Current diabetes reviews最新文献

{"title":"The Global Burden of Type 2 Diabetes Attributable to Dietary Risks Among Women: A 1990-2021 Analysis and Forecasting Through 2050.","authors":"Tao Ding, Xiaoling Wang, Puwen Chen, Mengqi Zhong, Fuzhen Liu, Yu Xia","doi":"10.2174/0115733998409251251105102446","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0115733998409251251105102446","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is one of the major contributors to global mortality and disability. Diet and gender are key aspects of T2D, yet limited attention has been given to how their intersection contributes to the T2D disease burden. This study aims to assess the global burden of type 2 diabetes (T2D) attributable to dietary risks among women, using data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 study, and to explore regional and age-specific disparities over time.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>We conducted a retrospective analysis using GBD 2021 data from 1990 to 2021 across 204 countries and territories. Outcomes included female deaths and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) due to dietary risk-attributable T2D, stratified by age, region, and socio-demographic index (SDI). Future trends were projected using ARIMA and exponential smoothing models.</p><p><strong>Result: </strong>In 2021, 197,699 deaths and 9.4 million DALYs in women were attributed to dietary risks for T2D. The highest age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) was observed in low SDI regions (8.26 per 100,000), while the highest age-standardized DALY rate (ASDR) occurred in Oceania (800.83 per 100,000). From 1990 to 2021, female deaths increased by 118.5% and DALYs by 183.4%, with a 4.9% decline in ASMR but a 34.0% rise in ASDR. Decomposition analysis showed that epidemiological changes (56.36%) were the main contributor to DALY increases. Projections suggest further DALY growth through 2050, especially in low-income regions.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>These findings show that dietary risk-related T2D imposes a heavy burden on women globally, with significant differences across regions. Low SDI regions face higher mortality rates, while disability remains considerable in high-income regions, reflecting gaps in long-term care. These patterns suggest that nutrition transitions and healthcare inequalities contribute to the growing burden, indicating the need for dietary interventions adapted to local needs.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The burden of dietary risk-attributable T2D among women has increased substantially, with marked regional and socio-economic differences. The results underscore the need for targeted, context-specific dietary interventions, particularly in settings facing limited healthcare access and rising nutrition-related risks.</p>","PeriodicalId":10825,"journal":{"name":"Current diabetes reviews","volume":" ","pages":"e15733998409251"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147321426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Automated Insulin Delivery for Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Narrative Review.","authors":"Konstantinos Kitsios, Christina-Maria Trakatelli","doi":"10.2174/0115733998418695251203105337","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0115733998418695251203105337","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Despite the availability of newer antidiabetic medications, many patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus still do not achieve their glycemic targets and require insulin treatment. Research from a limited number of randomized controlled trials and observational studies suggests that Automated Insulin Delivery (AID) systems are safe and effective for treating individuals with type 2 diabetes. With the implementation of a hybrid insulin pump, an average reduction in HbA1c of 0.6 to 0.9 percentage points is achieved, along with an increase in Time in Glucose Range (70-180 mg/dL) (3.9-10.0 mmol/L) of 7 to 21 percentage points. This improvement corresponds to an additional 1.7 to 5.1 hours of euglycemia per day, without increasing the risk of hypoglycemia or diabetic ketoacidosis, and with a slight increase in body weight, potentially reflecting improved glycemic control. Concomitant treatment with GLP-1RA and/or SGLT-2 inhibitors has minimal effect on the magnitude of glycemic improvement achieved after switching to AID therapy, although evidence remains limited. Both the effectiveness and device-related adverse reactions are similar to those observed in patients with type 1 diabetes. Although individuals with type 2 diabetes who require insulin treatment are generally older and may be less familiar with technology, training in the necessary skills and adherence to AID use in real-world settings appear feasible. Treatment with AID may slightly improve quality of life and reduce diabetes-related stress.