Cold Regions Science and Technology最新文献

{"title":"Damage mechanism and energy evolution of frozen soil under coupled compression–shear impact loading","authors":"Zhiwu Zhu ,&nbsp;Taiyu Zhang ,&nbsp;Yanwei Wang ,&nbsp;Yue Ma ,&nbsp;Zhengqiang Cheng","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2024.104361","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2024.104361","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In cold region engineering, the impact of coupled compression–shear loading on frozen soil foundations is a critical issue that urgently needs to be addressed, as it often significantly reduces bearing capacity and can cause structural failures. Accurately characterizing the mechanical behavior of frozen soil under dynamic coupled compression–shear loading is essential for enhancing the safety and stability of cold region engineering projects. This study prepared four frozen-soil specimens with varying tilting angles to investigate failure mechanisms and energy evolution under coupled compression–shear impact loading. The impact-compression experiments were conducted on the specimens under different loading strain rates and temperature conditions using a split Hopkinson pressure bar. The results indicated that the strength of frozen soil was effectively enhanced by higher strain rates and lower temperatures, while it was reduced by increased tilting angle. The fracturing morphology of frozen soil was analyzed from both microscopic and macroscopic perspectives to reveal its failure mechanisms. To quantify the strength characteristics of the frozen soil under various loading conditions, damage variables were defined from an energy-based perspective and incorporated into the Zhu–Wang–Tang viscoelastic constitutive model. Hence, a dynamic constitutive model for frozen soil under coupled compression–shear loading was developed. The model's predictive capability was validated through comparisons with the experimental data, which revealed a high level of agreement. The results of this study provide practical insights into the failure mechanisms and construction design of frozen soil foundations under coupled compression–shear impact loading in cold region engineering.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10522,"journal":{"name":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","volume":"230 ","pages":"Article 104361"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142705936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of increased rainfall on heat and mass transfer and deformation of sulfate saline soil: An experimental investigation","authors":"Zhixiong Zhou ,&nbsp;Fengxi Zhou ,&nbsp;Mingli Zhang ,&nbsp;Xusheng Wan ,&nbsp;Liujun Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2024.104363","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2024.104363","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To study the effect of increased rainfall on the heat and mass transfer and deformation characteristics of sulfate saline soil, a geometric similarity ratio model (1:6) of the natural site was created inside the self-developed indoor baseplate-atmospheric dual-temperature control model box. For the first time, combined with the characteristics of the surface energy change, the characteristics of water-heat-salt-mechanical coupling changes within sulfate saline soil under normal rainfall and twice the increase in rainfall were studied. The results show that the increased rainfall leads to a more significant decrease in upward shortwave radiation and downward longwave radiation, as well as a more significant increase in the surface net radiation and surface evaporation rate. Additionally, the increase in rainfall leads to an obvious cooling trend in the surface temperature. Compared with normal rainfall, an increase in rainfall leads to a significant increase in soil water content and conductivity, while soil heat flux and temperature significantly decrease. The increased rainfall caused a temperature drop of 1.6 °C at 5 cm of saline soil. Moreover, the increased rainfall leads to an increase in the heat release time of sulfate saline soil. Meanwhile, the impact of increased rainfall on the soil water content, conductivity, and temperature gradually weakens with increasing depth. The increased rainfall can exacerbate thawing settlement deformation and alleviate salt frost heave deformation. Compared with normal rainfall, twice the increase in rainfall results in a 0.9 mm increase in thawing settlement deformation and a 2.5 mm decrease in salt frost heave deformation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10522,"journal":{"name":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","volume":"230 ","pages":"Article 104363"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142705935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hysteresis of unfrozen water content of tailing mud with freeze-thaw and its correlation with electrical conductivity","authors":"Wanying Xu ,&nbsp;Fangtao She ,&nbsp;Weibin Zeng ,&nbsp;Songhe Wang ,&nbsp;Jiulong Ding ,&nbsp;Xiaoliang Yao ,&nbsp;Guoping Liu ,&nbsp;Lei Li","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2024.104362","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2024.104362","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Identifying the correlation between the hysteresis of unfrozen water content and the electrical conductivity (EC) of tailing mud with freeze-thaw is essential for determining the range of frost hazards in tailings ponds by field conductivity measurement and enabling targeted treatment in coastal and seasonally frozen areas. In this study, dynamics of unfrozen water content and temperature of saturated tailing mud samples with 0.0–5.0 % NaCl were evaluated with 5TM sensor while the EC with the frequency domain