ACM Sigcaph Computers and The Physically Handicapped最新文献

{"title":"The MARKOV system of production rules: a universal Braille translator","authors":"Wolfgang A. Slaby","doi":"10.1145/964104.964118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/964104.964118","url":null,"abstract":"It is the goal of this report to present the concept of MARKOV algorithm as a universal translator into Braille, which is applicable to every language and every definition of the respective (Grade 1 or Grade 2) Braille and to which all the language-dependent components are supplied as parameters.This report describes in detail the concept of MARKOV algorithm and attempts to make evident that this concept is an adequate general formalization of the translation process of inkprint into Braille.","PeriodicalId":105690,"journal":{"name":"ACM Sigcaph Computers and The Physically Handicapped","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1975-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121056228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Braille translation program of Münster University","authors":"B. Eickenscheidt","doi":"10.1145/964104.964115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/964104.964115","url":null,"abstract":"Let ms first give a rough summary of the German Grade 2 system. In this I can be very brief with those kinds o f contractions and rules that exist in Braille Grade 2 for every language, but it might be useful to give some details of th e typical German problems. The contractions in German Grade 2 can be grouped into seven classes : I) For simplicity of speaking let us say that the ordinary letters are contractions, too. 2) Letter contractions, such as \" in\", \"II\", are represented by one Braille sign. 3) Prefixes, such as \"ex\", \"pro\", etc ., are represented by one Braille sign if they appear at the beginning of a word. 4) Suffixes, such as \" nis \" , \" ung\" (cf. English \" ness \" resp. \" ing \"), are represented by one sign. Other suffixes, suc h as \"ation\", \"ativ\", are represented by dot 5 plus one sign. 5) So-called \"two-forms word-contractions'\", such as \"dt\" for \"demokrat\", \"bi\" for \"blind\", are used for isolate d words, and most of them also in compound words. 6) So-called \"one-form word-contractions\", such as \"g\" for \"gegen\" (=against), \"n\" for \"nicht\" (=not) are used fo r isolated words, and about half of them are also used in compound words, where they are indicated by a dot 2 precedin g them. 7) So-called \"comma-contractions\", such as dot 2 + \"e\" for \"setz\", dot 2 + \"i\" for \"sitz\" (stems of the verbs setze n = to set, sitzen = to sit) can be regarded as a special kind of two-forms contractions. (Of course, the second sign of a comma-contraction can be only a sign which, regarded as a one-form word-contraction, would not be allowed to appear after a dot 2, i. e. , in compound words .) Additional contractions are derived from word-contractions and comma-contractions for words or word stems containing one of the vowels a, o, or u (or the diphtong au), by the following rule : If in a derived form of a ,word this vowe l changes to the corresponding (Umlaut\" iz, o, u respectively, then the contraction is also used, but preceded by dot 5. I f a dot 2 is involved in the contraction, the dot 5 replaces the dot 2 instead of preceding it. Example : o is a one-form word-contraction for the word \"volt\" (=full) in the compound word \"vollkommen\" …","PeriodicalId":105690,"journal":{"name":"ACM Sigcaph Computers and The Physically Handicapped","volume":"132 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1975-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121648664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The state of computerized Braille production in Sweden","authors":"Marit Leringe","doi":"10.1145/964104.964112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/964104.964112","url":null,"abstract":"Principle s The ZBE is a modification of a standard rotation press for Braille produced by the Deutsche Blindenstudienanstalt in Marburg, Germany . The modification replaces the two drums with specially built drums, each covered with a matrix o f pins which can be set in two positions protruded (to form a dot), or refracted . In one revolution of the drums, the pins are set to represent a Braille page . This setting requires roughly ten (10) seconds . Then the desired number of copies are printed at a rate of 120 per minute . The setting and supervision of the printing is done by a computer .","PeriodicalId":105690,"journal":{"name":"ACM Sigcaph Computers and The Physically Handicapped","volume":"175 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1975-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133245321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The historical development of automatic Braille production in Germany","authors":"H. Werner","doi":"10.1145/964104.964114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/964104.964114","url":null,"abstract":"Automatic Braille production in Germany was initiated by a conversation between the blind teacher Erwin Manshol t from Hannover-Kirchr(xde and myself in 1962. In a subsequent conversation we formulated the rules to be used, and w e agreed to demonstrate the principles of automatic Braille production to blind people by using Grade 1 translation only. I n doing so we hoped to avoid the difficulties arising in the full scale problem. Grade 1 uses essentially a one-to-one translation , except for some frequent German combinations such as st, sch and ie, which are contracted. They must not be used if the letters of such a sequence belong to different etymological parts of a compound word. Some of the problems that arise in Braille translation of Grade 2 are due to the fact that Braille uses a shorthand and this shorthand contains a number of contractions in order to save space. There are certain rules that govern the case s in which two different contractions collide with each other. There are certain rules of priority. These can be dealt wit h by introducing