{"title":"Genomic regions conferring partial Fusarium crown rot resistance in commercial wheat cultivars","authors":"Anke Martin, Sandra Lamprecht, Cassy Percy, Mardé Booyse, Elsabet Wessels, Driecus Lesch, Renée Prins","doi":"10.1002/csc2.70023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/csc2.70023","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study aimed to genetically characterize <i>Fusarium</i> crown rot (FCR) resistance in high-yielding commercial spring bread wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.) cultivars SST 087, with partial FCR resistance, and susceptible cultivar PAN 3471. Multi-year trials were conducted in South Africa, and one trial was run in Australia. Nine FCR quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were identified across eight different chromosomes (1A, 1D, 2A, 2B, 3D, 5B, 6D, 7A, and 7D). A QTL on chromosome 7A had the highest logarithm of the odds (LOD) score of 7.8 with 15% of the phenotypic variance explained and was identified across multiple years and in both the South African and Australian environments. The 35K Affymetrix Axiom Wheat Breeders’ Array data were used to identify sequence data for <i>QFcr.cg</i>-7A for development of FCR markers for marker-assisted selection in wheat breeding programs. QTLs associated with grain yield under FCR infection were identified on chromosomes 2A, 3D, 5B, 5DS, and 7A, with the QTL on 5B having the highest LOD score (4.6). A yield QTL on the distal end of chromosome 2AS was detected in the chromosome region where the <i>Aegilops ventricosa</i> Tausch 2N<sup>V</sup>S translocation-associated markers map. The yield benefit was associated with the absence of this translocation in PAN 3471 in 2019, which was a drought stressed year with a much lower rainfall compared to 2020, when it went undetected. We have identified partial FCR resistance in the high-yielding commercial cultivar SST 087 and have identified FCR markers for marker-assisted selection in wheat breeding programs.</p>","PeriodicalId":10849,"journal":{"name":"Crop Science","volume":"65 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/csc2.70023","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143564597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Crop SciencePub Date : 2025-03-06DOI: 10.1002/csc2.70024
Kayla R. Altendorf, Garett C. Heineck, Anna L. Tawril
{"title":"Predictive ability of hop (Humulus lupulus L.) grown in single hills on plot environments","authors":"Kayla R. Altendorf, Garett C. Heineck, Anna L. Tawril","doi":"10.1002/csc2.70024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/csc2.70024","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Several years of the hop (<i>Humulus lupulu</i>s L.) cultivar development process are spent evaluating genotypes in single hill, low-density plantings. We evaluated the predictive ability of a genotype's performance in the seedling year in high-density, short-trellis plantings, in established, low-density, single-hill nurseries, and on plots representative of the commercial standard. The objective was to determine whether the single hill phase could be eliminated in favor of advancing from seedlings directly into plots. We tested seven hop genotypes across five spacing and trellis height configurations for 2 years for agronomic traits and cone traits. Spearman rank correlations revealed that high-density seedling evaluations were significantly predictive (average <i>ρ</i> = 0.60; <i>α</i> < 0.1) of the commercial standard for 44%–75% of trait and year combinations. Notably, across all spacings, cone traits were more often significantly predictive (75%–85% frequency, average <i>ρ</i> = 0.78–0.82) than agronomic traits (38%–56% frequency, <i>ρ </i>= 0.52–0.64). Overall, the low-density, single-hill nursery offered a predictive advantage over the seedlings for both categories of traits. From a resource use perspective, 717% more individuals can be evaluated in the densest seedling option relative to the least-dense single hill option. Breeders must weigh the costs of space, time, population size and the predictive ability of their priority traits when deciding whether to make selections from the first year or to first transplant selections into single hill nurseries for additional years of evaluation.</p>","PeriodicalId":10849,"journal":{"name":"Crop Science","volume":"65 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/csc2.70024","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143564980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Crop SciencePub Date : 2025-03-06DOI: 10.1002/csc2.70006
Xingfa Lai, Dong An, Yuying Shen
{"title":"Effects of rainfall variability on productivity and profitability in the intensified annual forage–winter wheat cropping systems on the Loess Plateau of China","authors":"Xingfa Lai, Dong An, Yuying Shen","doi":"10.1002/csc2.70006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/csc2.70006","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Intensifying traditional fallow–winter wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.) (F–W) system with annual forage can increase productivity and profitability on the Loess Plateau of China. However, the uneven and variability precipitation has led to the productivity is instability. Four-cycles field experiment from 2016 to 2020 to investigate that planting oat (<i>Avena sativa</i> L.), soybean [<i>Glycine max</i> L. (Merr.)], and vetch (<i>Vicia sativa</i> L.) annual forages into summer fallow period on productivity, benefit, and resource use efficiency under R−30% (a 30% decrease in natural rainfall), CK (natural rainfall), and R+30% (a 30% increase in natural rainfall) three rainfall situations. Across four growing seasons with 12 rainfall situations, incorporating annual forages into fallow period significantly increased productivity and resource use efficiency, and the system productivity and net income were influenced by the intra- and interannual variability rainfall. Increasing precipitation significantly enhanced productivity. Compared to CK, the R+30% scenario wheat equivalent yields in F–W, oat–winter wheat (O–W), soybean–winter wheat (S–W), and vetch–winter wheat (V–W) systems were increased by 17.9%, 20.3%, 18.7%, and 25.5%, respectively. In normal years, forage oat, soybean, and vetch yields were 5545, 4339, and 2829 kg ha<sup>−1</sup>, respectively. The F–W, O–W, S–W, and V–W wheat grain yields were 3785, 3089, 4014, and 3286 kg ha<sup>−1</sup>, respectively. Compared to F–W, the S–W system net income increased by 30.5%, 33.3%, and 36.3%, respectively, under dry, normal, and wet years. In consideration of yield and profitability, the S–W system is more suitable for local farmers to wheat production under future climate change on the Loess Plateau.</p>","PeriodicalId":10849,"journal":{"name":"Crop Science","volume":"65 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/csc2.70006","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143554852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Crop SciencePub Date : 2025-03-06DOI: 10.1002/csc2.70026
Jake M. Gendron, C. Wayne Smith, Steve Hague
{"title":"Correlations of upland cotton within-boll yield components with fiber properties in breeding populations with improved fiber bundle strength","authors":"Jake M. Gendron, C. Wayne Smith, Steve Hague","doi":"10.1002/csc2.70026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/csc2.70026","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A diverse population of 239 genotypes across 18 families plus five control populations (released genotypes) were evaluated for HVI fiber traits, yield components of S/B (average number of seeds per boll) and LP (lint weight divided by the seed cotton weight), and within-boll yield components of SSA (cm<sup>2</sup> of surface area per seed), L/S (lint weight per seed), L/SSA (lint yield per cm<sup>2</sup> of seed surface), F/S (number of fibers per seed), and F/SSA (number of fibers per unit area of seed surface) at College Station, TX in 2019, 2020, and 2021. This total population of 244 genotypes across 3 years provided 774 observations. The dataset was evaluated on a family basis and it was determined that it varied significantly across HVI fiber properties and yield components. HVI fiber properties were within normal ranges reported widely in the literature except fiber bundle strength (FBS), of which 11 families averaged higher values than the control families. For upper half mean length (UHML), several experimental families averaged longer UHML than the shorter control family but not different than the longest control family. Fewer differences were observed in the yield components, although those values were similar to values previously reported. Spearman's correlations were calculated for LP, S/B, and HVI fiber properties and the within-boll yield components of SSA, L/S, L/SSA, F/S, and F/SSA. Results indicated that the negative associations of SSA, L/S, and L/SSA reported earlier for FBS did not exist in this population and that the <i>r</i> values for FBS with F/S and F/SSA were reduced and explained less than 3% of the variation in FBS.</p>","PeriodicalId":10849,"journal":{"name":"Crop Science","volume":"65 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143564982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Crop SciencePub Date : 2025-03-06DOI: 10.1002/csc2.70015
Albert T. Adjesiwor
{"title":"Winter cereal cover crop termination timing to optimize trade-off between weed suppression and impact on sugar beet yield","authors":"Albert T. Adjesiwor","doi":"10.1002/csc2.70015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/csc2.70015","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Field experiments were conducted in 2021 and 2022 to evaluate cereal cover crops and herbicide programs for weed control in sugar beet (<i>Beta vulgaris</i>). The experiment was set up in a split-split-plot randomized complete block design with four replications. The main plot was two fall-planted cereal cover crops (cereal rye and winter wheat) and no cover crop; the split-plot factor was five cover crop termination timings (14 and 7 days before planting, day of planting, and 14 and 7 days after planting), and the split-split-plot factor was three herbicide programs (dimethenamid-p + glyphosate at four leaf sugar beet; dimethenamid-p + glyphosate at four leaf sugar beet followed by glyphosate at 10 leaf stage; and glyphosate at four leaf sugar beet followed by glyphosate at 10 leaf stage). Cereal rye produced more biomass and thus provided up to 50% better weed suppression than winter wheat. Terminating cover crops after sugar beet was planted reduced common lambsquarters and kochia density by 28%–90% at the time of the first postemergence herbicide application. One-time application of dimethenamid-p + glyphosate had similar weed control as glyphosate applied twice. Delaying cover crop termination until 7 or 14 days after planting reduced sugar beet stand density and reduced root yield by 8%–28%. Terminating cereal cover crops with herbicides at planting or up to 7 days prior provided optimal sugar beet yield in this study.</p>","PeriodicalId":10849,"journal":{"name":"Crop Science","volume":"65 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/csc2.70015","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143564987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Crop SciencePub Date : 2025-03-06DOI: 10.1002/csc2.70030