</p>","PeriodicalId":10825,"journal":{"name":"Current diabetes reviews","volume":" ","pages":"e15733998418695"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147364478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Beyond Glycemic Control: Biographical Disruption and the Lived Experience of Youth with Type 1 Diabetes.","authors":"Ariela Orbea-Cevallos, Alejandra Aguirre-Benitez, Mayra Elizabeth Castillo-Gonzáles, Jaime David Acosta-Espana","doi":"10.2174/0115733998458230260223083418","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0115733998458230260223083418","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Adolescents and young adults living with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) deal with distinctive challenges that go beyond clinical management. This review synthesizes qualitative evidence to examine how biographical disruption, embodiment, and illness narratives shape the lived experience of this population.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Through a structured search across PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, 15 qualitative studies, published over the past decade, were identified. Thematic synthesis was conducted in seven domains: psychological burden, identity, adaptation, social experience, barriers, technology, and recommendations.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Emotional turbulence, anxiety, distress, and fear of hypoglycemia were common amongst adolescents with T1DM. Identity was often a major concern over biomedical risks, showing some gender differences in illness experience. Daily life involved vigilance, and attempts to regain normalcy were common in this population. In social matters, stigma, surveillance, and peer disconnection were prominent, but these concerns were ameliorated by family and friend support. Automated insulin delivery (AID) may cause reduction of burden but increased autonomy, though access was unequal due to economic, educational, and clinical barriers.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Findings emphasized how T1DM portrays disruption in biography, embodiment, and identity in adolescence and young adults, consistent with Charmaz's framework of chronic illness. The absence of multidisciplinary approaches limits the detection of psychosocial needs and still frequently contributes to undesirable results. Culture, gender, and structural inequities shapes how young people experience, manage, and make sense of their condition.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>T1DM in youth is a lived reality that reshapes identity, autonomy, and social belonging. Handling biographical disruption requires culturally sensitive, developmentally adapted, and relationally grounded interventions. Future research needs to expand representation and adopt longitudinal studies of adaptation.</p>","PeriodicalId":10825,"journal":{"name":"Current diabetes reviews","volume":" ","pages":"e15733998458230"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147509227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Protective Effect of <i>Medicago sativa</i> L. (Fabaceae) against Excision and Incision Wound Models in Diabetic Rats.","authors":"Phool Chandra, Mohammad Kaleem, Neetu Sachan, Anurag Verma, Atul Kabra","doi":"10.2174/0115733998345972250117103918","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0115733998345972250117103918","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Medicago sativa <i>(M. sativa)</i>, commonly known as Alfalfa, is a herb from the Fabaceae family that has a long history of being used to treat digestive, diabetic, and blood disorders, as well as to support liver health. The objective was to evaluate the effects of ethanolic extract of M. sativa (EEMS) on wounds in normal rats or alloxan hydrate-induced diabetic rats.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The wounds were created by excision (n=30) and incision (n=30) in rats. The Group IIV were diabetic rats treated with simple ointment BP, 10% weight-based povidone-iodine (10% PI), ointment of 5% w/w EEMS (5% w/w OEEMS), and 10% w/w EEMS (10% w/w OEEMS). Group 1 acted as a control and was treated with simple ointment BP. The wound area in the diabetic control groups was 292.33 ± 0.8 mm2 on the 18th day.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Rats treated with 10% PI, 5% OEEMS, and 10% OEEMS showed a significant reduction in wound area of 68.33 ± 1.29, 248.33 ± 1.30, and 61 ± 1.91 mm², respectively, on the 18th day as compared to the control group. Rats treated with 10% PI, 5% w/w OEEMS, and 10% w/w OEEMS showed a significant increment in wound-breaking strength, respectively, as compared to diabetic rats on day 10 in the incision wound model.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The results demonstrated that the OEEMS has potent wound-healing properties in diabetic rats.