reflectometry (FDR) sensor. Results show that unfrozen water hysteresis of tailing mud with freeze-thaw occurred below phase-change temperatures, with the cooling section above the warming. The area of hysteresis curve rose upon higher salinity or fewer freeze-thaw cycles. Phase-change temperatures of tailing mud, including freezing and thawing points, depressed with higher salinity but were less affected by freeze-thaw cycles, with the former coinciding with the liquidus line of NaCl solution while the latter located above. The EC curve also exhibits hysteresis with freeze-thaw and the initial salinity determines both the maximum EC value and the slope logEC/<em>T</em> below phase-change temperatures. It was concluded that the unfrozen water content, converted salt concentration and EC of frozen tailing mud show synchronous changes. A modified Michalowski model, with phase-change temperatures and residual unfrozen water content respectively simplified as proportional and exponential functions of initial salinity, was established to characterize the unfrozen water hysteresis of tailing mud with freeze-thaw cycles. A simple EC model with hysteresis was then developed by approximating the EC of frozen tailing mud as a power function of the converted salt concentration, which was applied to the tailing mud with 0.5–5.0 % NaCl in the range of −20 °C up to phase-change temperatures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10522,"journal":{"name":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","volume":"229 ","pages":"Article 104362"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142661638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A novel approach for bridging the gap between climate change scenarios and avalanche hazard indication mapping","authors":"Gregor Ortner ,&nbsp;Adrien Michel ,&nbsp;Matthias B.A. Spieler ,&nbsp;Marc Christen ,&nbsp;Yves Bühler ,&nbsp;Michael Bründl ,&nbsp;David N. Bresch","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2024.104355","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2024.104355","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The influence of climate change on snow avalanches, particularly for the end of this century, remains uncertain, underscoring the need for further research. To assess the possible consequences of potential changes in snow accumulation and temperature and their impact on avalanche hazard, we introduce a comprehensive multi-step framework. It includes the analysis of climate change scenarios as well as the modeling of future snow covers and the simulation of avalanches in a case study region in central Switzerland.</div><div>Using a downscaling and a quantile mapping approach, we considered the high emission RCP8.5 from the CH2018 Swiss climate change scenarios and simulated a potential snow cover of more than 100 future winters with the snow cover model SNOWPACK. Changing snow accumulation and snow cover temperature was taken into account for two future time frames. The changed parameters were used in the RAMMS::EXTENDED avalanche simulation software on large scale.</div><div>The results indicate that changes in snow accumulation and temperature have a considerable impact on the run-out of avalanches. The results strongly depend on the climate model, without a clear overall trend in snow accumulation across the selected model chains. Snow accumulation and layer temperature can increase or decrease. However, for snow cover temperature, an increase in the mean snow temperature, especially towards the end of the century, can be expected. In future scenarios with reduced snow accumulation and rising temperatures, avalanche simulations show a decrease in the affected area.</div><div>The workflow from climate scenario analysis to avalanche hazard modeling serves as an initial method for estimating future avalanche extents in the context of climate change on a large scale and can be useful for achieving future protection and adaptation goals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10522,"journal":{"name":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","volume":"230 ","pages":"Article 104355"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142705939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metrological approach for permafrost temperature measurements","authors":"Graziano Coppa ,&nbsp;Francesca Sanna ,&nbsp;Luca Paro ,&nbsp;Chiara Musacchio ,&nbsp;Andrea Merlone","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2024.104364","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2024.104364","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Permafrost degradation is a growing direct impact of climate change. Detecting permafrost shrinkage, in terms of extension, depth reduction and active layer shift is fundamental to capture the magnitude of trends and address actions and warnings. Temperature profiles in permafrost allow direct understanding of the status of the frozen ground layer and its evolution in time. The Sommeiller Pass permafrost monitoring station, at about 3000 m of elevation, is the key site of the regional network installed in 2009 during the European Project “PermaNET” in the Piedmont Alps (NW Italy). The station consists of three vertical boreholes with different characteristics, equipped with a total of 36 thermistors distributed in three different chains. The collected raw data shows a degradation of the permafrost base at approximately 60 m of depth since 2014, corresponding to about 0.03 °C/yr. In order to verify and better quantify this potential degradation, three <em>on-site</em> sensor calibration campaigns were carried out to understand the reliability of these measurements. By repeating calibrations in different years, two key results have been achieved: the profiles have been corrected for errors and the re-calibration allowed to distinguish the effective change of permafrost temperatures during the years, from possible drifts of the sensors, which can be of the same order of magnitude of the investigated thermal change. The warming of permafrost base at a depth of ∼ 60 m has been confirmed, with a rate of (4.2 ± 0.5)∙10⁻² °C/yr. This paper reports the implementation and installation of the on-site metrology laboratory, the dedicated calibration procedure adopted, the calibration results and the resulting adjusted data, profiles and their evolution with time. It is intended as a further contribution to the ongoing studies and definition of best practices, to improve data traceability and comparability, as prescribed by the World Meteorological Organization Global Cryosphere Watch programme.