Cold Regions Science and Technology最新文献

{"title":"Comparative study of thaw settlement susceptibility mapping for the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau based on index and machine learning models","authors":"Renwei Li ,&nbsp;Mingyi Zhang ,&nbsp;Wansheng Pei ,&nbsp;Zhao Duan ,&nbsp;Haitao Jin ,&nbsp;Xin Li","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2024.104354","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2024.104354","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Climate warming has caused frequent thaw settlement in the permafrost region of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP), significantly threatening the ecological environment and infrastructure. This study assesses thaw settlement susceptibility using index and machine learning (ML) models and compares their accuracies. The settlement index (Is), risk zonation index (Ir), and geohazard index (Ia) models were selected to map thaw settlement susceptibility, and their results were combined to construct a comprehensive index (Ic) model using a majority vote criterion. Based on 12 conditioning factors related to topography, soil, vegetation, and climate, susceptibility studies using artificial neural network (ANN), K-nearest neighbor (KNN), support vector machine (SVM), and random forest (RF) models were conducted. The results indicate that although the Ic model improves the accuracies of the Is, Ir and Ia models, it remains limited, with 75.06% of thaw settlements occurring in low and moderate susceptibility areas. Conversely, the ML models demonstrated superior accuracy, with the RF model performing the best, which remained only 13.87% of thaw settlements in low to moderate susceptibility regions, effectively pinpointing the Qiangtang Plateau (QP) and Three Rivers Source (TRS) region as high susceptibility areas. Notably, the Budongquan-Beiluhe sections of the Qinghai-Tibet Highway (QTH) and Qinghai-Tibet Railway (QTR) were identified as potential high-risk regions for thaw settlement. These findings offer valuable insights for thaw settlement susceptibility evaluation and disaster risk management in the QTP.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10522,"journal":{"name":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","volume":"229 ","pages":"Article 104354"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142661553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relationship of physical and mechanical properties of sea ice during the freeze-up season in Nansen Basin","authors":"Vegard Hornnes ,&nbsp;Evgenii Salganik ,&nbsp;Knut Vilhelm Høyland","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2024.104353","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2024.104353","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sea-ice properties, such as porosity and strength, can have significant spatial variability at small scales. Quantifying this variability may give better estimates of the ice properties and their interrelation. Additionally, correlating in situ ice strength measurements and ice properties, including porosity, may improve understanding of the factors influencing ice strength. This paper presents measurements of sea-ice properties and strength on first- and second-year sea ice during the GoNorth expedition to the Arctic Ocean in October 2022. In situ borehole indentation measurements were co-located with measurements of physical properties, and the meter-scale variability of the physical properties and strength was investigated. Bulk density values found from hydrostatic weighing were 911 ± 5 kg m⁻³ for first-year and 904 ± 5 kg m⁻³ for second-year ice, with significantly less uncertainty than density values from the mass/volume method or from freeboard/draft measurements. The second-year ice was relatively saline, with a mean bulk salinity of 3.1 ± 0.5, and the ice was desalinated in the upper and lower 0.2 m. The bulk gas fraction in the second-year ice was 2.5 ± 0.5 %, similar to the first-year ice gas fraction of 2.8 ± 0.5 %. Gas fractions up to 6.5 % were observed in the second-year ice without any obvious correlation with the brine fraction. The second-year ice had larger spatial variability in thickness, porosity, grain structure, and ice strength compared to the first-year ice. Variability in bulk density and gas fraction were similar for first- and second-year ice, as the larger variability was mostly seen below the upper 0.4 m of the second-year ice. The borehole strength was 26.0 ± 4.4 MPa for first-year and 41.0 ± 12.1 MPa for second-year ice. There were indications that the total microporosity at indentation depth was related to in situ borehole strength (<span><math><msup><mi>R</mi><mn>2</mn></msup></math></span> = 0.82), and that brine volume was the most influential parameter. The relative variability in the local microporosity in the second-year ice (0.43) was greater than the relative variability in borehole strength (0.27), while the opposite was true for the first-year ice (0.09 versus 0.17).