</p>","PeriodicalId":10825,"journal":{"name":"Current diabetes reviews","volume":" ","pages":"137-146"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13711323/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143540346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association of ABO Gene rs2073823 Polymorphism with Microvascular Complications, sP-Selectin Levels and Lipid Profile in Type 2 Diabetes.","authors":"Haithem Rauf Mohammed, Rym Ben Othman, Zahraa Saad Hatef, Mohamed Kacem Ben Fradj, Haifa Abdesselem","doi":"10.2174/0115733998341750241208055924","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0115733998341750241208055924","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a prevalent metabolic disorder linked to chronic inflammation and endothelial dysfunction, which contributes to the development of microvascular complications (MVCs) such as diabetic retinopathy (DR) and diabetic neuropathy (DN). Genetic factors, including variations in the ABO gene, may influence these complications. This study aimed to investigate the association between the ABO rs2073823 polymorphism and the risk of MVCs in patients with T2D, as well as its impact on inflammatory biomarkers, endothelial markers, and lipid profiles.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>We conducted an exploratory study involving 96 T2D Iraqi patients (Asian Arabic), examining the distribution of the ABO rs2073823 polymorphism and its correlation with MVCs. We assessed levels of inflammatory markers (TNF-α, IL-6, sE-selectin, sP-selectin), glycemic markers, renal function biomarkers, and lipid profiles. Adjustment was made for confounding factors including age, gender, body mass index, duration of diabetes, and hypertension.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among the participants, 75% had MVCs, including DR (42%) and DN (65%). The ABO rs2073823 \"A/A\" genotype was associated with a reduced risk of MVCs under co-dominant (OR=0.16, p=0.045) and recessive models (OR=0.14, p=0.031). This protective effect remained significant after adjusting for confounding factors (OR=0.11, p=0.022). The \"A/A\" genotype was also linked to lower levels of total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, and sP-selectin. Patients with MVCs exhibited significantly higher levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and sP-selectin.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The ABO rs2073823 polymorphism, particularly the \"A/A\" genotype, is associated with a decreased risk of MVCs in T2D patients and influences lipid metabolism and inflammatory markers. These findings suggest a genetic basis for the susceptibility to MVCs and highlight the role of the ABO gene in modulating inflammation and endothelial function in T2D. Further research is needed to validate these associations and explore potential therapeutic implications.</p>","PeriodicalId":10825,"journal":{"name":"Current diabetes reviews","volume":" ","pages":"e15733998341750"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13711330/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143001615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Feimin in Glucose Homeostasis: Mechanistic Insights, Population Heterogeneity, and Therapeutic Potential.","authors":"Sijun Yang","doi":"10.2174/0115733998418887250826055154","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0115733998418887250826055154","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The recent discovery of feimin, a feeding-induced myokine modulating glucose homeostasis via the MERTK pathway, offers a novel therapeutic avenue for metabolic disorders. While other studies delineate its acute metabolic effects in Han Chinese populations, critical gaps remain in understanding its mechanistic interplay, population generalizability, and long-term impacts. This perspective synthesizes current evidence, highlights limitations in study design and translational applicability, and proposes integrative approaches, spanning multi-omics, global consortia, and interventional trials, to unravel feimin's role in metabolic regulation. By addressing these challenges, feimin may emerge as a biomarker or therapeutic target for diabetes and related syndromes.</p>","PeriodicalId":10825,"journal":{"name":"Current diabetes reviews","volume":" ","pages":"e15733998418887"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13711335/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144999875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Beneficial Effects of Combination Therapy With SGLT-2 Inhibitors and GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.","authors":"Aimilianos Kalogeris, Ignatios Ikonomidis, Konstantinos G Kyriakoulis, George Pavlidis, John Thymis, Konstantinos Katogiannis, Aikaterini Kountouri, Loukia Pliouta, Sotirios Pililis, Emmanouil Korakas, Vaia Lambadiari","doi":"10.2174/0115733998419380251126073540","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0115733998419380251126073540","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder associated with microvascular and macrovascular complications. Hyperglycemia and insulin resistance are core pathophysiological