Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition, 2005.最新文献

{"title":"Effect of energy trapping on performance of QCM","authors":"M. Onoe","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2005.1573970","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2005.1573970","url":null,"abstract":"Quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) vibrating in a thickness shear mode is widely used for biosensing. Since its peripheral is sealed air or liquid tight to form a sample space, a reduction of displacement at peripheral is important in order to keep its Q value and hence its sensitivity high. A popular technique is a trapping of vibration energy in the center portion of QCM. It is realized in the thickness shear mode by making the resonant frequency of the center portion lower than the resonant frequency of the peripheral. When an operating frequency is below 10 MHz, its major surfaces are usually contoured in either plano-convex, convex-convex or bevel shape. When an operating frequency is much higher, simple mass loading by electrodes in the center portion on flat surfaces is good enough to cause energy trapping. Energy trapping, however, reduces an effective area for sensing and hence an overall sensitivity of QCM. A good design of QCM calls for a balance between two factors based on an analysis of effect of energy trapping on performance of QCM. Previous analysis based on equivalent circuit of contoured vibrators with free major surfaces is extended to include effects of mechanical loading on major surfaces due to medium to be sensed into account. A new equivalent circuit with four ports is developed for small section of a vibrator. Two ports correspond to upper and lower surfaces of the vibrator and are terminated by mechanical impedance of attached media to be sensed. Another two ports, left and right, are for connection with neighboring sections. Parameters of an equivalent circuit depend on thickness or mass loading of a section. A large number of sections with gradually varying thickness or mass loading are connected in tandem to approximate a profile of the vibrator. An application of the compensation theorem to the overall equivalent circuit shows the sensor sensitivity is proportional to the integral of square of displacement amplitude. Resonant frequencies, distribution of displacement and reduction factor of sensitivity of plano-convex vibrators are calculated as functions of width vs. thickness ratio and width vs. radius of curvature","PeriodicalId":108334,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition, 2005.","volume":"214 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121043308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SAW unidirectional interdigital transducer with ultra-low insertion loss and wide band in 10MHZ-10GHZ range","authors":"Y. Satoh, K. Yamanouchi","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2005.1573997","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2005.1573997","url":null,"abstract":"Surface acoustic wave (SAW) filters employing unidirectional interdigital transducers (UDT) show low loss properties. We proposed a single phase unidirectional transducer (UDT) with about /spl lambda//4 electrode width of the best transducer efficiency. The UDTs are obtained by IDT on the very thin dielectric grating with /spl lambda//8 shifts. The electromechanical couplings (k/sup 2/) of electrodes on SiO/sub 2/ films decrease rapidly for film thickness. Therefore the good properties of UDT are obtained for the very thin thickness of SiO/sub 2/ grating (about 0.03/spl mu/m at 2GHz with electrode thickness of Al of 0.07/spl mu/m). In this paper we describe the experimental results of wide band and very low loss filters with below 1dB insertion loss at 500MHz and 2GHz-range.","PeriodicalId":108334,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition, 2005.","volume":"63 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131556405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Digital recursive oscillator with reduced frequency versus temperature dependency utilizing a dual-mode crystal oscillator","authors":"V. Stofanik, A.E. Sam, I. Balaz, M. Minárik","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2005.1573985","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2005.1573985","url":null,"abstract":"The paper deals with a reduction of static frequency vs. temperature (f-T) dependency of digitally generated sinusoidal signals. The f-T dependency reduction is based on a self-temperature-sensing of a quartz crystal in dual-mode crystal oscillator, which produces the reference clock. We have proposed a digital oscillator, which automatically compensates the f-T dependency of its sampling clock over a wide range of operating temperatures. Numerical accuracy limitation of the oscillator due to finite word-length arithmetic is also analyzed in this article","PeriodicalId":108334,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition, 2005.","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132681003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Zero-field Fe/sup 3+/: sapphire whispering-gallery-mode solid-state maser oscillator","authors":"P. Bourgeois, M. Oxborrow, M.E. Tobai, N. Bazin, Y. Kersalé, K. Benmessai, V. Giordano","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2005.1573958","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2005.1573958","url":null,"abstract":"We report the realization of a new type of solid-state maser oscillator whose output frequency is controlled by a whispering-gallery (WG) electromagnetic mode. Here, the maser oscillator can be regarded as a free-running loop oscillator whose component loop resonator and sustaining amplifier are consolidated within the same compact object, namely a cylinder of Fe3+-doped mono-crystalline sapphire. This cylinder supports a 17th-azimuthal-order quasi-transverse-magnetic WG mode at approx. 12.04 GHz, with a loaded (ESR-saturated) Q of several hundred million. The WG mode's frequency lies within the line-width of the electron spin resonance (ESR) associated with transitions between the lowest two paramagnetic levels of Fe3+ ions, that are included within the sapphire's lattice at a substitutive concentration of approx. one part per billion. By applying an auxiliary microwave 'pump' at a frequency of approx. 31.3 GHz to the resonator, a population inversion is achieved across this 'signal' ESR transition with no applied d.c. magnetic bias field. Despite the extremely low concentration of Fe3+ ions present, continuous above-threshold maser oscillation is achieved on the 12.04-GHz whispering-gallery mode due to its high Q. The power of the maser oscillator's signal output exceeds -50 dBm, some 104 times greater than that provided by an active hydrogen maser. In a highly preliminary experiment, the oscillator's frequency stability at 30 seconds was measured to be 2.5 times 10-14","PeriodicalId":108334,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition, 2005.","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114439791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Low-noise x-band oscillator and amplifier technologies: comparison and status","authors":"D. Howe, A. Hati","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2005.1573978","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2005.1573978","url":null,"abstract":"This study compares the phase noise of different classes of oscillators and amplifiers that work at X-band. Best-in-class results are presented based on recent measurements at NIST. In particular, comparisons are made between