Critical Reviews in Toxicology最新文献

{"title":"From cultivation to cancer: formation of <i>N</i>-nitrosamines and other carcinogens in smokeless tobacco and their mutagenic implications.","authors":"Stephen B Stanfill, Stephen S Hecht, Andreas C Joerger, Pablo J González, Luisa B Maia, Maria G Rivas, José J G Moura, Alpana K Gupta, Nick E Le Brun, Jason C Crack, Pierre Hainaut, Courtney Sparacino-Watkins, Robert E Tyx, Suresh D Pillai, Ghazi S Zaatari, S Jane Henley, Benjamin C Blount, Clifford H Watson, Bernd Kaina, Ravi Mehrotra","doi":"10.1080/10408444.2023.2264327","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10408444.2023.2264327","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tobacco use is a major cause of preventable morbidity and mortality globally. Tobacco products, including smokeless tobacco (ST), generally contain tobacco-specific <i>N</i>-nitrosamines (TSNAs), such as <i>N</i>'-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-butanone (NNK), which are potent carcinogens that cause mutations in critical genes in human DNA. This review covers the series of biochemical and chemical transformations, related to TSNAs, leading from tobacco cultivation to cancer initiation. A key aim of this review is to provide a greater understanding of TSNAs: their precursors, the microbial and chemical mechanisms that contribute to their formation in ST, their mutagenicity leading to cancer due to ST use, and potential means of lowering TSNA levels in tobacco products. TSNAs are not present in harvested tobacco but can form due to nitrosating agents reacting with tobacco alkaloids present in tobacco during certain types of curing. TSNAs can also form during or following ST production when certain microorganisms perform nitrate metabolism, with dissimilatory nitrate reductases converting nitrate to nitrite that is then released into tobacco and reacts chemically with tobacco alkaloids. When ST usage occurs, TSNAs are absorbed and metabolized to reactive compounds that form DNA adducts leading to mutations in critical target genes, including the <i>RAS</i> oncogenes and the p53 tumor suppressor gene. DNA repair mechanisms remove most adducts induced by carcinogens, thus preventing many but not all mutations. Lastly, because TSNAs and other agents cause cancer, previously documented strategies for lowering their levels in ST products are discussed, including using tobacco with lower nornicotine levels, pasteurization and other means of eliminating microorganisms, omitting fermentation and fire-curing, refrigerating ST products, and including nitrite scavenging chemicals as ST ingredients.</p>","PeriodicalId":10869,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"658-701"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138486943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A review of pulmonary neutrophilia and insights into the key role of neutrophils in particle-induced pathogenesis in the lung from animal studies of lunar dusts and other poorly soluble dust particles.","authors":"Chiu-Wing Lam, Vincent Castranova, Kevin Driscoll, David Warheit, Valerie Ryder, Ye Zhang, Patti Zeidler-Erdely, Robert Hunter, Robert Scully, William Wallace, John James, Brian Crucian, Mayra Nelman, Richard McCluskey, Donald Gardner, Roger Renne, Roger McClellan","doi":"10.1080/10408444.2023.2258925","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10408444.2023.2258925","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The mechanisms of particle-induced pathogenesis in the lung remain poorly understood. Neutrophilic inflammation and oxidative stress in the lung are hallmarks of toxicity. Some investigators have postulated that oxidative stress from particle surface reactive oxygen species (psROS) on the dust produces the toxicopathology in the lungs of dust-exposed animals. This postulate was tested concurrently with the studies to elucidate the toxicity of lunar dust (LD), which is believed to contain psROS due to high-speed micrometeoroid bombardment that fractured and pulverized lunar surface regolith. Results from studies of rats intratracheally instilled (ITI) with three LDs (prepared from an Apollo-14 lunar regolith), which differed 14-fold in levels of psROS, and two toxicity reference dusts (TiO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and quartz) indicated that psROS had no significant contribution to the dusts' toxicity in the lung. Reported here are results of further investigations by the LD toxicity study team on the toxicological role of oxidants in alveolar neutrophils that were harvested from rats in the 5-dust ITI study and from rats that were exposed to airborne LD for 4 weeks. The oxidants per neutrophils and all neutrophils increased with dose, exposure time and dust's cytotoxicity. The results suggest that alveolar neutrophils play a critical role in particle-induced injury and toxicity in the lung of dust-exposed animals. Based on these results, we propose an adverse outcome pathway (AOP) for particle-associated lung disease that centers on the crucial role of alveolar neutrophil-derived oxidant species. A critical review of the toxicology literature on particle exposure and lung disease further supports a neutrophil-centric mechanism in the pathogenesis of lung disease and may explain previously reported animal species differences in responses to poorly soluble particles. Key findings from the toxicology literature indicate that (1) after exposures to the same dust at the same amount, rats have more alveolar neutrophils than hamsters; hamsters clear more particles from their lungs, consequently contributing to fewer neutrophils and less severe lung lesions; (2) rats exposed to nano-sized TiO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; have more neutrophils and more severe lesions in their lungs than rats exposed to the same mass-concentration of micron-sized TiO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;; nano-sized dust has a greater number of particles and a larger total particle-cell contact surface area than the same mass of micron-sized dust, which triggers more alveolar epithelial cells (AECs) to synthesize and release more cytokines that recruit a greater number of neutrophils leading to more severe lesions. Thus, we postulate that, during chronic dust exposure, particle-inflicted AECs persistently release cytokines, which recruit neutrophils and activate them to produce oxidants resulting in a prolonged continuous source of endogenous oxidative