Current diabetes reviews最新文献

{"title":"An Updated Review on Diabetic Nephropathy: Potential Mechanisms, Biomarkers, Therapeutic Targets and Interventional Therapies.","authors":"Rama Rao Nadendla, K Khairunnisa, Namra Aziz, Chandana Pyne, Uttam Prasad Panigrahy, Pranay Wal, Mrunalini Harish Kulkarni, Azhar Rasheed","doi":"10.2174/0115733998291920240611063402","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0115733998291920240611063402","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Diabetic nephropathy (DN), the primary risk factor for end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) that requires dialysis or renal transplantation, affects up to 50% of individuals with diabetes.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>In this article, potential mechanisms, biomarkers, and possible therapeutic targets will be discussed, as well as their interventional therapies.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A literature review was done from databases like Google Scholar, PUBMEDMEDLINE, and Scopus using standard keywords \"Diabetic Nephropathy,\" \"Biomarkers,\" \"Pathophysiology,\" \"Cellular Mechanism,\" \"Cell Therapy,\" \"Treatment Therapies\" from 2010- 2023. It has been studied that metabolic as well as hemodynamic pathways resulting from hyperglycemia act as mediators for renal disease.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We identified 270 articles, of which 210 were reviewed in full-text and 90 met the inclusion criteria. Every therapy regimen for the prevention and treatment of DN must include the blocking of ANG-II action. By reducing inflammatory and fibrotic markers brought on by hyperglycemia, an innovative approach to halting the progression of diabetic mellitus (DN) involves combining sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors with renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockers. When compared to taking either medicine alone, this method works better. AGEs, protein kinase C (PKC), and the renin-angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) are among the components that are inhibited in DN management strategies.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Thus, it can be concluded that the multifactorial condition of DN needs to be treated at an early stage. Novel therapies with a combination of cell therapies and diet management are proven to be effective in the management of DN.</p>","PeriodicalId":10825,"journal":{"name":"Current diabetes reviews","volume":" ","pages":"e240624231266"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141449942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Downregulation of <i>Tnf-α</i> and <i>Cat</i> Expression in a Wistar Rat Diabetic Model during Diabetes Onset.","authors":"Catherine Giovanna Costas Arcia, Jessica Freitas Araujo Encinas, Joyce Regina Santos Raimundo, Katharyna Cardoso de Gois, Beatriz da Costa Aguiar Alves, Matheus Moreira Perez, Thais Moura Gascon, Fernando Luiz Affonso Fonseca, Glaucia Luciano da Veiga","doi":"10.2174/0115733998264880230919062657","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0115733998264880230919062657","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia and/or insulin resistance. If left uncontrolled, it can lead to a combination of cardiac and renal alterations known as cardiorenal syndrome. Additionally, oxidative stress and inflammation contribute to tissue damage, thereby reducing the life expectancy of individuals with diabetes.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>The aim of this study was to identify early molecular markers associated with cardiorenal syndrome, oxidative stress, and inflammation, and to investigate their correlation with the duration of exposure to DM.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>An experimental DM model was employed using Wistar rats. The rats were divided into four groups: diabetic rats at 7 days (DM7), diabetic rats at 30 days (DM30), control sham at 7 days (CS7), and control sham at 30 days (CS30). Blood and brain tissue from the brainstem region were collected at 7 and 30 days after confirming DM induction. Gene expression analysis of <i>Bnp, Anp, Cat, Gpx, Sod, Tnf-α, and Il-6</i> was performed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The analysis revealed lower expression values of <i>Cat</i> in the brainstem tissue of the DM7 group compared to the NDS7 group. Moreover, diabetic animals exhibited statistically lower levels of <i>Tnf-α</i> in their peripheral blood compared to the control animals.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study concluded that DM alters the oxidative balance in the brainstem after 7 days of DM induction, resulting in lower Cat expression levels. Although some genes did not show statistical differences after 30 days of DM induction, other genes exhibited no expression values, indicating possible gene silencing. The study identified an imbalance in the studied pathways and concluded that the organism undergoes a compensatory state in response to the initial metabolic alterations caused by DM.</p>","PeriodicalId":10825,"journal":{"name":"Current diabetes reviews","volume":" ","pages":"e200624231125"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141442221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of Green Synthesized Nanoparticles with Anti-diabetic Properties. A Systematic Review.","authors":"Alejandra Loyola-Leyva, Karen Hernandez-Vidales, Jaime Ruiz-Garcia, Juan Pablo Loyola-Rodriguez","doi":"10.2174/0115733998306451240425135229","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0115733998306451240425135229","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Plants are used in medicine because they are low-cost, widely available, and have few side effects (compared to pharmacological treatment). Plants have phytocompounds with antidiabetic properties that can be delivered using nanoparticles (NPs).