South Mediterranean Countries: a Critical Review.","authors":"Amina Aloui, Jalila Ben Salah-Abbès, Abdellah Zinedine, Amar Riba, Noel Durand, Jean Christophe Meile, Didier Montet, Catherine Brabet, Samir Abbès","doi":"10.1080/10408444.2023.2211178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10408444.2023.2211178","url":null,"abstract":"Mycotoxins, which are natural toxic compounds produced by filamentous fungi, are considered major contaminants in the food and feed chain due to their stability during processing. Their impacts in food and feedstuff pollution were accentuated due the climate change in the region. They are characterized by their toxicological effects on human and animal health but also by their harmful economic impact. Mediterranean countries: Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco and Tunisia are characterized by high temperatures and high relative humidity, particularly in littoral regions that provide favorable conditions for fungal growth and toxinogenesis. Many scientific papers have been published recently in these countries showing mycotoxin occurrence in different commodities and an attempt at bio-detoxification using many bio-products. In order to minimize the bioavailability and/or to detoxify mycotoxins into less toxic metabolites (bio-transforming agents), safe and biological methods have been developed including the use of lactic acid bacteria, yeasts, plant extracts and clays minerals from Mediterranean regions. The aim of this review is to present the pollution of mycotoxins in food and feedstuff of humans and animals and to discuss the development of effective biological control for mycotoxin removal/detoxification and prevention using bio-products. This review will also elucidate the new used natural products to be considered as a new candidates for mycotoxins detoxification/prevention on animal feedstuffs.","PeriodicalId":10869,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Toxicology","volume":"53 2","pages":"117-130"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9688201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Hypothesis-driven weight of evidence evaluation indicates styrene lacks endocrine disruption potential. 假设驱动的证据权重评价表明苯乙烯缺乏内分泌干扰潜力。

IF 5.9 2区医学

Critical Reviews in Toxicology Pub Date : 2023-02-01 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2022.2112652

Christopher J Borgert

{"title":"Hypothesis-driven weight of evidence evaluation indicates styrene lacks endocrine disruption potential.","authors":"Christopher J Borgert","doi":"10.1080/10408444.2022.2112652","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10408444.2022.2112652","url":null,"abstract":"Styrene is among the U.S. EPA's List 2 chemicals for Tier 1 endocrine screening subject to the agency's two-tiered Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program (EDSP). Both U.S. EPA and OECD guidelines require a Weight of Evidence (WoE) to evaluate a chemical's potential for disrupting the endocrine system. Styrene was evaluated for its potential to disrupt estrogen, androgen, thyroid, and steroidogenic (EATS) pathways using a rigorous WoE methodology that included problem formulation, systematic literature search and selection, data quality evaluation, relevance weighting of endpoint data, and application of specific interpretive criteria. Sufficient data were available to assess the endocrine disruptive potential of styrene based on endpoints that would respond to EATS modes of action in some Tier 1-type and many Tier 2-type reproductive, developmental, and repeat dose toxicity studies. Responses to styrene were inconsistent with patterns of responses expected for chemicals and hormones known to operate via EATS MoAs, and thus, styrene cannot be deemed an endocrine disruptor, a potential endocrine disruptor, or to exhibit endocrine disruptive properties. Because Tier 1 EDSP screening results would trigger Tier 2 studies, like those evaluated here, subjecting styrene to further endocrine screening would produce no additional useful information and would be unjustified from animal welfare perspectives.","PeriodicalId":10869,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Toxicology","volume":"53 2","pages":"53-68"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9681887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Acrylonitrile's genotoxicity profile: mutagenicity in search of an underlying molecular mechanism. 丙烯腈的遗传毒性概况:寻找潜在分子机制的致突变性。

IF 5.9 2区医学

Critical Reviews in Toxicology Pub Date : 2023-02-01 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2023.2179912

Richard J Albertini, Christopher R Kirman, Dale E Strother

{"title":"Acrylonitrile's genotoxicity profile: mutagenicity in search of an underlying molecular mechanism.","authors":"Richard J Albertini, Christopher R Kirman, Dale E Strother","doi":"10.1080/10408444.2023.2179912","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10408444.2023.2179912","url":null,"abstract":"Acrylonitrile (ACN) is a known rodent and possible human carcinogen. There have also been concerns as to it causing adverse reproductive health effects. Numerous genotoxicity studies at the somatic level in a variety of test systems have demonstrated ACN's mutagenicity; its potential to induce mutations in germ cells has also been evaluated. ACN is metabolized to reactive intermediates capable of forming adducts with macromolecules including DNA, a necessary first step in establishing a direct mutagenic mode of action (MOA) for its carcinogenicity. The mutagenicity of ACN has been well demonstrated, however, numerous studies have found no evidence for the capacity of ACN to induce direct DNA lesions that initiate the mutagenic process. Although ACN and its oxidative metabolite (2-cyanoethylene oxide or CNEO) have been shown to bind in vitro with isolated DNA and associated proteins, usually under non-physiological conditions, studies in mammalian cells or in vivo have provided little specification as to an ACN-DNA reaction. Only one early study in rats has shown an ACN/CNEO DNA adduct in liver, a non-target tissue for its carcinogenicity in the rat. By contrast, numerous studies have shown that ACN can act indirectly to induce at least one DNA adduct by forming reactive oxygen species (ROS) in vivo, but it has not been definitively shown that the resulting DNA damage is causative for the induction of mutations. Genotoxicity studies for ACN in somatic and germinal cells are summarized and critically reviewed. Significant data gaps have been identified for bringing together the massive data base that provides the basis of ACN's current genotoxicity profile.","PeriodicalId":10869,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Toxicology","volume":"53 2","pages":"69-116"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9687746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

25X-NBOMe compounds - chemistry, pharmacology and toxicology. A comprehensive review. 25X-NBOMe化合物-化学，药理学和毒理学。全面审查。

IF 5.9 2区医学

Critical Reviews in Toxicology Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2023.2194907

Monika Herian, Paweł Świt

{"title":"25X-NBOMe compounds - chemistry, pharmacology and toxicology. A comprehensive review.","authors":"Monika Herian, Paweł Świt","doi":"10.1080/10408444.2023.2194907","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10408444.2023.2194907","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, a growing number of reports have indicated a positive effect of hallucinogenic-based therapies in different neuropsychiatric disorders. However, hallucinogens belonging to the group of new psychoactive substances (NPS) may produce high toxicity. NPS, due to their multi-receptors affinity, are extremely dangerous for the human body and mental health. An example of hallucinogens that have been lately responsible for many severe intoxications and deaths are 25X-NBOMes - N-(2-methoxybenzyl)-2,5-dimethoxy-4-substituted phenethylamines, synthetic compounds with strong hallucinogenic properties. 25X-NBOMes exhibit a high binding affinity to serotonin receptors but also to dopamine, adrenergic and histamine receptors. Apart from their influence on perception, many case reports point out systemic and neurological poisoning with these compounds. In humans, the most frequent side effects are tachycardia, anxiety, hypertension and seizures. Moreover, preclinical studies confirm that 25X-NBOMes cause developmental impairments, cytotoxicity, cardiovascular toxicity and changes in behavior of animals. Metabolism of NBOMes seems to be very complex and involves many metabolic pathways. This fact may explain the observed high toxicity. In addition, many analytical methods have been applied in order to identify these compounds and their metabolites. The presented review summarized the current knowledge about 25X-NBOMes, especially in the context of toxicity.","PeriodicalId":10869,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Toxicology","volume":"53 1","pages":"15-33"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9682282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0