stress that leads to lung toxicity. This neutrophil-driven lung pathoge","PeriodicalId":10869,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"441-479"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10872584/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41233098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Incapacitating agents review: 20 years after Nord Ost Siege.","authors":"Tomás A E Gabrielli","doi":"10.1080/10408444.2023.2270567","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10408444.2023.2270567","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Incapacitating agents are chemical weapons that produce a temporary disabling condition that persists for hours or days after exposure. Their main site of action is the central nervous system and includes substances that are considered depressants or stimulants. While not intended to cause death, can produce significant morbidity in affected patients. The objective of this narrative review is to update the toxicokinetics, toxicodynamics, diagnosis, and treatment of these chemicals, considering that 20 years have passed since the Nord Ost Siege, where a fentanyl derivative was used by Russian forces to neutralize a group of Chechen dissidents. A bibliographic search was carried out in PubMed, SciELO, and Cochrane Library databases as well as nonindexed scientific literature.</p>","PeriodicalId":10869,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"481-490"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71421458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immunotoxicity of engineered nanomaterials and their role in asthma.","authors":"Wells Utembe, Charlene Andraos, Mary Gulumian","doi":"10.1080/10408444.2023.2270519","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10408444.2023.2270519","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The toxicity of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) <i>in vivo</i> and <i>in vitro</i> has formed the basis of most studies. However, the toxicity of ENMs, particularly on the immune system, i.e. <i>immunotoxicity</i>, and their role in manipulating it, are less known. This review addresses the initiation or exacerbation as well as the attenuation of allergic asthma by a variety of ENMs and how they may be used in drug delivery to enhance the treatment of asthma. This review also highlights a few research gaps in the study of the immunotoxicity of ENMs, for example, the potential drawbacks of assays used in immunotoxicity assays; the potential role of hormesis during dosing of ENMs; and the variables that result in discrepancies among different studies, such as the physicochemical properties of ENMs, differences in asthmatic animal models, and different routes of administration.</p>","PeriodicalId":10869,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"491-505"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71479176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Malathion or diazinon exposure and male reproductive toxicity: a systematic review of studies performed with rodents.","authors":"Daniel Delorenzi Schons, Gabriel Adan Araújo Leite","doi":"10.1080/10408444.2023.2270494","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10408444.2023.2270494","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Malathion and diazinon are pesticides commonly used in agriculture to avoid insects that damage crops; however, they may cause impairment to the male genital system of exposed humans. The present work carried out a systematic review of the literature concerning the primary studies that assessed the reproductive effects resulting from male rats and mice exposed to malathion or diazinon. The search for articles was performed on the databases PubMed, LILACS, Scopus, and SciELO, using different combinations of the search terms \"malathion,\" \"diazinon,\" \"mice,\" \"rats,\" \"male reproduction,\" \"fertility,\" and \"sperm,\" followed by the Boolean operators AND or OR. The results obtained indicate that both pesticides act as reproductive toxicants by reducing sperm quality, diminishing hormonal concentrations, inducing increased oxidative stress, and provoking histopathological damage in reproductive organs. Then, the exposure to malathion and diazinon may provoke diminished levels of testosterone by increasing acetylcholine stimulation in the testis through muscarinic receptors, thus, providing a reduction in steroidogenic activity in Leydig cells, whose effect is related to lower levels of testosterone in rodents, and consequently, it is associated with decreased fertility. Considering the toxic effects on the male genital system of rodents and the possible male reproductive toxicity in humans, it is recommended the decreased use of these pesticides and their replacement for others that show no or few toxic effects for non-target animals.</p>","PeriodicalId":10869,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"506-520"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71434059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Subject: call for papers-critical reviews in toxicology.","authors":"Roger O McClellan","doi":"10.1080/10408444.2023.2270291","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10408444.2023.2270291","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":10869,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"480"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49689179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"International regulatory uses of acute systemic toxicity data and integration of new approach methodologies.","authors":"Judy Strickland, Esther Haugabrooks, David G Allen, Luciene B Balottin, Yoko Hirabayashi, Nicole C Kleinstreuer, Hajime Kojima, Claudio Nishizawa, Pilar Prieto, Deborah E Ratzlaff, Jayoung Jeong, JinHee Lee, Ying Yang, Pinpin Lin, Kristie Sullivan, Warren Casey","doi":"10.1080/10408444.2023.2240852","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10408444.2023.2240852","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chemical regulatory authorities around the world require systemic toxicity data from acute exposures via the oral, dermal, and inhalation routes for human health risk assessment. To identify opportunities for regulatory uses of non-animal replacements for these tests, we reviewed acute systemic toxicity testing requirements for jurisdictions that participate in the International Cooperation on Alternative Test Methods (ICATM): Brazil, Canada, China, the