components of diabetes, linked to subclinical inflammation and persistent oxidative stress, which result in endothelial dysfunction and subsequent atherogenesis. Nowadays, several arrows in the diabetologist's quiver are available for the management of diabetes, providing flexibility and the ability to adopt a personalized approach tailored to each patient's needs. Two of the most commonly prescribed antidiabetic drugs are sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors and glucagon- like peptide-1 receptor agonists. Both agents are associated with beneficial metabolic, cardioand nephro-protective effects independent of their antidiabetic properties; thus, their indications have and are continuously expanding over and beyond the treatment of diabetes. Given that these two drug classes have different mechanisms of action, the use of their combination achieves a synergistic interaction and confers additional benefits. The aim of this review is to provide a summary of current knowledge regarding the use of these two drug classes, shed light on the available evidence on their combination, and discuss future perspectives on optimal therapeutic decisions in clinical practice. Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in combination therapy are a promising therapeutic duo and are expected to influence future guidelines and decision-making in everyday clinical practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":10825,"journal":{"name":"Current diabetes reviews","volume":" ","pages":"e15733998419380"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146028616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synergistic Potential of Linagliptin and Resveratrol in Mitigating Type-II Diabetes-Induced Nephropathy: A Comprehensive Review.","authors":"Prashant Ghimiray, Anand Vijayakumar P R, Meghana G R, Rimsha Jamil","doi":"10.2174/0115733998402561251202101133","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0115733998402561251202101133","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This narrative review aims to elucidate the significance of the synergistic effects of linagliptin and resveratrol and also explores their individual mechanisms of action in diabetic complications such as nephropathy. A systematic literature analysis examined the synergistic potential of resveratrol and linagliptin in diabetic nephropathy. A critical review of their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-fibrotic mechanisms was conducted. Various studies revealed that linagliptin improves renal outcomes through both incretin-dependent and independent pathways, reducing oxidative stress, inflammation, and AGE-RAGE axis activation. It also exhibits the capacity to reduce albuminuria and renal fibrosis in diabetic animal models. Resveratrol similarly demonstrates substantial renoprotective benefits through activation of the AMPK/Nrf2 pathway, mitigating oxidative stress and downregulating inflammatory markers such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1 beta. The synergistic use of linagliptin and resveratrol may provide greater benefits than their individual effects, including improved glycaemic control, reduced renal oxidative stress, and decreased inflammatory and fibrotic markers, thereby offering superior protection against diabetic nephropathy.</p>","PeriodicalId":10825,"journal":{"name":"Current diabetes reviews","volume":" ","pages":"e15733998402561"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147455958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Clinical and Metabolic Outcomes of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists <i>Versus</i> SGLT2 Inhibitors in Type 1 Diabetes: A Retrospective Cohort Study from Saudi Arabia.","authors":"Ayman Al Hayek, Asirvatham Alwin Robert, Abdullah Khalid Al Burayk, Abdulrhman Nasser Alwadai, Asma Mutni Almutairi, Abdullah Ali Shabani, Mohamed Abdulaziz Al Dawish","doi":"10.2174/0115733998428827251223081042","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0115733998428827251223081042","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>This research is designed to compare the clinical characteristics, metabolic outcomes, and safety profiles of patients with Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) treated with Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists (GLP-1 RAs) against Sodium-Glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors in a real-world clinical setting over 12 months.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Data from 112 adult T1D patients on intensive insulin therapy at Prince Sultan Military Medical City in Riyadh were examined for this retrospective cohort study. Among the 112 T1D, 96 were treated with GLP-1 receptor agonists and 16 were treated with SGLT2 inhibitors. Baseline demographics, the presence of comorbidities, diabetes complications, glycemic control (HbA1c), weight, insulin dosage, renal function, and lipid profiles were assessed at initiation and after 12 months of treatment.