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10522,"journal":{"name":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","volume":"229 ","pages":"Article 104364"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142661634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A generalized thermal conductivity model of soil-rock mixture based on freezing characteristic curve","authors":"Yindong Wang ,&nbsp;Jianguo Lu ,&nbsp;Wansheng Pei ,&nbsp;Xusheng Wan ,&nbsp;Jiajia Gao ,&nbsp;Fei Deng","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2024.104360","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2024.104360","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Soil-rock mixtures, served as important geotechnical materials for road construction and embankment dams, are widely distributed in cold regions. Thermal conductivity is a significant parameter in qualitatively assessing the heat transfer properties and determining the temperature field in cold regions geotechnical engineering. This study experimentally investigated the influence of rock content and temperature variations on the thermal conductivity of soil-rock mixtures, and a generalized thermal conductivity model based on the freezing characteristic curve was established. The results showed that both rock content and water-ice phase transitions affect the heat flux within soil-rock mixtures. The heat flux exhibited distinct variation trends during the freezing-thawing processes. Notably, hysteresis in heat flux was observed during the early stages of freeze-thaw cycles, disappearing after 8, 6, and 4 freeze-thaw cycles for soil-rock mixtures with rock contents of 10 %, 25 %, and 40 %, respectively. Additionally, the rock content seldom influenced the freezing temperature, while it significantly affected the thermal conductivity of soil-rock mixture. Furthermore, a generalized thermal conductivity model based on the freezing characteristic curve was established and verified, the proportion of thermal conductivity associated with the water-ice phase increased for the modified parallel model, while the modified series thermal conductivity model exhibited reversed results as the temperature decreased. Moreover, all the thermal conductivity models could obviously reflect the water-ice phase transition on the thermal conductivity of soil-rock mixture. However, the modified effective thermal conductivity model agreed best with the experimented results.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10522,"journal":{"name":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","volume":"229 ","pages":"Article 104360"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142661636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Freezing of a Supercooled Water Drop after an Impact onto a Solid Wall","authors":"Mingyue Ding,&nbsp;Jeanette Hussong,&nbsp;Ilia V. Roisman","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2024.104359","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2024.104359","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Supercooled water freezes as a result of ice nucleation, propagation along the substrate of a thin ice layer and subsequent expansion of a mushy region of ice dendrites. In this experimental study, the impact, spreading and solidification of the drop are observed in a cold wind tunnel using a high-speed video system. The statistics of the nucleation times after a supercooled water drop impacts onto a dry solid substrate are analyzed. The experiments demonstrate that the rate of the ice nucleation is enhanced significantly by drop impact and continuously reduces over time. The nucleation rate increases with higher impact velocity and is enhanced by the substrate roughness. This effect is explained by the presence of the small bubbles in the liquid drops, generated by drop impact and fast spreading. The surfaces of these bubbles serve as the additional triggers for ice nucleation. Moreover, the effect of the presence of the bubbles becomes even more significant when the wetted area reduces due to the drop receding. The average number of the nucleation sites in this case increases, since the number of bubbles does not reduce despite the reductions of the wetted area. These bubbles are probably captured by the receding contact line.