Current diabetes reviews最新文献

{"title":"An Insight on Flavonoids and Flavonoidsincorporated Nano-formulations in the Management of Diabetes Mellitus.","authors":"Madhavi Patel, Priya Shah, Sudarshan Singh, Bhupendra G Prajapati","doi":"10.2174/0115733998354264250402054755","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0115733998354264250402054755","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Diabetes mellitus is a worldwide health challenge and imposes a considerable strain on healthcare systems. By 2035, it is anticipated that around 592 million adults will be impacted by diabetes as a result of causes like aging, rapid population expansion, urbanization, obesity, lifestyle modifications, and heightened intake of calorie-dense, fatty, and fast meals. Despite the availability of several pharmaceutical therapies, they often come with higher expenses and adverse side effects, making them inaccessible to a large portion of the population. Bioactive compounds, especially flavonoids, are emerging as potential alternatives for diabetes management. Flavonoids, a category of polyphenolic chemicals included in fruits, vegetables, and various plant- derived foods, provide numerous therapeutic advantages. In addition to their glucose-lowering benefits, they increase antioxidant defence, improve insulin efficacy, and diminish the risk of cardiovascular problems. The clinical application of flavonoids is hindered by issues like poor solubility, low bioavailability, and complicated metabolism. This review explores the integration of nanotechnology- based delivery technologies to address these limitations. Advanced nano-formulations, such as polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes, micelles, and solid lipid nanoparticles, improve the solubility, stability, and absorption of flavonoids while facilitating targeted delivery and prolonged therapeutic benefits. The review highlights the efficacy of flavonoid-based nano-formulations in efficiently managing diabetes mellitus and its related problems. Moreover, it highlights the need for ongoing research to enhance these formulations and explore the molecular pathways that underlie their antidiabetic efficacy. This approach demonstrates the significance of nanotechnology in transforming diabetes care and enhancing patient outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":10825,"journal":{"name":"Current diabetes reviews","volume":" ","pages":"e15733998354264"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143977780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Beyond Traditional Silos: An Integrated Framework Leveraging Novel Pathways for Reducing Cardio-renal Risk in Type 2 Diabetes.","authors":"Hani M Sabbour, Mohamad Hassanein, Mohamed Farghaly, Harith M M S Aljubori, Nizar M Attallah, Mona Al Rukhaimi, Mostafa Al-Ashkar","doi":"10.2174/0115733998345830250417094825","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0115733998345830250417094825","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Diabetes mellitus is a major risk factor for chronic kidney disease (CKD) and accelerates kidney function decline, leading to end-stage renal disease. In addition, patients with CKD are at elevated risk of developing cardiovascular disease with its manifestations as coronary artery disease, heart failure, arrhythmias, and sudden cardiac death through the cardiorenal connection. An online regional and international expert panel of cardiologists, nephrologists, and diabetologists convened in November 2021 to obtain a broad perspective on the intersection of diabetes mellitus, CKD, and cardiovascular disease and identified treatment gaps that can help address the unmet needs of the patients in the Middle East region. The current review article summarizes the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment options of CKD in diabetes and discusses the currently available treatment options to reduce morbidity and mortality in this high-risk population. The panel discussed the roles of clinical specialties and how to simplify the patient journey.</p>","PeriodicalId":10825,"journal":{"name":"Current diabetes reviews","volume":" ","pages":"e15733998345830"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144198372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Potential of Ozone Therapy as an Adjunct to Periodontal Treatment in Diabetes Mellitus: A Biomarkers Scoping Review.","authors":"Elisa Grillo Araujo, Domitilla Marchiori Sant'Anna Leal de Oliveira, Sergio Bruzadelli Macedo, Cristine Miron Stefani, Loise Pedrosa Salles","doi":"10.2174/0115733998353396250416114716","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0115733998353396250416114716","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Periodontitis is a prevalent inflammatory disease and a critical complication in individuals with Diabetes Mellitus (DM). The bidirectional relationship between periodontitis and DM exacerbates systemic inflammation and complicates disease management. Ozone therapy (OT), with its antimicrobial and immunomodulatory properties, has emerged as a promising adjunctive treatment for periodontitis in individuals with DM, though it remains underexplored. This scoping review evaluates the effects of OT on biomarkers associated with DM, which may indirectly suggest its potential as a complementary therapy for periodontitis management in DM.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A comprehensive search of PubMed, Cochrane, Embase, LIVIVO, Scopus, Web of Science, and LILACS (up to March 2024) identified 38 studies: 19 involving individuals with DM and 19 using DM animal models.</p><p><strong>Results and discussion: </strong>OT positively influenced biomarkers such as Malondialdehyde (MDA), Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), reduced Glutathione (GSH), Catalase (CAT), Total Antioxidant Status (TAS), and Total Oxidant Status (TOS). OT also modulated inflammatory markers (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and CRP) and regenerative biomarkers (bFGF, BMP-2, CD34, VEGF, PDGF) while improving glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c). This study represents the first review to explore the effects of OT on DM biomarkers and infer possible implications of these effects if used as an adjunct in the treatment of periodontitis associated with DM.