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10522,"journal":{"name":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","volume":"229 ","pages":"Article 104353"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142586072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prototype observation and analysis of static ice pressure on reservoir piers in cold regions","authors":"Wenliang Qiu ,&nbsp;Kuan Li ,&nbsp;Xin Zhao ,&nbsp;Zhaolong Hou ,&nbsp;Zhenguo Wang ,&nbsp;Junpeng Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2024.104352","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2024.104352","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Static ice pressure is an important factor threatening the structural safety of bridges built in cold region reservoirs. Bridge piers will be subjected to high static ice pressure during the conversion of water to ice, which may cause deformation or even failure of piers. To investigate the spatial and temporal distribution of static ice pressure, this study carried out a two-year field observation experiment on the ice sheet of the Xilamulun Reservoir in Inner Monggol, China. A novel ice pressure panel was designed to measure static ice pressure in this work. Meanwhile, the air temperature, ice temperature, and ice thickness were recorded to analyze the influencing factors of static ice pressure. The results show that the new ice pressure panel provided an accurate measurement of the varying ice pressure and its vertical distribution within the ice sheet. The ice thickness growth factor was calculated based on the Freezing Ice Degree Day model, and snowfall was the critical parameter affecting the ice thickness growth factor. The new formulas for calculating the temperature distribution within the ice sheet were presented, in which critical parameters were determined based on measured data. The calculated ice pressures matched well with the observed values, which indicates the validity of the presented formulas. The maximum ice pressure on piers occurred at 1/3 to 1/2 of the ice thickness below the ice surface and gradually moved downward as the ice thickness increased. Moreover, the ice pressure is not only affected by the air temperature but also by the cracking state of the ice sheet, constraints, sunshine time, etc. This study can be used to predict ice sheet growth, ice pressure, and ice temperature distribution and contribute to the ice-resistant design of bridge piers in cold region reservoirs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10522,"journal":{"name":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","volume":"229 ","pages":"Article 104352"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142571540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mesoscopic shear evolution characteristics of frozen soil-concrete interface","authors":"Xusheng Wan ,&nbsp;Hao Zhou ,&nbsp;Fengxi Zhou ,&nbsp;Jishuai Zhu ,&nbsp;Khan Muhammad Shahab","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2024.104342","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2024.104342","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The mechanical properties of frozen-concrete interfaces affect the stability and durability of engineering structures in cold regions. To investigate these properties, laboratory tests and numerical simulations were conducted to study the mesoscopic evolution of the shear stress-displacement relationship and the shearing process at the interface. The direct shear tests were performed at different environmental temperatures (−2 °C, −5 °C, and −10 °C) and normal stresses (100 kPa, 200 kPa, and 300 kPa) on the frozen soil-concrete interface, and Particle Flow Code (PFC) model of direct shear was developed. The mesoscopic parameters (particle displacement, rotation, force chain, stress, coordination number, porosity, fabric, etc.) of the interface during shearing were simulated using the PFC model. Moreover, the relationship among the interface temperature, cohesion, and friction coefficient was determined based on experimental data, and the accuracy of the PFC model was verified using previous experimental data. The results of the PFC shear model aligned well with those of the laboratory test, and the formation of shear bands was simulated well. The displacement of the soil particles on the upper layer outside the shear zone was uniform, and the direction was the same, whereas the particles inside the shear zone showed significant differences in the dislocation and rotation of the soil particles. The force chain, stress field, coordination number, and porosity were similar in the shear process and showed a concentrated distribution in the opposite direction of the shear motion, which reflected the consistency of the microcosmic response of the particles under the action of macroscopic external forces. The regression equations for the temperature, cohesion, and friction coefficient in this study can be used to simulate the shear behavior of frozen soil-concrete interfaces under different temperatures and normal stresses.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10522,"journal":{"name":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","volume":"229 ","pages":"Article 104342"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142531298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New insights into icephobic material assessment: Introducing the human motion–inspired automated apparatus (HMA)","authors":"Jean-Denis Brassard,&nbsp;Sarah Sobhani,&nbsp;Maria-Lucia Loaiza Osorio,&nbsp;Gelareh Momen","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2024.104351","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2024.104351","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The impact of winter on exposed structures and transportation poses significant dangers and costs to various industries, particularly the transportation sector. Icephobic surfaces are currently being developed to reduce winter-related impacts. Creating such surfaces requires considering various factors, including reducing and preventing ice accumulation, significantly