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Patients getting GLP-1 receptor agonists were younger (p = 0.006), had shorter diabetes duration (p = 0.030), and were more likely to use insulin pumps (p = 0.040). The SGLT2 group showed significantly higher albumin-to-creatinine ratios (p = 0.047) and higher statin use (p = 0.038). GLP-1 therapy led to significant HbA1c (p < 0.05) and weight reduction, while SGLT2 treatment improved renal markers and reduced insulin dose. LDL cholesterol decreased significantly in the GLP-1 group (p = 0.014),while the SGLT2 group showed more favorable changes in HDL and total cholesterol. Comorbidities and diabetes related complications were similar between groups.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>GLP-1 RAs produced notable reductions in HbA1c levels and weight reduction, while SGLT2 inhibitors offered renal protection and decreased insulin needs. These real-world findings emphasize the value of tailoring adjunct therapies to each patient's profile. Personalized treatment strategies are crucial for optimizing metabolic outcomes in T1D.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Both GLP-1 RAs and SGLT2 inhibitors effectively improve glycemic control and cardiovascular risk markers in T1D, with distinct advantages in weight loss and renal function, respectively. These findings highlight the value of personalized adjunct therapy choices to optimize patient outcomes. Larger prospective studies are needed to confirm long-term benefits and safety.</p>","PeriodicalId":10825,"journal":{"name":"Current diabetes reviews","volume":" ","pages":"e15733998428827"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146200408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of Nephropathological Factors with Fibrinogen in the Progression of Human Diabetic Nephropathy in the Pakistani Population.","authors":"Maha Maqsood, Saima Sharif, Muhammad Saqib, Muhammad Maqsood, Shagufta Naz, Saira Rafaqat, Ali Hasan","doi":"10.2174/0115733998433035251219191845","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0115733998433035251219191845","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Fibrinogen is synthesized in the liver and is a marker of acute-phase inflammation. It is essential for regulating the inflammatory response by attaching to receptors on the surfaces of many cells and is involved in the pathogenesis of kidney diseases. The objective of this investigation is to identify the role of fibrinogen in the progression of diabetic nephropathy in the Pakistani population.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>This study was based on an analytical comparative research. A total number of 1152 subjects were enrolled from selected cities of Pakistan (Islamabad, Lahore, Multan, Gujranwala, Karachi, and Gharro). The subjects were classified into the Control group (n=384), the Diabetes Mellitus group (DM) (n=384), and the Diabetic Nephropathy group (DN) (n=384) based on glycemic condition and glomerular filtration rate. The serum fibrinogen level was assessed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent instaed of test its assay (ELISA). The expression profile of fibrinogen was determined using real-time PCR.</p><p><strong>Result: </strong>The highly significant difference in serum fibrinogen levels was found among the control, DM, and DN groups. The fibrinogen expression was increased by more than ̴ 12.03 n-fold in the control group as compared to the DM group (n-fold = ̴ 4.78) and the DN group (n-fold = ̴ 5.42). When the correlation between the serum fibrinogen and blood sugar was analyzed, the DN (r=-0.145) had an inverse and highly significant relationship. The fibrinogen expression has a direct and significant correlation with blood urea (r=0.166). The stepwise linear regression analysis concluded that expression of fibrinogen is an important determinant of kidney function in the DM group. Creatinine, age, and blood sugar were important determinants in the DN group.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>The cities of Pakistan, i.e, Lahore, Gujranwala, Multan, Islamabad, Karachi, and Gharro, exhibited significant variations in expression of Fibrinogen. This highlights a notable difference in the genetic profile across these regions of Pakistan.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The results of our study indicate a complex relationship between levels of fibrinogen and diabetic nephropathy. The findings suggest that in diabetic renal disease, fibrinogen could have an early role, whereas with the progression of nephropathy, its significance diminishes. Further studies are required to explain the underlying mechanisms involved, relating this as a potential target for therapy in diabetic kidney disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":10825,"journal":{"name":"Current diabetes reviews","volume":" ","pages":"e15733998433035"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146200092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}