</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To describe the antidiabetic properties of green synthesized NPs (GSNPs) and their characterization methods.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Three databases were consulted using the terms \"type 2 diabetes mellitus,\" \"antidiabetic effects,\" \"phytochemicals,\" \"plants,\" and \"nanoparticles.\" Studies describing the antidiabetic effects (<i>in vitro</i> or animal models) of NPs synthesized by plant extracts and characterizing them through UV-Vis spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD, SEM, TEM, and DLS were included.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>16 studies were included. <i>In vitro</i> studies reported enzyme inhibition values between 11% (<i>H. polyrhizus</i>) and 100% (<i>A. concinna</i>) for alfa-amylase and between 41.1% (M. zapota) and 100% (<i>A. concinna</i>) for alfa-glucosidase. Animal studies with Wistar Albino rats having diabetes (induced by alloxan or streptozotocin) reported improved blood glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL, and HDL after treatment with GSNPs. Regarding characterization, NP sizes were measured with DLS (25-181.5 nm), SEM (52.1-91 nm), and TEM (8.7-40.6 nm). The surface charge was analyzed with zeta potential (-30.7 to -2.9 mV). UV-Vis spectroscopy was employed to confirm the formations of AgNPs (360-460 nm), AuNPs (524-540 nm), and ZnONPs (300-400 nm), and FTIR was used to identify plant extract functional groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>GSNP characterization (shape, size, zeta potential, and others) is essential to know the viability and stability, which are important to achieve health benefits for biomedical applications. Studies reported good enzyme inhibition percentages in <i>in vitro</i> studies, decreasing blood glucose levels and improving lipid profiles in animal models with diabetes. However, these studies had limitations in the methodology and potential risk of bias, so results need careful interpretation.</p>","PeriodicalId":10825,"journal":{"name":"Current diabetes reviews","volume":" ","pages":"67-85"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141080601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diabetic Retinopathy-A Review.","authors":"D S Pushparani, J Varalakshmi, K Roobini, P Hamshapriya, A Livitha","doi":"10.2174/0115733998296228240521151050","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0115733998296228240521151050","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Diabetic Retinopathy is a vascular microvascular disease also called diabetic eye disease caused by microangiopathy leading to progressive damage of the retina and blindness. The uncontrolled blood glycemic level or sugar level results in diabetic retinopathy. There are two stages of diabetic retinopathy: proliferative diabetic retinopathy and nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy. Symptoms of diabetic retinopathy often have no early warning signs, even muscular edema, which can cause rapid vision loss. Macular edema in which the blood vessels leak can also occur at any stage of diabetic retinopathy. Symptoms are darkened or distorted images and blurred vision that are not the same in both eyes. This review study primarily discusses the pathophysiology, genetics, and ALR, AGEs, VEGF, EPO, and eNOS involved in diabetic retinopathy. The longer a person has diabetes, the higher their risk of developing some ocular problems. During pregnancy, diabetic retinopathy may also be a problem for women with diabetes. NIH are recommends that all pregnant women with diabetes have an overall eye examination. Diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy is made during an eye examination that comprises ophthalmoscopy or fundus photography, and glow-in angiography for Fundus. Here, we present a review of the current insights into pathophysiology in diabetic retinopathy, as well as clinical treatments for diabetic retinopathy patients. Novel laboratory findings and related clinical trials are also analysed.</p>","PeriodicalId":10825,"journal":{"name":"Current diabetes reviews","volume":" ","pages":"43-55"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141237391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deciphering Diabetic Foot Wounds: A Comprehensive Review on Classification, Multidrug Resistance, Microbial Insights, Management & Treatment Strategies, and Advanced Diagnostic Tools.","authors":"Susan Silvia N, Mahalakshmi Velrajan","doi":"10.2174/0115733998287694240514110935","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0115733998287694240514110935","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Diabetic foot wounds and infections pose a significant and evolving challenge in diabetes care. Diabetic wound healing has become a major global concern for a very long time. Continuous research has been conducted to increase the healing process in diabetic ulcers to the rate of amputation. Wound healing is prolonged in diabetic patients due to various conditions, such as high glucose levels, neuropathy, poor blood circulation, and prolonged inflammation around the limbs, which causes the healing to be delayed compared to normal patients. Understanding the complexity of chronic foot wounds and the management and proper treatment would lead to a decrease in the risk of amputation. The medical team all over the world is constantly researching to lower the risk. This review paper offers a compelling journey through the multifaceted world of diabetic foot wounds and infections. It underscores the urgency of understanding classification, tackling multidrug resistance, and harnessing microbial insights to revolutionize the treatment and management of diabetic foot complications. Furthermore, it unveils state-of-the-art diagnostics, heralding a brighter future in the battle against this debilitating complication of diabetes.