Current drug metabolism最新文献

{"title":"Mobilising Computational Strategies in Enzyme Inhibition: Reconciling Therapeutic Innovation and Environmental Integrity from Molecular Targets to Ecosystem Disruptors.","authors":"Mallamma T, Jeevan Gowda, Rumaan M, Prakash Goudanavar, Butchi Raju Akondi","doi":"10.2174/0113892002420090251206171649","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0113892002420090251206171649","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Enzyme inhibition has become a cornerstone of modern therapeutics, targeting key molecular pathways implicated in cancer, metabolic disorders, and infectious diseases. This review explores diverse strategies of enzyme inhibition from classical active site-directed inhibitors to innovative biofilm-targeting enzymatic cocktails, emphasising their clinical utility. Beyond medicine, enzyme inhibitors are routinely employed to modulate nitrogen fixation, methanogenesis, and microbial dynamics in industrial and environmental settings. However, this dual-edged sword reveals its paradox: the very agent that heals can also harm. Their ecological persistence and bioaccumulation risks disrupt microbial ecosystems, foster antibiotic resistance, and affect non-target organisms. This review navigates the fine line between pharmaco-logical promise and environmental peril, evaluating risk assessment frameworks, mitigation strategies, and forward-looking approaches such as high-throughput screening, machine learning, and enzyme engineering. Ultimately, it advocates for a symbiotic integration of pharmaceutical innovation and environmental stewardship to create eco-friendly strategies that can enhance therapeutic efficacy without compromising ecological balance.</p>","PeriodicalId":10770,"journal":{"name":"Current drug metabolism","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147764978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Protective Role of Atriplex halimus L. Against Sodium Benzoate-Induced Fat Benzene Accumulation, Bone Marrow and Liver Alterations in Wistar Rats.","authors":"Khaoula Zeghib, Djahra Ali Boutlelis, Ibtissam Laib, Soumaia Menai, Abderrhmane Bouafia, Sadok Nani, Abdelkrim Rebiai","doi":"10.2174/0113892002430770251208211517","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0113892002430770251208211517","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction/objective: </strong>This study evaluates the adverse effects of sodium benzoate on the bone marrow and liver of rats, its potential to form benzene, and the protective role of Atriplex halimus extract.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Thirty male albino rats were divided into five groups: control, Atriplex halimus extract alone, sodium benzoate alone, sodium benzoate with preventive Atriplex halimus ex-tract, and sodium benzoate with curative Atriplex halimus extract. Sodium benzoate was administered in drinking water at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight for 15 weeks. Atriplex halimus extract was administered intragastrically either during the final 30 days (curative) or throughout the entire sodium benzoate exposure period (preventive). Phytochemical analysis of the extract was conducted using LC-MS. Biochemical, histopathological, and oxidative stress markers were assessed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Sodium benzoate exposure led to benzene detection in fat tissues, reduced neutrophil counts, altered hepatic enzyme levels (aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase), decreased antioxidant defenses (glutathione, catalase, glutathione S-transferase), and increased malondialdehyde levels. Histopathological analysis revealed significant liver degeneration and milder bone marrow damage. Atriplex halimus extract restored biochemical and histological parameters, reversed neutropenia, and reduced benzene accumulation.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>The findings confirm sodium benzoate's toxicity, particularly its oxidative stress and tissue damage effects, and highlight the protective potential of Atriplex halimus extract due to its phenolic compounds and saponins.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Atriplex halimus extract exhibits preventive and curative effects against sodium benzoate-induced benzene accumulation in fat, as well as bone marrow and liver injuries.</p>","PeriodicalId":10770,"journal":{"name":"Current drug metabolism","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147671147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In Vitro Drug-Drug Interactions between Oxycodone and Commonly Co-Consumed Drugs in Rat and Human Liver Microsomes.","authors":"Weilong Gu, Rachel F Tyndale","doi":"10.2174/0113892002446297260217075246","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0113892002446297260217075246","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Oxycodone is frequently co-consumed with xylazine, etizolam, di-azepam, and methamphetamine during clinical and/or illicit use.