additional \"pseudo contractions\" that incorporate these rules of priority. Real problems arise, however, a s was pointed out above, if contractions are composed of letters that belong to different etymological parts of a word. During our work we learned very soon that there are two types of problems to be solved. I) The Hardware Problems, because it is not enough just to write a computer program for the translation. In order t o make practical applications it is necessary to pay particular attention to the input and output devices. There are several possibilities to produce the input. It is easy to have a secretary put the inkprint text onto a mediu m acceptable to the computer : punched cards, punched tape or magnetic tape. This does not require knowledge of Braille a t all. In addition it is to be expected that the community of computer users gets more and more interested in devices using inkprint texts as input as we see nowadays. There was hardly any commercial development for Braille output and therefore hardly anything was available on th e market at that time. First experiments to construct electric Braille writers for blind people and connect them as an outpu t device had encountered problems with the carriage return (as I could see at the institute of …","PeriodicalId":105690,"journal":{"name":"ACM Sigcaph Computers and The Physically Handicapped","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1975-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122356862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Braille producrion in the German Democratic Republic","authors":"H. Jakob","doi":"10.1145/964104.964117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/964104.964117","url":null,"abstract":"I ' ll make a brief statement only. At first I like to thank the university and particularly Prof. Werner for his invitation very much. We are glad that we may participate in this conference because we share many problems with all the othe r printing houses for the blind in the world. At first I want to describe our operations to demonstrate what kind of problems we have. We produce literature i n Braille and also on recorded tape. In this way we unite both kinds of reproduction and we produce Braille not only i n print but also in single copies for our library by hand. We feel that this form is very necessary because Braille is ver y space consuming and central institutions as the Zentralbucherei fur Blinde in Leipzig are practically the best storages of knowledge for all the blind that read and hear with us. I happens that handwritten Braille books are needed in very small editions, for example, two, three, four and fiv e specimens. In particular if it is special literature, for instance, for scientists. For these reasons we have contacted a large factory and tried to develop machinery that is able to operate five machines simultaneously controlled by one unit an d which in addition produces one paper tape that may be reused later on. At the same time we have provided the ability o f this machine to be driven by punched cards or paper tape. This machine of course could be used to drive an embossing machine. We do not intend, however, to produce our own program because we feel that all people should share something that is already completed and available. The progra m developed at the University of Munster can be used by us because we have computers that are very similar to those availabl e in the Federal Republic of Germany or by IBM. Yesterday we have heard very much about international cooperation and I am really glad that Prof. Werner and I have agreed that the Zentrale Blindenbucherei of the German Democratic Republi c may use the results of the computation center of the Westf. Wilhelms-Universitcit, Munster. Just as I am more generall y of the opinion that the only means and the only way to come along is true and good international cooperation. A proo f for this cooperation of the German speaking countries is …","PeriodicalId":105690,"journal":{"name":"ACM Sigcaph Computers and The Physically Handicapped","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1975-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126672395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"DOTSYS III: a portable Braille translator","authors":"Joseph E. Sullivon","doi":"10.1145/964104.964107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/964104.964107","url":null,"abstract":"The subject of Braille translation is not a widely familiar one, so that a brief introduction to that topic would seem t o be in order before taking up DOTSYS III o Most people know what Braille is in general a coding system employing raise d dots so that the sense of touch alone suffices to read . However, contrary to the impression one gets from those little cards , the most widely used codes are not \"substitution ciphers\" that is, the Braille equivalent of a given \"inkprint\" text i s generally not a simple transliteration but rather a kind of translation . This is because the rules for transcription involve no t only the spelling of words, but also their syllabification and pronunciation . And since these occasionally vary with th e meaning of the word (e .g ., the verb \"do\" and the musical note \"do\") the transcriber most understand what he is transcribing , at least at a superficial semantic level . This is characteristic of translation, although of course the process is not nearl y as difficult as the translation of one natural language to another .","PeriodicalId":105690,"journal":{"name":"ACM Sigcaph Computers and The Physically Handicapped","volume":"69 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1975-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126518999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gaining production rules for a MARKOV Braille translation algorithm","authors":"H. Kamp","doi":"10.1145/964104.964119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/964104.964119","url":null,"abstract":"When we contract a word in Braille the chief difficulty is whether the contraction is