Y. Kersalé, N. Boubekeur, J. Hartnett, M. Tobar, N. Bazin, V. Giordano
{"title":"Titanium doped cryogenic sapphire resonator oscillators","authors":"Y. Kersalé, N. Boubekeur, J. Hartnett, M. Tobar, N. Bazin, V. Giordano","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2005.1573960","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2005.1573960","url":null,"abstract":"Residual paramagnetic impurities are present in high quality sapphire crystal. This phenomenon was exploited as paramagnetic spin compensation at liquid helium temperature to build high Q cryogenic sapphire resonator oscillators (CSRO). In this paper we present the characterization of intentionally Ti3+ and Ti4+ doped sapphire resonator oscillators. For the Ti3+ resonator we used the 12.7 GHz mode operating at 34K. This resonator exhibited a frequency stability of order 2 times 10-3 for 8s < tau < 20s with the use of a Gifford-McMahon cryocooler as a cold source. This corresponds to state-of-the-art line splitting of the order of 10 -7. A second experiment with a pulse tube cryocooler shows an improvement in the short term frequency stability. The Ti4+ resonator oscillator at 13.8 GHz exhibited a frequency stability of 7 times 10-14 at tau = 16s","PeriodicalId":108334,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition, 2005.","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115613025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dirk Piester, A. Bauch, J. Becker, T. Polewka, A. McKinley, L. Breakiron, A. Smith, B. Fonville, D. Matsakis
{"title":"Two-way satellite time transfer between USNO and PTB","authors":"Dirk Piester, A. Bauch, J. Becker, T. Polewka, A. McKinley, L. Breakiron, A. Smith, B. Fonville, D. Matsakis","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2005.1573952","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2005.1573952","url":null,"abstract":"Two completely independent two-way time and frequency transfer (TWSTFT) links have been established between the institutions of USNO and PTB, with transponder frequencies in the Ku-band and X-band, respectively. The Ku-band link has some strategic importance, since currently it connects almost one half of the atomic clocks in the BIPM network that are employed for the realization of TAI. The X-band data are provided as a backup. To reach the full potential of TWSTFT, especially for time scale comparisons, repetitive calibrations of the links are necessary. Since 2002, USNO has scheduled semiannual calibration exercises. We report on the three calibration campaigns in 2004 and early 2005. New calibration values were determined in 2004 and 2005. For the first time, combined uncertainties below 1.0 ns for both links were achieved. A change of the TWSTFT transmission frequencies or satellite changes in general cause discontinuities in the series of time transfer data and render the previous calibration useless. We describe how we coped with two such events by bridging with X-band and GPS carrier phase data. The previous calibration could be preserved with sufficient accuracy of about a few tenths of a nanosecond","PeriodicalId":108334,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition, 2005.","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122834209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Frequency stabilization of the coupled opto-electronic oscillator","authors":"N. Yu, E. Salik, M. Tu, L. Maleki","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2005.1574045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2005.1574045","url":null,"abstract":"The coupled opto-electronic oscillator (COEO) is a system that couples an optical oscillator with the microwave oscillator. The COEO can be modeled as a photonic microwave oscillators using a mode-locked laser as the high-Q resonator, and has been shown to be capable of generating ultra-low phase noise microwave signals [N. Yu et al, Opt Lett. V. 30, 1231 (2005)]. This configuration also provides the opportunity to link the stability of the two oscillators. In this paper, we will describe our recent phase-noise measurements of photonic microwave oscillators. We will also discuss our investigation of the frequency stability link between the optical and microwave frequencies in the coupled oscillator. This link is established by stabilizing the optical frequency to an atomic transition, the stability of which is transfered to the microwave signal. This system represents a unique architecture for drawing a stable microwave signal from the optical oscillator","PeriodicalId":108334,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition, 2005.","volume":"04 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128493917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Theoretical studying about the measurement of the C-field intensity in the optical pumped cesium frequency standard","authors":"Junhai Zhang, Fengzhi Wang, Donghai Yang","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2005.1574001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2005.1574001","url":null,"abstract":"In the paper the measurement of the C-field intensity is analyzed theoretically in optical pumped Cesium frequency standard. The transition probability from the F=3 m/sub F/=0 level state to the F=4 m/sub F/=0 level state has been discussed as the function of the frequency and power of the signal injected to the low frequency coils. The result shows out the fluorescence intensity in the probing region increases to 1.37 time of the normal condition without the low frequency signal at the Ramsey cavity.","PeriodicalId":108334,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition, 2005.","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126699634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. T. Muller, D. Magalhães, A. Bebeachibuli, M.S. Santos, V. Bagnato
{"title":"Demonstration and Observation of a Frequency Standard Based on an Expanding Cold Atoms Cloud of Cesium","authors":"S. T. Muller, D. Magalhães, A. Bebeachibuli, M.S. Santos, V. Bagnato","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2005.1573945","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2005.1573945","url":null,"abstract":"This work reports the first results obtained in a laboratory system implemented to be a primary standard based on an expanding cloud of cold 133Cs. An atomic sample is prepared through the magneto-optical trapping technique, and after the loading procedure the atomic cloud is left to freely expand. A microwave interrogation signal is applied to the atoms, probing them in the ground state transition 6S1/2(F = 3)- 6S1/2(F = 4). The microwave interrogation was applied either in one or two pulses methods. The system could be also locked in a commercial standard to perform its stability evaluation. The first results showed a stability of 9times10 -11 tau-frac12, promising for such use of simple type of frequency standard","PeriodicalId":108334,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition, 2005.","volume":"81 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114315946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Performance analysis and simulation of JTIDS network time synchronization","authors":"N. Wu, Hua Wang, Jingming