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We investigated oxycodone metabolism to its two main metabolites, the active ox-ymorphone and the inactive noroxycodone, and potential interactions with these four drugs, using rat (RLM) and human (HLM) liver microsomes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In RLM, Km values were similar for oxymorphone (115 μM) and noroxycodone (128 μM) formation, whereas in HLM, Km values differed for oxymorphone (146 μM) and noroxycodone (1.23 mM) formation. The CLint of oxycodone to noroxycodone was ~4-fold higher than oxycodone to oxymorphone, in both RLM and HLM. Xylazine inhibits (Ki) ox-ymorphone (1.9 μM) and noroxycodone (4.4 μM) formation in RLM more potently than in HLM (313 μM and 247 μM, respectively). Diazepam inhibits oxymorphone (5.0 μM) and no-roxycodone (5.6 μM) formation in RLM more potently than in HLM (1.8 mM and 163 μM, respectively). Etizolam inhibits oxymorphone (14.2 μM) and noroxycodone (16.1 μM) for-mation in RLM more potently than in HLM (550 μM and 129 μM, respectively). Metham-phetamine is not a potent inhibitor of oxymorphone formation (487 μM in RLM and 352 μM in HLM) or noroxycodone formation (5.8 mM in RLM and 2.7 mM in HLM). Similar inhi-bition patterns in RLM for both oxycodone and dextromethorphan, a probe substrate, con-firmed that CYP2D and CYP3A mediate oxymorphone and noroxycodone formation, respec-tively.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>In summary, xylazine, diazepam, and etizolam may cause pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions (PK-DDIs) with oxycodone in rats but are unlikely to do so in humans.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Substantial species differences were observed in both the metabolism of oxyco-done by CYP2D and CYP3A and the inhibition of metabolite formation in RLM versus HLM.</p>","PeriodicalId":10770,"journal":{"name":"Current drug metabolism","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147697578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Population Pharmacokinetic Models of Oxypurinol in Adults: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Farah Aida A Zairol Azwan, Nor Asyikin Mohd Tahir, Shamin Mohd Saffian, Mohd Makmor-Bakry, Mohd Shahrir Mohamed Said","doi":"10.2174/0113892002439476260101094935","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0113892002439476260101094935","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Allopurinol and its active metabolite, oxypurinol, reduce uric acid concentrations through xanthine oxidase inhibition by suppressing the conversion of hypoxanthine and xanthine. Oxypurinol plays a prominent role in allopurinol's pharmacological activity due to its longer elimination half-life. Despite decades of clinical use, establishing an optimal dosing strategy to consistently achieve the target serum uric acid concentration lower than 0.36 mmol L-1 remains challenging. This review aimed to summarize the development of population pharmacokinetic modeling for oxypurinol and analyze factors influencing its pharmacokinetic variability.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus were systematically searched from database inception until January 2025, adhering to the PRISMA guideline. Studies were eligible if they involved oxypurinol population pharmacokinetic analyses in adults receiving allopurinol and employed nonlinear mixed-effects modeling.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Eight studies met the inclusion criteria, mostly involving adult gout patients. Pharmacokinetic analyses of oxypurinol employed a one-compartment model, incorporating firstorder absorption and elimination, reporting clearance value of 0.60-1.74 L h-1 and volume of distribution 38.1-59.3 L. Covariates associated with oxypurinol clearance included creatinine clearance, body weight, normal fat mass, fat-free mass, ethnicity, genetic polymorphisms, and concomitant diuretics; whereas, total body weight was found as significant predictors for volume of distribution.</p><p><strong>Discussions: </strong>Reported values for oxypurinol clearance and volume of distribution varied across studies. The small sample sizes and underrepresentation of certain populations, particularly Asians, restrict the generalizability of these findings.