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>OT may complement conventional periodontal treatments in individuals with DM by modulating biomarkers linked to periodontal health. These insights may guide future clinical studies to validate OT's role in the treatment and establish standardized protocols for its application in periodontal management in DM.</p>","PeriodicalId":10825,"journal":{"name":"Current diabetes reviews","volume":" ","pages":"e15733998353396"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143970280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Insulin Resistance as an Underlying Cause of Type 2 Diabetes in Adults Born with Low Birth Weight: A Narrative Review.","authors":"Sana Ahmed, Eram S Rao, Renuka Pathak, Geeta Trilok-Kumar","doi":"10.2174/0115733998390970251115094927","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0115733998390970251115094927","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Insulin, secreted by pancreatic β-cells, regulates blood glucose levels. Insulin resistance (IR), characterized by diminished cellular responsiveness, increases insulin demand, imposing stress on β-cells. This leads to β-cell decompensation, which contributes to the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D). A growing body of evidence connects early-life exposures, such as low birth weight (LBW), to a heightened risk of developing non-communicable diseases (NCD) such as T2D in adulthood. This comprehensive review synthesizes findings from 15 observational studies identified through a PubMed search to explore the specific biological mechanisms that link LBW to IR and T2D. The paper critically examines several prominent hypotheses, theories, and models that propose how endogenous responses to intrauterine conditions initiate a programming that can lead to lasting structural and functional changes in key metabolic organs. In individuals with fetal programming, the combination of impaired insulin sensitivity and compensatory insulin action is considered a precursor to impaired glucose tolerance and T2D, particularly in those who underwent rapid catch-up growth during childhood. Regular monitoring of LBW individuals can enable early intervention, such as lifestyle changes, to reduce the risk of IR and T2D. However, improving the early environment by providing care for women of reproductive age, especially during pregnancy, is a cost-effective strategy to address LBW and curb the NCD pandemic.</p>","PeriodicalId":10825,"journal":{"name":"Current diabetes reviews","volume":" ","pages":"e15733998390970"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146017758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Potential Involvement of Fructosylated Human Insulin and Serological Evidence in Subclinical Autoimmune Activity in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.","authors":"Ali Raza, Safia Habib, Saba Noor, Rizwan Ahmad, Mortha Chandni, Moinuddin, Riaz Mahmood, P F Rahaman, Arif Ahmad","doi":"10.2174/0115733998451601260128044731","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0115733998451601260128044731","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) involves chronic inflammation and recurrent hyperglycemia, often linked to excessive fructose intake. Some patients develop autoantibodies, indicating immune dysfunction. Fructose promotes protein glycation and the formation of Advanced Glycation End-products (AGEs), which may expose novel epitopes recognized as foreign. This study examined the antigenicity of fructosylated human insulin and its impact on lymphocytes in diabetic patients.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Fructosylated insulin was characterized using spectroscopic techniques, with aggregation assessed by ThT, ANS, and DLS, and conformational changes analyzed via CD spectroscopy. Biochemical and biophysical methods confirmed the presence of structural alterations. Antigenicity was evaluated using ELISAs in sera from 40 healthy controls and 40 newly diagnosed T2DM patients, with ROC and AUC analyses determining prognostic relevance.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Concentration-dependent increase in AGE-specific fluorescence, increased hydrophobicity, and significant loss of lysine (48.6%) and arginine (58.8%) residues, accompanied by conformational changes. Direct binding ELISA revealed statistically significant reactivity (p ≤ 0.05) with diabetic sera. Competition ELISA demonstrated 55% ± 3.7% inhibition for fructosylated insulin compared to 31.4 ± 5.1% for native insulin. IgGs isolated from diabetic sera exhibited 96.67% specificity for fructosylated insulin, with sensitivity and specificity analyses yielding AUC = 1.000 (p < 0.01).</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Fructosylation causes changes in insulin chemistry, which leads to altered structural, conformational, and antigenic potential in T2DM patients.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Screening for anti-fructosylated insulin antibodies may help identify T2DM patients with hyperglycemia-associated, subclinical autoimmune activity linked to abnormal insulin responses.