correct in the etymologica l sense of the word . Let me give an example : suppose, the ending -ion is correctly shortened in words as religion, section , union, commission, etc ., its usage in the word \"lion\", however, would not be permitted by the majority of (German ) Braille-readers up to now . Especially the teachers of the blind raise the objection that the reader would loose the touch o f natural language if those contractions were allowed . This may be doubted for the sample quoted above, but it is beyon d discussion that a misused contraction is a grievous obstacle for the Braille-reader, especially, if in a compound word one par t of the contraction belongs to the first and one part of it to the second word .","PeriodicalId":105690,"journal":{"name":"ACM Sigcaph Computers and The Physically Handicapped","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1975-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128883006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Automatic Braille translation in the Netherlands","authors":"Marten Vliegenthardf","doi":"10.1145/964104.964111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/964104.964111","url":null,"abstract":"As I told you yesterday, 1 am a worker in the research-laboratory of Philips Computers Industries, Eindhoven, Holland . Two years ago, the Netherlands library for the Blind asked me to develop a program for Braille and contracted Braille . I worked on it in my own time, but during the time I got more and more facilities of Philips without any commercial aims of Philips . When I say \"we\" I do mean the Netherlands library for the Blind and not Philips .","PeriodicalId":105690,"journal":{"name":"ACM Sigcaph Computers and The Physically Handicapped","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1975-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130084346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Some aspects of German contracted Braille","authors":"Karl Britz","doi":"10.1145/964104.964116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/964104.964116","url":null,"abstract":"In the older system, it was very important to label contractions, which was done mainly by a hyphen . If thi s contraction was part of a larger word, this hyphen had to be put before and behind the contraction . In the new system both hyphens are omitted . Contractions composed of two signs can be applied without any precautions . We have contraction s consisting of two as well as of one character and the contractions consisting of one character now have to be preceded b y dot 2 if they are part of a larger word . Of course if they occur as a single word, for instance the word \"end\", only a \"u \" is written between two blank cells . This is a very great simplification and it is now possible because of this and othe r simplifications also to learn the new system within three weeks, which is a fraction of the time necessary before the change s were made . Reading is nearly the same as it was, but writing is easier than it was before . What the computer is producin g is especially well-readable and it is so good that we intend to produce not only magazines but also books in this way . I wish to mention one thing about the contractions . I have mentioned before in the discussions that we have about 400 contractions in the lists ; 300 are taken from the old system and about 100 new contractions have been added . Fortunately, shortly before the first system was developed, a large count had been taken by Keding . He counted 2 million Germa n words from miscellaneous texts, counted the frequency of a great many of them, and listed those which occurred a t least 10 times . The first list of contractions was based on this count with the effect that the most frequently used word s have been contracted, which was very effective . Unfortunately, there is no new count, and when searching for ne w contractions the old lists (now nearly 100 years old) had to be used . The language, however, has changed only in some certain aspects and most of the frequency counts found 100 years ago are still fairly reliable . Selecting new contractions , we looked for the frequencies of them in the lists and for the abbreviation effect .","PeriodicalId":105690,"journal":{"name":"ACM Sigcaph Computers and The Physically Handicapped","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1975-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132885228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Some reflections on the current state of automatic Braille translation","authors":"P. W. Coleman","doi":"10.1145/964104.964105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/964104.964105","url":null,"abstract":"This paper outlines current work in Britain on Braille translation by computer. It goes on to explore possible programming methods, highlighting problems and suggesting solutions. It finishes by examining the feasibility of an international index of Braille software, suggesting a possible implementation.Before I begin, may I say first, how pleased and privileged I feel to be here today - my pleasure will be all th e greater if this conference achieves something really positive; and second, how grateful I am to Professor Werner for inviting me - I hope he will feel that my presence is worthwhile.So much has been written already about Braille translation by computer that I feel doubtful about how much that is original there is for me to add. However, in this paper, I shall begin by outlining the work proceeding in the United Kingdom; I shall go on to suggest some programming techniques worth investigating when implementing Braille translation systems; and finally I shall talk about the possibility of the international pooling of Braille translation programs and of information about them.","PeriodicalId":105690,"journal":{"name":"ACM Sigcaph Computers and The Physically Handicapped","volume":"97 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1975-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124187421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}