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Further research involving larger, more diverse cohorts is needed to refine therapeutic drug monitoring and identify potential covariates across different populations to optimize allopurinol therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":10770,"journal":{"name":"Current drug metabolism","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147510285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lymphatic Drug Delivery System and Lipid-based Nanoformulations: Savior to Save for Patients Receiving Highly Hepatotoxic Drugs.","authors":"Vishal Kumar Vishwakarma, Prabhat Kumar Upadhyay, Nandini Dubey, Aditya Singh, Harlokesh Narayan Yadav","doi":"10.2174/0113892002395927251205235609","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0113892002395927251205235609","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The liver plays a vital role in regulating normal physiological processes in the body. Liver dysfunction can lead to mild to severe pathological conditions and, in some cases, death. To date, more than 900 drugs, toxins, and herbs have been identified with the potential to cause various liver diseases, including acute liver damage, cholestatic jaundice, hepatic granulomas, active chronic hepatitis, and hepatic tumors. A wide range of liver dysfunction results from drug consumption and is referred to as drug-induced liver injury (DILI). DILI significantly contributes to the immediate withdrawal of drugs from the mar-ket. Due to its numerous advantages, the oral route has long been the preferred method of drug administration, although these medicines increase the risk of liver damage. Novel drug delivery approaches, such as the lymphatic drug delivery system and lipid-based nanofor-mulations-including solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) and nanostructured lipid carriers-can bypass the liver, reducing the toxic effects of various drugs. Therefore, SLNs represent a promising strategy for lymphatic drug delivery, particularly for hepatocompromised pa-tients and those taking hepatotoxic drugs. This review summarizes how lymphatic drug delivery systems and lipid-based nanoformulations can benefit hepatocompromised pa-tients and individuals on hepatotoxic medications.</p>","PeriodicalId":10770,"journal":{"name":"Current drug metabolism","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147490884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Therapeutic Implications of Nutraceutical Nanotechnology for the Treatment of Chronic Diseases.","authors":"Bishop Adhikari, D Nagasamy Venkatesh, Vivek Puri, Ameya Sharma","doi":"10.2174/0113892002415344251122122358","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0113892002415344251122122358","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nanotechnology possesses therapeutic value in managing chronic disease, but it has limitations like as solubility, stability, and targeted delivery in clinical applications. The review explores how nanotechnology-based delivery systems improve the efficacy, bioavailability, and targeted actions of nutraceutical compounds. Health benefits, sustainable nanotechnology, market size, and growth forecasts have shown positive results in this industry over the last two decades. The disease-like respiratory, diabetes, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's, and breast cancer top focused sectors for this nutraceuticals sector. Most literature has been collected from 2020-2025 using PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of Science. The different criteria included preclinical, clinical, and nanotechnology-integrated nutraceutical studies. The liposomes, dendrimers, nanoemulsions, and polymeric nanoparticles significantly enhance the stability and delivery of key bioactive as example like curcumin, resveratrol, and omega-3. Early-stage clinical trials show promise for diseases like Alzheimer's, diabetes, and cancer. Nanotechnology is the reshaping of nutraceutical therapy, through regulatory, toxicology, and large-scale validation gaps persist. Future work must focus on green synthesis, long-term safety, and harmonized approval pathways. Despite this, the industry still needs collaboration between academic researchers, scientists, and regulatory bodies to start the next generation of clinical trials and treatments that can reduce the risk of diseases and death in the future.</p>","PeriodicalId":10770,"journal":{"name":"Current drug metabolism","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145932497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and Characterization of Ricinoleic Acid-Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles for Targeted Hepatoprotective Drug Delivery.","authors":"Soniya Sarthi, Harish Bhardwaj, Rajendra Kumar Jangde","doi":"10.2174/0113892002422882251122105302","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0113892002422882251122105302","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Ricinoleic acid (RA), a fatty acid derived from castor oil (Ricinus communis), exhibits potent antioxidant activity and hepatoprotective properties, primarily attributed to its ability to mitigate oxidative stress. However, its therapeutic application is limited by poor bioavailability due to high metabolism, low intestinal permeability, poor water solubility, rapid urinary and biliary elimination, frequent dosing requirements, and a short half-life. This study aimed to optimize the formulation of ricinoleic acid-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (RA-CSNPs) for improved delivery and bioavailability using the ionic gelation technique.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>The formulation was developed using chitosan as the polymer and sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) as the cross-linking agent. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized for particle size (PS: 164.15 nm), polydispersity index (PDI: 0.259), zeta potential (ZP: +30.25 mV), and entrapment efficiency (EE: 97.07%) and drug release within 24 hours. Structural and thermal properties were assessed using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The in vitro drug release profile of the RA-CSNPs showed a cumulative release of 92.12%, demonstrating significant controlled release. Additionally, the antioxidant activity was measured at 84.45%, indicating that RA retained its bioactivity in the nanoparticle formulation.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>These results highlight the potential of RA-CSNPs as an effective drug-delivery system to overcome the bioavailability challenges of ricinoleic acid. The controlled release and antioxidant activity of the formulation are promising for therapeutic applications in various oxidative stress-related diseases. However, limitations in scaling up nanoparticle production and conducting long-term pharmacokinetic studies need to be addressed in future research.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study successfully demonstrates the potential of RA-loaded chitosan nanoparticles as a novel and efficient drug delivery system. The formulation provides controlled release, enhancing the bioavailability of ricinoleic acid and offering a promising strategy for improving its therapeutic efficacy in clinical applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":10770,"journal":{"name":"Current drug metabolism","volume":" ","pages":"33-44"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145899484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chiglitazar Demonstrates Potential to Treat Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatohepatitis <i>In Vitro</i> and In <i>Vivo</i>.","authors":"Liushan Wei, Sijun Deng, Sijia Li, Qian Zhang, Xuhua Mao, Desi Pan, Shengjian Huang, Xiaoyan Yang","doi":"10.2174/0113892002444655260213065337","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0113892002444655260213065337","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Chiglitazar was approved by the China National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) in 2021 for the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, and may also benefit from metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>To characterise the role of Chiglitazar in MASH, in vitro experiments examining monocyte activation and migration were conducted, alongside liver and stellate cell proliferation assays. Three distinct MASH animal models (db/db mouse model, MCD model, CCl4 model) for conducting in vivo studies were established.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results indicated that Chiglitazar reduced MCP-1-induced THP-1 migration and down-regulated TNF-α and MCP-1 expression. It also blocked TGF-β-driven proliferation in dermal fibroblasts and hepatic stellate cells while suppressing α-SMA and CTGF expression. In vivo, Chiglitazar alleviates hepatic steatosis and inflammation in the MCD model, whilst improving hepatic inflammation and fibrosis in both the CCL4 and HFD+CCL4 models.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>In the study, it has been demonstrated that chiglitazar suppresses monocyte activation and chemotaxis, thereby attenuating chronic inflammation-elicited vascular and tissue damage. It also blocks fibroblast proliferation and differentiation, curbing toxin- or metabolite- induced inflammation and fibrosis. Although CCl4, MCD, and HFD+CCl4 models were used, they only partially reproduce human MASH pathology. Future work should employ more physiologically faithful systems.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>As the world's first pan-PPAR agonist approved for the treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), Chiglitazar has also demonstrated potential for treating MASH by modulating steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis. This potential may be translatable into clinical treatments in the foreseeable future.</p>","PeriodicalId":10770,"journal":{"name":"Current drug metabolism","volume":"27 3","pages":"215-227"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149105330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Metabolites of Secoiridoid Enantiomers and Diastereomers with 9-Carbon Skeleton in <i>Gentiana macrophylla</i> Pall.","authors":"Yaomin Wang, Ye Yang, Huanhuan Fu, Fakai Mi, Fang Wang, Li Wang, Haiyu Feng, Zhenggang Yue, Yihan He","doi":"10.2174/0113892002414106251121115235","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0113892002414106251121115235","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The secoiridoid metabolites with a 10-carbon skeleton, such as gentiopicroside, swertiamarin, and sweroside, were identified as the main components in Gentiana macrophylla. However, various unpredictable rearrangement metabolites might be generated due to the high reactivity of the hemiacetal in their structures. Thus, our ongoing research aimed to explore additional metabolites with new carbon skeleton features from G. macrophylla.