</p>","PeriodicalId":10825,"journal":{"name":"Current diabetes reviews","volume":" ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141154789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analytical and Bioanalytical Methods for the Determination of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors in Various Matrices: A Comprehensive Review.","authors":"Sakshi Hadawale, Sanjay Sharma","doi":"10.2174/0115733998288292240409060854","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0115733998288292240409060854","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>DPP-4 inhibitors, or gliptins, are new oral antidiabetic drugs for type 2 diabetes. They help to regulate insulin and glucagon. These drugs have the advantage of a lower risk of hypoglycemia compared to some other diabetes medications and are typically prescribed when metformin and sulphonylureas have become less effective.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This review analyses a range of analytical and bioanalytical methods for DPP-4 inhibitors, that use spectroscopic techniques, chromatographic, and hyphenated techniques for analysis. So far, no review comprising all DPP-4 inhibitors has been presented. The primary objective of this review is to present the analysts with various analytical and bioanalytical methods for the quantification and estimation of DPP-4 inhibitors in different matrices.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>To improve understanding, a review was carried out by creating a database of pre-existing research from digital sources such as ScienceDirect, and PubMed. The methodology is shown in the flowchart of the literature selection process.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The comprehensive assessment of methods for analysing DPP-4 inhibitors can be a valuable resource for researchers and healthcare practitioners. Hitherto, no review encompassing all DPP-4 inhibitors has been presented. Therefore, gaps in the data available on a particular subject, need to be required to collect data on a particular construct. The review suggests that chromatographic techniques were majorly used for analysis wherein solvents like acetonitrile, methanol, and buffer solutions were used as mobile phases that can deteriorate HPLC columns and equipment. So, scientists could investigate new methods for the assessment of DPP-4 inhibitors using more eco-friendly solvents.</p>","PeriodicalId":10825,"journal":{"name":"Current diabetes reviews","volume":" ","pages":"e030524229629"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140853243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diabetes and its Silent Partner: A Critical Review of Hyperinsulinemia and its Complications.","authors":"Imran Rashid Rangraze, Mohamed El-Tanani, Syed Arman Rabbani, Rasha Babiker, Ismail I Matalka, Manfredi Rizzo","doi":"10.2174/0115733998311738240813110032","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0115733998311738240813110032","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this complex realm of diabetes, hyperinsulinemia is no longer regarded as just a compensatory response to insulin resistance but rather has evolved into an integral feature. This comprehensive review provides a synthesis of the current literature, including various aspects associated with hyperinsulinemia in diabetic complications. Hyperinsulinemia has been shown to be more than just a compensatory mechanism, and the key findings demonstrate how hyperinsulinism affects the development of cardiovascular events as well as microvascular complications. Additionally, recognizing hyperinsulinemia as a modifiable factor, the diabetes management paradigm shifts towards cognitive ones that consider the use of lifestyle modifications in combination with newer pharmacotherapies and precision medicine approaches. These findings have crucial implications for the clinical work, requiring a careful appreciation of hyperinsulinemia's changing aspects as well as incorporation in personalized treatment protocol. In addition, the review focuses on bigger issues related to public health, showing that prevention and early diagnosis will help reduce the burden of complications. Research implications favor longitudinal studies, biomarker discovery, and the study of emerging treatment modalities; clinical practice should adopt global evaluations, patient education, and precision medicine adaptation. Finally, this critical review provides an overview of the underlying processes of hyperinsulinemia in diabetes and its overall health effects.</p>","PeriodicalId":10825,"journal":{"name":"Current diabetes reviews","volume":" ","pages":"e15733998311738"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142079476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diabetic Heart Disease: An Intricate Interplay of a Widespread Metabolic Disorder with the Cardiovascular System.","authors":"A S Kamakshi Shriya, Vaishnavi B Pawar, Acsah Annie Paul","doi":"10.2174/0115733998305019240702095537","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0115733998305019240702095537","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Diabetes is a chronic medical condition that causes high glycaemic levels, leading to damage to vital organs over time. It is a common disease worldwide, affecting around 422 million individuals living in middle- and low-income countries, which make up most of the population. Unfortunately, diabetes results in 1.5 million deaths annually. Diabetic patients are at a higher risk for developing cardiovascular conditions. Diabetic heart disease constitutes multiple genres, including diabetic cardiomyopathy, coronary artery disease, and heart failure. Hypoglycaemic