</p>","PeriodicalId":10825,"journal":{"name":"Current diabetes reviews","volume":" ","pages":"e15733998451601"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147455909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Mechanism-based Perspective on the Use of Flavonoids in the Treatment of Diabetes and its Complications.","authors":"Sandesh Kumar Pattanaik, Manisha Prajapati Anil, Sudipta Jena, Diptirani Rath","doi":"10.2174/0115733998335480241022084655","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0115733998335480241022084655","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Diabetes is a chronic, irreversible, non-infectious metabolic syndrome associated with low insulin production by the pancreas or due to insulin resistance. The management landscape for diabetes is swiftly evolving due to ongoing advancements. Conventional treatment approaches have struggled to fully address the root causes of the disease while also carrying significant risks of adverse effects. Flavonoids are an extensive class of phytonutrients present in grains, vegetables, fruits, cocoa, tea, wine, and nuts. Many studies have reported that flavonoids have shown diversified pharmacological activity in recent years. Thus, this review will give you an overview of the significant anti-diabetic potential of promising flavonoids. Various search engines such as PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and WoS have been explored by using the keywords \"apigenin,\" \"luteolin,\" \"naringenin,\" \"hesperidin,\" \"kaempferol,\" \"quercetin,\" \"myricetin\" and \"taxifolin\" with \"anti-diabetic.\" The anti-diabetic activity of flavonoids is attributed to various mechanisms, including α glucosidase, α-amylase inhibitory effects, GLUT4 expression, antioxidant, and apoptosis. However, their inadequate biopharmaceutical qualities make their effectiveness in clinical translation constrained. This review aims to highlight plant-derived flavonoids through in-vitro, in vivo, and clinical insights. Additionally, the review highlights the recent advancement in the drug delivery system in diabetes to overcome the limitation of flavonoids.</p>","PeriodicalId":10825,"journal":{"name":"Current diabetes reviews","volume":" ","pages":"e15733998335480"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13711344/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142766866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Association between Bilirubin and Diabetic Retinopathy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: An Effect Modification by Nrf2 Polymorphisms.","authors":"Qiwei Fan, Shanshan Feng, Jianrong Chen, Yan Zhang, Jixiong Xu, Jiancheng Wang","doi":"10.2174/0115733998327164240923070313","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0115733998327164240923070313","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a persistent microvascular complication associated with diabetes, and it constitutes a significant cause of visual impairment and blindness.</p><p><strong>Aims: </strong>This study aimed to assess the correlation between serum bilirubin levels and the prevalence of DR in patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Additionally, we sought to establish whether the polymorphisms of Nuclear Factor E2-Related Factor 2 (Nrf2) might modify this relationship.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional study was undertaken in Jiangxi, China, from May, 2012 to December, 2014. Serum bilirubin levels were assessed in 558 subjects, and the correlation between bilirubin and DR was analyzed using generalized linear models with a logit link. The study utilized odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) to evaluate the relationship, both with and without the consideration of clinical risk factors.</p><p><strong>Results and discussion: </strong>There was a significant inverse association between serum total bilirubin (TBiL) and the risk of DR (per 1-μmol/L increment; OR, 0.89; 95% CI: 0.84-0.94). Accordingly, when TBiL was categorized into tertiles, individuals in tertiles 2 and 3 exhibited significantly lower risks of DR compared to those in tertile 1. The OR for these tertiles was 0.54 (95% CI: 0.34-0.87) and 0.31 (95% CI: 0.19-0.52), respectively. Moreover, a stronger inverse relationship between TBiL and DR was observed in individuals carrying the CC and AC genotypes compared to those with the AA genotype. The OR for individuals with the CC/AC genotype was 0.87 (95% CI: 0.82, 0.92), while that for the AA genotype was 1.17 (95% CI: 0.95, 1.45). This difference was statistically significant (p for interaction = 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>There was a significant inverse association between bilirubin and DR in participants with CC or AC genotype. However, this inverse association was not seen in AA genotype participants.</p>","PeriodicalId":10825,"journal":{"name":"Current diabetes reviews","volume":" ","pages":"e15733998327164"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13711342/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142766868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Health Literacy and Numeracy in Self-monitoring of Capillary Glycemia: A Systematic Review of Mixed Methods.","authors":"Luis Angel Cendejas Medina, Maria Girlane Sousa Albuquerque Brandao, Glaubervania Alves Lima, Maria Lucia Zanetti, Ana Emilia Pace, Maria Del Pilar Serrano Gallardo, Juana Mercedes Gutierrez Valverde, Brena Shellem Bessa de Oliveira, Francisca Elisangela Teixeira Lima, Carla Regina de Souza Teixeira","doi":"10.2174/0115733998344984241203070203","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0115733998344984241203070203","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The aim of this study was to synthesize scientific evidence on the influence of health literacy and numerical knowledge on self-monitoring of capillary blood glucose.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Adhering to the PRISMA guidelines and the principles of the Joanna Briggs Institute, a comprehensive search was conducted across multiple databases, including CINAHL, Cochrane, Embase, LILACS, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, OPENGREY, and NDLTD. The review included studies published in any language that examined the relationship between HL, numeracy, and SMBG.