Jonathan O. C. Kubesch, Scott P. Greiner, Gabriel J. Pent, J. Leighton Reid, Benjamin F. Tracy
{"title":"Diversifying tall fescue pastures with native warm-season grasses and white clover improves beef cattle performance","authors":"Jonathan O. C. Kubesch, Scott P. Greiner, Gabriel J. Pent, J. Leighton Reid, Benjamin F. Tracy","doi":"10.1002/csc2.70030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/csc2.70030","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Tall fescue (<i>Schedonorus arundinaceus</i> (Schreb.) Dumort., nom. cons.) is a productive and stress-tolerant cool-season grass, but endophyte toxicity can reduce beef cattle performance. Creating biodiverse pastures with perennial native warm-season grasses (NWSGs) could alleviate fescue toxicity by providing alternative sources of forage. Legumes added to NWSG mixtures could also provide floral resources for insect pollinators, reseeding, and benefit cattle performance. A 3-year grazing study conducted in Virginia tested the feasibility of this biodiverse grazing system to improve animal performance and floral resources for pollinators. The experiment consisted of three treatments applied to 1-ha pastures: (1) biodiverse—70% planted to tall fescue with 30% planted to a NWSG and legume mixture, (2) shade—100% tall fescue pasture supplemented with artificial shade, and (3) control—100% tall fescue pasture with no shade. Pastures were continuously stocked with cattle each summer from 2021 to 2023. Average daily gain of cattle in the biodiverse treatment ranged from 31% to 85% greater than other treatments likely because animals had access to NWSG and white clover (<i>Trifolium repens</i> L.) forage. Midday body temperatures of cattle in the biodiverse treatment were also 0.3°C–0.5°C lower than those on the control treatment. Flower production was limited to white clover. Overall, findings from this study suggest that diversifying tall fescue pastures with NWSGs and white clover can lead to improvements of beef cattle performance and may reduce the level of heat stress.</p>","PeriodicalId":10849,"journal":{"name":"Crop Science","volume":"65 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143565046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Crop SciencePub Date : 2025-03-06DOI: 10.1002/csc2.70025
I. L. Goldman
{"title":"To vegetable: Seasons that require us","authors":"I. L. Goldman","doi":"10.1002/csc2.70025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/csc2.70025","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Domestication of cereals tracks with the natural life cycle of plants in the Poaceae family, but vegetables represent a different modality and often possess a truncated life cycle. The evolution of vegetable biodiversity required curatorial work each growing season that differed in important ways from curation of grains or perennial crops. Separate curation of short-lived vegetable plants may have provided expanded labor niches and nutritional diversity in newly settled agricultural communities. The word <i>vegetable</i> is a noun, but is also a verb. <i>To vegetable</i> is a specialized activity in agriculture that involves the modification of plants for the harvest of immature organs for food and the saving of propagules for curation and maintenance. Vegetabling has resulted in plants with truncated harvest schedules and high perishability whose longevity is prolonged by an extensive cold chain network and postharvest manipulation, requiring additional human effort and technology.</p>","PeriodicalId":10849,"journal":{"name":"Crop Science","volume":"65 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/csc2.70025","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143564981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Crop SciencePub Date : 2025-03-06DOI: 10.1002/csc2.70016
Lawrence Tidakbi, Hongliang Wang, Ruolin Bian, Carla Redila, Daniel Zhu, Paul St. Amand, Amy Bernardo, Myron Bruce, Guorong Zhang, Allan Fritz, Mary Guttieri, John Fellers, Guihua Bai, Jessica Rupp Noller, Katherine W. Jordan
{"title":"Genome-wide association study identifies novel associations with barley yellow dwarf virus and soil-borne wheat mosaic virus resistance in winter wheat association mapping panel","authors":"Lawrence Tidakbi, Hongliang Wang, Ruolin Bian, Carla Redila, Daniel Zhu, Paul St. Amand, Amy Bernardo, Myron Bruce, Guorong Zhang, Allan Fritz, Mary Guttieri, John Fellers, Guihua Bai, Jessica Rupp Noller, Katherine W. Jordan","doi":"10.1002/csc2.70016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/csc2.70016","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Viral pathogens adversely affect wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.) development and are responsible for significant wheat yield losses. Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) is one of the most serious worldwide virus threats to cereal crops. Soil-borne wheat mosaic virus (SBWMV) has been present in the Great Plains and responsible for wheat damage for over a century. Identification of additional sources of genetic resistance is paramount to combat the potential damage from these viruses. We constructed a panel of 269 winter wheat cultivars and breeding lines to assess the resistance to naturally occurring BYDV and SBWMV in a Kansas nursery. These lines were sequenced using exome and promoter capture identifying over 640,000 variants for association analysis with visual disease severity ratings. We found 10 and seven significant regions affecting resistance to BYDV and SBWMV, respectively. These regions include the <i>Bdv2</i> and <i>Sbwm1</i> loci, as well as novel loci affecting virus resistance. Most of the novel associations are rare, with effect sizes ranging from 5% to 22%. We performed a survey of the viral population present in the disease nursery, which confirmed the presence of both BYDV and SBWMV and revealed differences in virus population from year to year. Additionally, it suggested that co-infections of multiple viruses are common, demonstrating the need for breeding lines harboring resistance to multiple viruses. Deployment of these novel genetic resistance regions in combination with existing resistance loci should allow for increased resistance and potentially more sustainable viral control and reduce the risks associated with wheat yield loss due to these viruses.</p>","PeriodicalId":10849,"journal":{"name":"Crop Science","volume":"65 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/csc2.70016","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143564988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Crop SciencePub Date : 2025-03-06DOI: 10.1002/csc2.70028
P. Umadevi, S. Gopala Krishnan, M. Nagarajan, Ranjith Kumar Ellur, K. K. Vinod, A. K. Singh
{"title":"Prevalent protein abundance and characteristic peptides in the seed proteome of basmati rice (Oryza sativa L.)","authors":"P. Umadevi, S. Gopala Krishnan, M. Nagarajan, Ranjith Kumar Ellur, K. K. Vinod, A. K. Singh","doi":"10.1002/csc2.70028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/csc2.70028","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In the changing climatic scenario, the application of proteomics for accelerated identification of elite genes is an important way to speed up the development of elite lines. Seeds, the reservoir of protein expression in most aspects of plant development, are an attractive platform for identifying unique/novel proteins. There has been no report on the seed proteome of basmati rice (<i>Oryza sativa</i> L.). This study presents, for the first time, the seed proteome of superior Indian basmati rice varieties Pusa Basmati 1121 and Pusa Basmati 1718, which are important genetic resources in basmati rice breeding. Through label-free quantitative proteomics, a new source of genes was identified by exploiting the predominant protein abundance and unique peptides. The protein hub related to flowering time revealed a probable photoperiod-independent pathway in Pusa Basmati 1121 with an abundant expression of the Photoperiod Independent Flowering Gene 1 protein. Pusa Basmati 1121 and 1718 contained proteins related to ABA synthesis and biotic and abiotic tolerance, respectively. The signature peptides of thaumatin-like protein and a plant antimicrobial protein from Pusa Basmati 1718 are a new addition to the plant antimicrobial peptides from basmati rice. The primary structure analysis of seed proteins indicated the lysine status, while the abundant non-starch glucans sent clues for targeted research on these basmati rice varieties as a therapeutic food.</p>","PeriodicalId":10849,"journal":{"name":"Crop Science","volume":"65 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143564983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Effect of planting dates and seeding densities on growth, physiology, and yield of industrial hemp","authors":"Preetaman Bajwa, Sukhbir Singh, Arjun Kafle, Rupinder Saini, Calvin Trostle","doi":"10.1002/csc2.70017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/csc2.70017","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Industrial hemp (<i>Cannabis sativa</i> L.) exhibits growth potential in water-limited regions due to its deep roots and drought tolerance. However, limited knowledge exists about its agronomic production in semiarid West Texas. A 2-year (2022–2023) field experiment evaluated the effect of planting dates (P1: April 19, P2: May 10, and P3: June 6) and seeding densities (SD1: 84500 seeds ha<sup>−1</sup>, SD2: 1,408,000 seeds ha<sup>−1</sup>, and SD3: 1,972,000 seeds ha<sup>−1</sup>) on the growth, physiology, and yield of hemp in a split-plot block design. In both years, P3 reduced photosynthesis but increased transpiration compared to earlier plantings. In 2022, SD1 increased transpiration during the vegetative stage; however, no significant difference was observed during 2023. Photosynthesis remained consistent among densities throughout both years. In 2022, P2 accumulated 15%, 24%, 33%, and 43% greater plant height, biomass, bast fiber, and hurd fiber, respectively, but 45% lower grain yield than P3. In 2023, P1 and P2, on average, produced 32%, 175%, 149%, and 243% greater height, biomass, bast fiber, and hurd fiber than P3, respectively, while P2 accumulated 36% higher grain yield than P1 and 94% than P3. In 2022, SD3 had the highest bast, while hurd yield did not differ among densities. During 2023, SD3 produced the greatest bast and hurd fiber and significantly greater grain yield than SD1, with no variation with SD2. In conclusion, these findings suggest that early planting at higher seeding density can maximize resource use efficiency and production in West Texas. This makes them a viable strategy for sustainable hemp production under water-limited conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":10849,"journal":{"name":"Crop Science","volume":"65 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143565044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}