agents aim to prevent these metabolic issues however some of these are cardiotoxic in nature. In contrast, other hypoglycaemic agents work beyond controlling glycaemic levels with their cardioprotective properties. Given that there is an alarming increase in diabetic heart disease cases universally, we have attempted to review the existing data on the topic and the effects of hypoglycaemic drugs on heart diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":10825,"journal":{"name":"Current diabetes reviews","volume":" ","pages":"93-101"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141589844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of SGLT2 Inhibitors on Renal Function in Type 2 Diabetic Patients with Coronary Artery Disease Undergoing Percutaneous Intervention: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","authors":"Roopa Satyanarayan Basutkar, Rasheal Maria Cutinha, Varshini Sathish, Aboobacker Shahil, Najad Saneen C K","doi":"10.2174/0115733998301228240625065230","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0115733998301228240625065230","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Contrast agents directly cause kidney toxicity in patients who are candidates for percutaneous intervention having cardiovascular disease with type 2 diabetes.</p><p><strong>Aims: </strong>This meta-analysis aims to assess the effects of SGLT2i on renal function in individuals undergoing percutaneous intervention.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The databases used for the search included Google Scholar, PubMed, Cochrane Central Registry of Controlled Trials, and Scopus. We considered randomized controlled and observational studies published from January, 2013, to August, 2023. Eligibility to include the studies was assessed independently. The Cochrane modified data extraction form and Joanna Briggs Institute were used to extract the data. The quality of the studies was evaluated using the Cochrane risk of bias tool and the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. The GradePro software was used to measure the certainty of the evidence.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The pooled estimate showed a substantial reduction in serum creatinine levels at 48 and 72 hours post-PCI who received SGLT2i (MD -9.57; 95% CI -18.36, -0.78; p-value 0.03 and MD - 14.40; 95% CI -28.57, -0.22; p-value 0.05). There was a decrease in the occurrence of the CI-AKI among SGT2i users (RR: 0.46; 95% CI: 0.32, 0.67; p value< 0.0001). No substantial difference was observed in the number of patients requiring hemodialysis; however, a lower proportion of patients among SGLT2i users required hemodialysis (RR: 0.88; 95% CI: 0.19, 4.07; p-value = 0.87).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The use of SGLT2i confers substantial beneficial effects on kidney function and reduces the occurrence of contrast-induced acute kidney injury among diabetes patients undergoing PCI procedures with cardiovascular disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":10825,"journal":{"name":"Current diabetes reviews","volume":" ","pages":"e030724231535"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141497370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integration of Diabetes Mellitus and Hypertension on Major Cardiovascular Events: An Experience From a 15-year Follow-up Cohort Study in EMR.","authors":"Masoumeh Sadeghi, Zahra Teimouri-Jervekani, Hamidreza Roohafza, Mohammad Talaei, Mohammad Hossein Paknahad, Minoo Dianatkhah, Mansoureh Boshtam, Nizal Sarrafzadegan","doi":"10.2174/0115733998304318240731051957","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0115733998304318240731051957","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Patients with hypertension and diabetes are more susceptible to cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and mortality. This study aimed to evaluate the individual and combined effects of hypertension and diabetes on cardiovascular events and mortality in a Middle Eastern population-based cohort.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Fifteen-year follow-up data were collected for 6323 adults aged 35 years and older who were free from CVD at baseline. The subjects were categorized into different groups according to hypertension and diabetes at baseline. Cox proportional hazards regression was implemented to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) of hypertension and diabetes for cardiovascular events (CVE), CVD mortality, and all-cause mortality. Population-attributable hazard fraction (PAHF) was used to assess the proportion of hazards of CVE and mortality attributable to hypertension or diabetes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The incidence rates (95% CI) of CVE, CVE mortality, and all-cause mortality in the total population were 13.77(12.84-14.77), 3.01(2.59-3.49), and 9.92(9.15-10.77) per 1000 persons per year respectively. The HR of hypertension for CVE in the diabetic population was 1.98 (1.47-2.66) with a PAHF of 27.65(15.49-39.3). When the HRs and PAHF of diabetes were evaluated in hypertensive patients, they were statistically significant for CVE, CVE mortality, and all-cause mortality.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our study indicated that the joint effect of diabetes and hypertension is the dramatic increased risk of CVE. A considerable fraction of the excess risk of CVE in patients with diabetes was attributable to hypertension, on the other hand, diabetes was associated with a substantial hazard fraction of CVE and mortality in hypertensive patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":10825,"journal":{"name":"Current diabetes reviews","volume":" ","pages":"e15733998304318"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141916274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}