</p><p><strong>Results and discussion: </strong>A total of 12 studies met the inclusion criteria. These studies utilized various assessment tools, such as the Brief Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults (B-TOFHLA) and the Diabetes Numeracy Test (DNT-15), to evaluate health literacy and numeracy levels. The findings revealed a significant association between adequate HL and numeracy and improved SMBG practices. Specifically, individuals with sufficient health literacy were more likely to monitor their blood glucose levels regularly and make appropriate treatment adjustments based on their readings.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The results indicated that numeracy skills and health literacy are critical determinants of effective SMBG, influencing the frequency and accuracy of self-care practices in diabetes management. These findings highlight the urgent need for educational interventions tailored to enhance these skills, which could lead to improved health outcomes for individuals with diabetes.</p>","PeriodicalId":10825,"journal":{"name":"Current diabetes reviews","volume":" ","pages":"e15733998344984"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13711332/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142977937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of Vitamin B12 Deficiency in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus on Metformin: A Single Retrospective Study in a Tertiary Health Care Center Experience.","authors":"Lina Bissar, Maha Khider Alghamdi, Sultan Alwajeeh, Lama Hefni","doi":"10.2174/0115733998400814250912060625","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0115733998400814250912060625","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Globally, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a common metabolic disorder affecting millions of people annually. Metformin, a prevalent prescribed antihyperglycemic medication for T2DM, has been associated with vitamin B12 deficiency. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency in T2DM patients receiving metformin.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective record review study was based on T2DM patients receiving metformin at a single tertiary healthcare center. The prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency is defined as a serum level <145 pmol/L. Statistical analysis assessed the association between vitamin B12 deficiency and metformin usage.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 246 T2DM patients were included in the study. Among patients who used metformin, 7.7% were found to have vitamin B12 deficiency compared to 4.8% among those who did not use metformin, while the difference was not statistically significant (p=0.571). However, the median (IQR) level of vitamin B12 among metformin users (296 (186)) was significantly lower than that among patients who do not use metformin (382 (370)), p=0.001.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>The study's findings shed light on the important role of routine screening of vitamin B12 levels in patients on metformin, especially those on long-term use, for early identification and management of deficiency, leading to improved patient outcomes.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our study revealed a significantly lower level of vitamin B12 among metformin users in T2DM patients. However, the prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency among metformin users did not differ significantly from those who do not use metformin.</p>","PeriodicalId":10825,"journal":{"name":"Current diabetes reviews","volume":" ","pages":"e15733998400814"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145291482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trends in Total Antioxidant Status and Other Biochemical Parameters in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Case-control Study.","authors":"Remah Salih Al-Salman, Mohammad M Al-Ahmad, Hiba Alameri","doi":"10.2174/0115733998336940241219182916","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0115733998336940241219182916","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction/objectives: </strong>Owing to the existing evidence of the implication of oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), the present study aims to investigate the correlation of serum total antioxidant status (TAS) with comorbidities, various biochemical parameters, and duration of T2DM. Various factors contributing to disease prevalence and trends in other biochemical parameters are assessed.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective observational study of 246 patients with T2DM whose data were retrieved from the Proficiency Health Diagnostic Lab System in Al Ain. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) program.</p><p><strong>Results and discussion: </strong>The prevalence of T2DM was found to be higher in gender (male), age (≥45 years), ethnicity (Middle Eastern), BMI (≥25), family history, and metabolic syndrome (hypertension and dyslipidemia). TAS was found to be significantly higher in patients with comorbidities, than in those without, particularly dyslipidemia and micro-albuminuria (p<0.05). TAS was weakly positively correlated with various T2DM biochemical parameters (p<0.05), except for Fasting blood glucose (FBG) (p=0.061). TAS was weakly negatively correlated with BMI (≥25) (p=0.042). Albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) was statistically higher in hypertensives than normotensives (p=0.049). Duration of disease was only significantly correlated with ACR (r=0.325, p=0.001). Uric acid levels were statistically higher in patients with microalbuminuria than in patients without microalbuminuria (p=0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>TAS was higher in patients with dyslipidemia and microalbuminuria, suggesting the influence of other factors such as uric acid and lipid-lowering agents. TAS could be an important factor in the management of T2DM cases. This needs to be further investigated in future studies to fill the gap found in the literature.</p>","PeriodicalId":10825,"journal":{"name":"Current diabetes reviews","volume":" ","pages":"e15733998336940"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142977941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}