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10522,"journal":{"name":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","volume":"229 ","pages":"Article 104359"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142661637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring heat transfer in freezing supercooled water droplet through high-speed infrared thermography","authors":"Hassan Abbas Khawaja ,&nbsp;Samaneh Keshavarzi ,&nbsp;Adeel Yousuf ,&nbsp;Manaf Muhammed ,&nbsp;Muhammad Shakeel Virk ,&nbsp;Derek Harvey ,&nbsp;Gelareh Momen","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2024.104358","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2024.104358","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study explores the intricate heat transfer dynamics and thermographic patterns during the phase change from supercooled liquid water to ice. Using high-resolution, high-speed infrared thermography, real-time temperature data were captured during the freezing process. The resulting temperature profiles reveal critical insights into the freezing dynamics, particularly highlighting the rapid phenomena of recalescence in supercooled conditions. Notably, this study represents the first time recalescence, a rapid and previously elusive phenomenon, captured and documented in the scientific literature. Additionally, a mathematical model is developed to describe the recalescence phase on macro scale. These findings have practical relevance for various industries, aiding in the design of more efficient anti−/de-icing technologies, refrigeration systems, weather prediction models, and cryopreservation techniques. The study also opens new avenues for further exploration in understanding phase transitions in supercooled water.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10522,"journal":{"name":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","volume":"229 ","pages":"Article 104358"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142661635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydro-thermal processes and deformation of highway embankment in the active layer in a high-latitude permafrost region of Inner Mongolia in Northeast China","authors":"Chunlei Xie ,&nbsp;Yaqian Dong ,&nbsp;Ze Zhang ,&nbsp;Xianglong Li ,&nbsp;Andrei Zhang ,&nbsp;Doudou Jin","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2024.104357","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2024.104357","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Construction of embankments in the permafrost region significantly changes the heat exchange conditions and hydrothermal transport processes between permafrost and the external environment, causing changes in the state of permafrost under the embankment, which in turn affects the long-term stability of embankment impacts. Considering more complex forest environment and higher technical standard for expressway than ordinary highway, the hydrothermal and deformation characteristics of the embankment are investigated through a full-scale field experimental embankment of the Genhe-Labdalin highway. Further, the study delves into the influence of changes in the active layer thickness, hydrothermal processes, and water above the frozen layer on embankment stability. The main conclusions are as follows: 1) The permafrost table, temperature, moisture and deformation of the embankment showed lateral heterogeneity, with the three-former showing a “concave shape” and the left side (sunny slope) being lower than the right side (shady slope). 2) The permafrost table appears to be unconnected (thawing interlayer), creating preferential flow, thaw zones and even through-thaw zones. 3) Accompanied by the freezing and thawing process of the embankment, the deformation of the pavement is less delayed. These findings will be helpful for better understanding the hydrothermal characteristics of embankments in different frozen ground regions, and for providing important technical guidance to ensure the safe operation of engineering projects.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10522,"journal":{"name":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","volume":"229 ","pages":"Article 104357"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142661633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical processes on soil slopes in seasonally frozen regions","authors":"Qimin Chen ,&nbsp;Yong Liu ,&nbsp;Yang Wang ,&nbsp;Libin Su ,&nbsp;Yonggang Cheng","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2024.104356","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2024.104356","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Freeze-thaw cycles significantly affect slope stability in seasonally frozen regions, posing serious threats to the functionality and safety of infrastructure. This study developed a coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) model of frozen soils that accounts for water migration, water-ice phase change, groundwater recharge, frost heave and thaw settlement deformation. The accuracy and reliability of the model was verified based on soil column test results. The change of temperature, water content, and displacement of a soil slope during freeze-thaw process was investigated. The results show that the water-heat transfer and deformation mainly occur in the shallow soils of the slope with changes in air temperature. The temperature fluctuations at the shoulder and face of the slope are more pronounced than those at the toe and crest of the slope. Water migration from the unfrozen zone to the freezing front due to the temperature gradient results in an increase in water content in the frozen zone. The slope shoulder exhibits the largest temperature fluctuations, leading to increased water migration and greater deformation. The rising groundwater table increases the total water content at the slope toe and base, exacerbating the frost heave and thaw settlement deformation, and reasonable groundwater table control intervals are provided. This study elucidates the thermo-hydro-mechanical coupling process and deformation mechanism of seasonally frozen soil slopes, and summarizes the failure modes, which provides a reference for the stability assessment and disaster prevention of soil slopes in cold regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10522,"journal":{"name":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","volume":"229 ","pages":"Article 104356"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142661552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}