European Union, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, and the USA. The chemical sectors included in our review of each jurisdiction were cosmetics, consumer products, industrial chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and pesticides. We found acute systemic toxicity data were most often required for hazard assessment, classification, and labeling, and to a lesser extent quantitative risk assessment. Where animal methods were required, animal reduction methods were typically recommended. For many jurisdictions and chemical sectors, non-animal alternatives are not accepted, but several jurisdictions provide guidance to support the use of test waivers to reduce animal use for specific applications. An understanding of international regulatory requirements for acute systemic toxicity testing will inform ICATM's strategy for the development, acceptance, and implementation of non-animal alternatives to assess the health hazards and risks associated with acute toxicity.</p>","PeriodicalId":10869,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"385-411"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10592330/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10549589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Response to the letter to the editor regarding the article \"Weight of evidence evaluation for chemical-induced immunotoxicity for PFOA and PFOS: findings from an independent panel of experts\" by Garvey et al. (2023).","authors":"Gregory J Garvey,&nbsp;Janet K Anderson,&nbsp;Philip P Goodrum,&nbsp;Kirby H Tyndall,&nbsp;L Anthony Cox,&nbsp;Mahin Khatami,&nbsp;Jorge Morales-Montor,&nbsp;Rita S Schoeny,&nbsp;Jennifer G Seed,&nbsp;Rajeev K Tyagi,&nbsp;Christopher R Kirman,&nbsp;Sean M Hays","doi":"10.1080/10408444.2023.2240841","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10408444.2023.2240841","url":null,"abstract":"Thank you for the opportunity to respond to Dr. Post’s letter (Post 2023) regarding our recent publication. We are pleased that our paper and the work of the independent panel of experts is gaining such attention and we appreciate the opportunity to respond and correct the record. Dr. Post suggests there are “inaccuracies” in our statements regarding the use of immune system effects as the critical endpoints for toxicity factors for perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS). We divided her comment letter into three sections and provide responses below.","PeriodicalId":10869,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"438-439"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10069403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Letter to the editor about the article \"Weight of evidence evaluation for chemical-induced immunotoxicity for PFOA and PFOS: findings from an independent panel of experts\" by Garvey et al. (2023).","authors":"Gloria B Post","doi":"10.1080/10408444.2023.2240903","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10408444.2023.2240903","url":null,"abstract":"This letter is written regarding the recently published paper, Garvey et al. (2023). “Weight of evidence evaluation for chemical-induced immunotoxicity for PFOA and PFOS: findings from an independent panel of experts,” doi:10.1080/10408444.2023.2194913. I am writing to correct inaccuracies in the information about the use of immune system effects as the critical endpoints for toxicity factors (Reference Doses [RfDs]; Minimal Risk Levels [MRLs]) for perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) that Garvey et al. attributed to my publication, Post (2021). Garvey et al. state:","PeriodicalId":10869,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"436-437"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10069406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The environment and male reproductive system: the potential role and underlying mechanisms of cadmium in testis cancer.","authors":"Cristina de Angelis,&nbsp;Giacomo Galdiero,&nbsp;Davide Menafra,&nbsp;Francesco Garifalos,&nbsp;Nunzia Verde,&nbsp;Mariangela Piscopo,&nbsp;Mariarosaria Negri,&nbsp;Renata Simona Auriemma,&nbsp;Chiara Simeoli,&nbsp;Claudia Pivonello,&nbsp;Annamaria Colao,&nbsp;Rosario Pivonello","doi":"10.1080/10408444.2023.2250387","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10408444.2023.2250387","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cadmium is a known human carcinogen, and has been shown to profoundly affect male reproductive function, at multiple levels, by exerting both endocrine and non-endocrine actions. Nevertheless, the potential role of cadmium in the etiology of testis cancer has been scantly investigated in humans, and, currently, available epidemiological observational studies are insufficient to draw definitive conclusions in this regard. On the contrary, experimental studies in laboratory animals demonstrated that cadmium is a strong inducer of testis tumors, mostly represented by benign Leydig cell adenoma; moreover, malignant transformation was also reported in few animals, following cadmium treatment. Early experimental studies in animals proposed an endocrine-dependent mechanism of cadmium-induced testis tumorigenesis; however, more recent findings from cell-free assays, <i>in vitro</i> studies, and short-term <i>in vivo</i> studies, highlighted that cadmium might also contribute to testis tumor development by early occurring endocrine-independent mechanisms, which include aberrant gene expression within the testis, and genotoxic effects, and take place well before the timing of testis tumorigenesis. These endocrine-independent mechanisms, however, have not been directly investigated on testis tumor samples retrieved from affected, cadmium-treated animals so far. The present review focuses on the relationship between cadmium exposure and testis cancer, by reporting the few epidemiological observational human studies available, and by providing animal-based experimental evidences of cadmium implication in the pathogenesis and progression of testis tumor. Moreover, the relevance of experimental animal studies to human cadmium exposure and the translational potential of experimental findings will be extensively discussed, by critically addressing strengths and weaknesses of available data.</p>","PeriodicalId":10869,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":"412-435"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41115950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}