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Metabolites were separated and purified using multi-chromatographic techniques, such as silica gel, HP-20 resin gel, LH-20 dextran gel, C18 gel, and chiral CHIRALPAK AD-H column chromatography; and characterized by multi-spectroscopic methods, including NMR and X-ray spectroscopy, experimental CD measurement compared with ECD calculation, and carbon NMR calculation. Moreover, their biosynthetic pathways were deduced according to the KEGG pathway and their correlations with normal secoiridoid metabolites in G. macrophylla.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A pair of norsecoiridoid diastereomers, (3R, 6R, 8S)-3-methoxy-6-hydroxy-swerimuslactone A (1) and (3S, 6R, 8R)-3-methoxy-6-hydroxy-swerimuslactone A (2), were isolated and identified from G. macrophylla, along with two pairs of racemates (3) and (4) with [α]²⁰_D = 0. These racemates were further separated by chiral column chromatography into two pairs of norsecoiridoid enantiomers: (-)-(5S, 8S)- gentimaclactone A (3a) and (+)-(5R, 8R)-gentimaclactone A (3b), and (+)-(3S, 8R)-swerimilegenin E (4a) and (-)-(3R, 8S)-swerimilegenin E (4b), respectively.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>All compounds were determined to have a 9-carbon skeleton, derived from the normal 10- carbon secoiridoids in G. macrophylla. Their biosynthetic pathways were deduced to occur via ring-opening of the hemiacetal at C-1, ring-closing with the hydroxyl group at C-8, followed by degradation of a CHO group.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Four norsecoiridoids with a 9-carbon skeleton, derived from the normal 10-carbon secoiridoids, were isolated from G. macrophylla. They were present as pairs of diastereomers or racemates, which were further separated into pairs of enantiomers. Among them, the diastereomer pair (3R, 6R, 8S)- 3-methoxy-6-hydroxy-swerimuslactone A (1) and (3S, 6R, 8R)-3-methoxy-6-hydroxy-swerimuslactone A (2), and the enantiomer pair (-)-(5S, 8S)-gentimaclactone A (3a) and (+)-(5R, 8R)-gentimaclactone A (3b) were identified as new compounds. Additionally, the plausible biosynthetic pathways of these compounds were proposed for future studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":10770,"journal":{"name":"Current drug metabolism","volume":"27 3","pages":"188-197"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149105376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advances in Carbon Nanotubes: Revolutionizing Cancer Diagnosis and Targeted Therapy.","authors":"Bharat Veer, Shatrudhan Prajapati, Shikha Yadav","doi":"10.2174/0113892002382741251212100251","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0113892002382741251212100251","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nanotechnology has been applied to the diagnostic and therapeutic treatment of cancer, with Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) serving as an effective platform for these processes. In addition to their known physicochemical characteristics, such as high surface area, mechanical strength, and ease of functionalization, CNTs possess pharmacokinetic properties that enable their use in targeted drug-delivery and diagnostic systems. Through functionalization, biodistribution, cellular uptake, and circulatory time can be modulated, thereby overcoming the limitations of traditional therapies, such as low bioavailability and systemic toxicity, and enabling more robust absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion profiles. Targeted CNT formulations can reduce off-target exposure and improve therapeutic efficiency through targeted delivery and controlled release. Besides, conjugation of CNTs to imaging or diagnostic agents enables improved assessment of biodistribution and metabolic characteristics, which justify their use as theranostic platforms. This review describes the new developments in CNT-based drug delivery systems for cancer treatment, with particular regard to their interactions with metabolism and the importance of these interactions on drug excretion. The fact that CNTs cross biological barriers and can boost drug bioavailability highlights the importance of these nanoparticles in enhancing the effectiveness of treatment procedures and minimizing toxicity. However, safety issues, including toxicity, long-term safety, and biocompatibility, are also significant impediments to clinical translation. There will be a need to address such issues by systematizing pharmacokinetic and metabolic studies to assist in developing CNT-based solutions for precision oncology.</p>","PeriodicalId":10770,"journal":{"name":"Current drug metabolism","volume":" ","pages":"96-112"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147456194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}