decreasing ice adhesion, and/or delaying water solidification. Although established methods such as centrifugal force and push-off tests exist for measuring ice adhesion, the results may not always correlate or offer the needed information for specific applications. To better assess icephobic properties, we have developed a novel device called the human motion–inspired automated apparatus (HMA) that mimics manual de-icing performed by humans in a scraping mode. The primary objective of the HMA is to emulate human removal of ice-covered surfaces, providing a more realistic evaluation of icephobic properties according to the ease of ice removal. This apparatus aims to revolutionize icephobic material assessment by offering improved accuracy, repeatability, and versatility in testing. We developed a unique procedure using low icing conditions, which are challenging to evaluate using conventional methods, and assessed four surfaces: aluminum as a reference, an epoxy-based hydrophilic coating, a hydrophobic silicone elastomer coating, and a hydrophobic epoxy–silicone coating. Our HMA characterizes surfaces according to several crucial parameters, including the normal force required to initiate ice scraping removal, the maximum force achieved, the angle of attack, and the equivalent force, all consistent with validation tests conducted by humans. Among the evaluated surfaces, the silicone coating required the lowest normal force, and the epoxy–silicone coating had the lowest maximum and equivalent forces. Our HMA results align well with validation tests conducted by humans. The HMA enables evaluating various critical icing conditions and promises a broad range of applications in research and development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10522,"journal":{"name":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","volume":"229 ","pages":"Article 104351"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142531297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing artificial permafrost table predictions using integrated climate and ground temperature data: A case study from the Qinghai-Xizang highway","authors":"Yu-Zhi Zhang ,&nbsp;Shao-Jie Liang ,&nbsp;Jian-Bing Chen ,&nbsp;Meng Wang ,&nbsp;Ming-Tao Jia ,&nbsp;Ya-Ting Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2024.104341","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2024.104341","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The complexities of permafrost changes, driven by climate warming and engineering activities, coupled with challenges in data acquisition, make it crucial and challenging to accurately predict the artificial permafrost table, particularly for subgrades in high-temperature unstable permafrost regions. To address this, this study developed a hybrid machine learning model (RF-LSTM-XGBoost) for permafrost table prediction. By analyzing climate change and ground temperature data from various positions and depths along the subgrade in the Tuotuo River section of the Qinghai-Xizang Highway, the Spearman correlation coefficient method was initially used to determine the important influencing factors. Random Forest (RF), Long Short-Term Memory Neural Network (LSTM), and Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) models were used to predict the artificial permafrost table, and grid search and cross-validation methods were employed to optimize the hyperparameters of each model. A linear weighted combination method based on the minimum cumulative absolute error was utilized to merge the models, and its performance was compared with the individual RF, LSTM, and XGBoost models. Subsequently, the feature importance of the variables in the machine learning model was analyzed. The results indicated a strong correlation between artificial permafrost table changes and factors such as daily average atmospheric temperature, subgrade surface ground temperature, and subgrade surface ground heat flux during the freezing-thawing cycle. The combined model highlighted daily atmospheric temperature as the most influential predictor, followed by ground heat flux, with the surface ground temperature being less impactful. The combined model demonstrated improved predictive accuracy, with MSE, MAPE, RMSE, MAE, and R² values of 0.003, 0.052, 0.0085, 0.029, and 0.989, respectively, surpassing those of individual models. This model offers a rapid, accurate, and reliable approach for permafrost table prediction, advancing subgrade stability research in challenging permafrost environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10522,"journal":{"name":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","volume":"229 ","pages":"Article 104341"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142531296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Model test investigation on heat and deformation behaviors of canal slopes with protective layers caused by freeze-thaw action","authors":"Haiqiang Jiang ,&nbsp;Xingchao Liu ,&nbsp;Yuwei Chen ,&nbsp;Enliang Wang ,&nbsp;Qiang Fu ,&nbsp;Junlin He ,&nbsp;Hua Zhong","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2024.104338","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2024.104338","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Frost damage is one of the main factors affecting the stability of canal slopes in cold regions. To alleviate the damage, laying protective layers during the construction process has become an indispensable measure. In this study, two slope models were constructed using polyester geotextiles (slope I) and composite