Kuang","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2005.1574042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2005.1574042","url":null,"abstract":"Round Trip Timing (RTT) and PPLI message are two ways of time synchronization in the Joint Tactical Information Distribution System (JTIDS) network. The former is a kind of active time synchronization, which could make the user have high timing level directly. The latter is completely passive and could provide low level time synchronization as a byproduct of navigation. This paper begins with the introduction of the two timing mechanisms of JTIDS network. Models of passive and active time synchronization are built up respectively. Two filters, one is navigation filter and the other is RTT filter, are designed based on the models. Simulation validates the design of the two filters, and effects of major error sources and model uncertainty are analyzed","PeriodicalId":108334,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition, 2005.","volume":"191 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114434285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Optical links for ultra low phase noise microwave oscillators measurement","authors":"B. Onillon, S. Constant, O. Liopis","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2005.1573991","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2005.1573991","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, optical links for the transmission of a signal at X- or Ku-band have been studied. Their gain and noise properties have been calculated and measured using a Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM) biased for linear modulation or for carrier suppression. Then an original microwave phase noise measurement bench, which uses an optical link as a delay line, is evaluated","PeriodicalId":108334,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition, 2005.","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125358758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Qiliang Zhang, J. Desa, R. Lee, Guoliang Yang, K. Pourrezaei
{"title":"A combination of TSM and AFM for investigating an interfacial interaction of particles with surfaces","authors":"Qiliang Zhang, J. Desa, R. Lee, Guoliang Yang, K. Pourrezaei","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2005.1573972","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2005.1573972","url":null,"abstract":"Interactions of microparticles and nanoparticles with various surfaces under different ambient conditions are of great importance to many applications such as micro-electrical-mechanical systems (MEMS), biomedical and chemical engineering, and have attracted broad interests in the last decade. However, there are only limited numbers of techniques currently available for interfacial particle analysis. In this paper, we propose to use a piezoelectric quartz sensor in a thickness shear mode (TSM) to characterize the interfacial interaction of a single microparticle with a surface. A theoretical model was developed based on the analysis of the various interaction forces, including Van der Waals (VDW) force, capillary force and electrostatic force, etc. The dependence of the particle-surface interaction forces on the particle size was demonstrated. Experimental results from a 5MHz TSM sensor have shown an average frequency shift of 0.5 Hz for a 40 mum stainless steel sphere, which indicated that a coupling strength between a sphere and a surface is about 1.3times104 N/m. An atomic force microscope (AFM) was used to provide a complementary tool to help study the interfacial interactions. Adhesion forces between particles and surfaces were measured and favorably compared with the simulation results. It is shown that a TSM sensor is capable of real-time analyzing an interaction of a single microparticle with a surface and an AFM is helpful to identify the effect of each individual interaction force. A combined TSM-AFM technique may create a novel measurement platform for characterization of nanoparticles and their interactions with surfaces","PeriodicalId":108334,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition, 2005.","volume":"494 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116541428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Yamasaki, Jackson A. Oliveira, A. Duarte, M. Gomes
{"title":"Adsorption studies with environmental significance using an acoustic wave sensor","authors":"A. Yamasaki, Jackson A. Oliveira, A. Duarte, M. Gomes","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2005.1573904","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2005.1573904","url":null,"abstract":"The adsorption of copper and lead on MnO2 was followed by monitoring the frequency of piezoelectric crystal coated with MnO2 in contact with solutions of the metal under study, at controlled temperature. Each isotherm was constructed for concentrations of each metal between 1 and 58 mg L-1. When absorption data for copper or lead were fitted to the Langmuir isotherm, two linear zones were obtained, the first one corresponding to data from 1 to 32 mg L-1 and the second one from 34 to 58 mg L-1. Each one of the linear zones corresponded to different adsorption sites, the first one to easily binding sites and the second one to more energetic sites, which begin to be occupied after the saturation of the first ones. The number of more favorable adsorption sites was higher than the number of the less favorable ones","PeriodicalId":108334,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition, 2005.","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126743220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. Linn Roth, P. Schick, J. Jacoby, C. Schweitzer, D. Gervasi, E. Wiley
{"title":"Enhanced or eLoran for time and frequency applications","authors":"G. Linn Roth, P. Schick, J. Jacoby, C. Schweitzer, D. Gervasi, E. Wiley","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2005.1574039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2005.1574039","url":null,"abstract":"The US Loran system is undergoing a modernization that will result in an enhanced or eLoran system. As a part of this modernization, three 5071A cesium clocks were installed at each transmitter, and state-of-the-art time and frequency clock measurement and control equipment was installed which uses GPS to steer the ensemble averaged Cs clocks to recover UTC (USNO) within 15 nanoseconds at each transmitter. When the conversion to eLoran is complete, the eLoran system will use time-of-transmission (TOT) control similar to GPS, and add a 9th pulse or Loran data channel (LDC) that will distribute UTC, leap second, and other information from each of the 29 transmitters in North America. eLoran provides performance comparable to GPS for numerous time and frequency applications, so eLoran can act as a traceable, infinite, and independent backup to GPS in these applications. This paper provides an overview of the eLoran modernization program and new eLoran antenna and receiver technology, and data from recent tests, including preliminary studies of Loran performance using H-field antennas located indoors","PeriodicalId":108334,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and Exposition, 2005.","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125626656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}