mature technologies of multiplied quartz, sapphire dielectric in whispering gallery mode (WGM), and air-dielectric-resonator stabilized RF oscillators in contrast to various configurations of optical electronic oscillators (OEO), cavity-stabilized, and atom-stabilized optical-domain oscillators and femtosecond-lasercomb frequency synthesizers. This study also reports the status of classes of low-noise X-band amplifiers, since high-spectral-purity oscillators are constrained by amplifiers to varying degrees. Best-available low-noise X-band commercial amplifiers are compared with new feedforward, feedback, and array-gain test devices. Straight HBT (heterojunction bipolar transistors) and SiGe HBT technologies are compared in terms of phase noise. Results are for an operating frequency of 10 GHz","PeriodicalId":108334,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition, 2005.","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126050821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Changing process of two convex-lens shape resonators on one quartz blank","authors":"Z. Nagaura, K. Nagaura, K. Imani, Y. Nagaura","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2005.1573999","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2005.1573999","url":null,"abstract":"Our research objective is to make two single-sided inverted-mesa type concave resonators on a quartz blank by etching process for bio-sensors and so forth. Then three kind of concave blanks were made for different resonating frequencies. By using dual-face polishing machine, the first blank was formed to be concave as 0.5 mum from front and rear sides (total 1.0 mum), the second one as 1.0 mum and the third one as 1.5 mum. The rear side of every concave blank was naturally made to be in convex lens shape. The changing height of convex lens shape blank was related to every quantity of polished quartz. Furthermore, the electrical property of every quartz resonator was reported to correspond to every polished amount of quartz","PeriodicalId":108334,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition, 2005.","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127902615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Room temperature dual-mode oscillator - first results","authors":"J. A. Torrealba, M. Tobar, E. Ivanov, C. Locke, J. Hartnett, J. Le Floch, D. Cros","doi":"10.1049/EL:20063490","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/EL:20063490","url":null,"abstract":"A frequency stability analysis of a room temperature frequency-temperature compensated dual-mode resonator oscillator (patent pending) is presented. Using a single crystal cylindrical sapphire resonator, 40 mm in diameter and 20 mm high, two orthogonally polarized whispering gallery modes were simultaneously excited, with the difference frequency temperature dependence annulled near 304 K. The standard Allan deviation of the 3.39 GHz beat between the two modes was measured to be approximately 8 /spl times/ 10/sup -12/ between 1 and 4s.","PeriodicalId":108334,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition, 2005.","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128795192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"NGA GPS monitor station high-performance cesium frequency standard stability: from NGA Kalman filter clock estimates","authors":"D.M. Manning","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2005.1574043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2005.1574043","url":null,"abstract":"The National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) operates a worldwide network of GPS monitoring stations that utilizes high-performance cesium frequency standards (CFS) and geodetic quality GPS receivers. The NGA monitor station network (MSN) has been in operation for almost 20 years and has recently moved to a 24/7 operation. The NGA monitor stations CFS are located in non-laboratory environments and in some instances, are logistically challenging. With the onset of the Department of Defense GPS accuracy improvement initiative (Aii), the NGA monitor station cesiums, along with the associative electronics, must be monitored more frequently for quality control Aii involves the air force operational control segment (DCS), at Schriever AFB, to incorporate a subset of the NGA monitor stations in real-time processing to improve the quality of the broadcast ephemeris and clock parameters. The addition of these stations will also expand the network coverage to allow all GPS satellites to be monitored without any gaps. This paper is a summary of the stability of the NGA MSN cesiums using one year (52 weeks) of Kalman filter clock estimate data computed daily at the NGA facility in St. Louis. The quality of the CFSs to be shown and summarized in this report is from eleven NGA monitor stations, which are to be added to the OCS estimation process under Aii. Results show that the NGA configuration of CFS has maintained the industry standards for high performance cesiums. This gives the NGA GPS program some of the most reliable monitor station clock data to support current and future GPS navigation systems","PeriodicalId":108334,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition, 2005.","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132674294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On optimization of a frequency discriminator for a low phase noise microwave oscillator with combined stabilization","authors":"D. Tsarapkin","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2005.1573990","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2005.1573990","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes and solves partly a contradiction between transfer efficiency and bandwidth arising during design of a frequency discriminator (FD) for a modern ultra-low phase noise microwave source equipped with an automatic frequency control (AFC) and a whispering gallery resonator (WGR). Using of the guided WGR resonant modes splitting is proposed as a tool to solve the problem. Some typical situations are analyzed with a help of suitable figures of merit and available FD bandwidth improvements are estimated","PeriodicalId":108334,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition, 2005.","volume":"67 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122627612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"GPS activities at the National Measurement Institute, Australia","authors":"R. B. Warrington, P. Fisk, M. Lawn, M.J. Wouters, A. Gajawecra, S. Quigg, J. Thom","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2005.1573934","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2005.1573934","url":null,"abstract":"The National Measurement Institute, Australia, (NMIA) is continuing the development of reliable, high-integrity and remotely-operable GPS-based systems for precise time and frequency transfer. These systems combine an OEM receiver with a PC and support a variety of applications, of which we describe three: the intercomparison of receiver internal delays among laboratories in the Asia-Pacific, using a portable time-transfer system; a geodetic monitoring station, contributing data to Australian and international geodetic reference networks; and delivery of traceable time and frequency to a distant location, or equivalently continuous remote calibration of a frequency standard at a client's premises","PeriodicalId":108334,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition, 2005.","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129033948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}