geomembranes (slope II) as the protective layer. Additionally, the insulation board in the control group were laid on specific section to examine their anti-frost effect. The temperature, frozen depth, and frost deformations of slope models during the freeze-thaw process were recorded and analyzed. Results suggest that the temperature of slope II is relatively lower than that of slope I in the freezing process. The temperature reduction at all monitoring sections of slope II are larger than that of slope I. The slope I exhibits a significant decrease in maximum frozen depth and maximum frost deformation. In particular, the section with the maximum frost deformation is independent of the type of protective layer, which all occurs in the middle of the slopes. The maximum frost deformations of slope models are 33.60 mm and 37.69 mm, respectively after laying the polyester geotextiles and composite geomembranes. Therefore, the polyester geotextiles have more advantages in reducing frost deformation than composite geomembranes. Additionally, if the insulation board and polyester geotextiles are laid together inside the slope, the maximum frost deformation can be further reduced to 9.72 mm. This study will help in the design and construction of canal slopes in cold regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10522,"journal":{"name":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","volume":"228 ","pages":"Article 104338"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142420184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cutting speed and behaviors of ice using Yb-doped fiber laser","authors":"Merlin L. Mah ,&nbsp;Andrei V. Kurbatov ,&nbsp;Joseph J. Talghader","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2024.104335","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2024.104335","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The use of a laser to cut or drill ice has been proposed and demonstrated multiple times in previous decades as a novel, but never adopted, machining tool in glaciology and paleoclimate studies. However, with the rapid development of high power fiber-laser technology over the past few decades, it is timely to perform further studies using this new tool. An investigation is made herein on the cutting of ice using a Yb-doped fiber laser emitting at a wavelength of 1070 nm, the most extensively developed and highest power fiber laser technology, in pulsed and continuous-wave operation. Visible-light observations of clear tap water ice samples, moving at a constant velocity relative to a pulsed laser beam, demonstrate a linear relationship between the duration of a millisecond-range laser pulse and the depth of the meltwater-free cut formed in response. Thermal imaging of the irradiated face shows that peripheral heating trends linearly for pulse lengths greater than 5 ms. A comparison of pulse trains with a constant time-averaged power suggests that shorter pulses are advantageous in slot-cutting efficiency and in minimizing visible alterations in the surrounding ice. These results demonstrate the viability of powerful fiber-compatible lasers as a tool for ice sample retrieval and processing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10522,"journal":{"name":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","volume":"228 ","pages":"Article 104335"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142446646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effectiveness evaluation of cooling measures for express highway construction in permafrost regions based on GPR and ERT","authors":"Yunhui Huang ,&nbsp;Fujun Niu ,&nbsp;Peifeng He ,&nbsp;Weidong Pan ,&nbsp;Kun Yuan ,&nbsp;Wenji Su","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2024.104339","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2024.104339","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Global warming and human activities are accelerating the degradation of permafrost on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP), leading to significant settlement and cracking issues in the local express highway infrastructures. In response, the Gonghe-Yushu Express Highway (GYE) on the east edge of the QTP incorporated extensive cooling measures during its construction to enhance embankment stability. Despite these efforts, field investigations have disclosed that embankment diseases persist across various sections, including those with implemented cooling measures. This study focuses on a specific test and demonstration section of the GYE, employing a suite of cooling measures to assess their engineering effectiveness. Utilizing a combination of multi-time ground-penetrating radar (GPR) and electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) detection, alongside on-site disease investigations and temperature monitoring, this research comprehensively evaluates the efficacy of different cooling interventions. Findings indicate that although cooling measures generally curb permafrost degradation in areas with ice-rich and ice-saturated soils, they fall short in sections with massive ground ice. Of the six cooling measures examined in the demonstration section, ventilation duct embankments emerge as the most effective, whereas crushed-rock layer embankments rank as the least. The study further reveals that the combined use of XPS insulation boards and two-phase closed thermosyphons inadequately addresses the issue of central heat accumulation in broad-width express highways, reducing uneven settlement issues but aggravating longitudinal cracking. Comparative analysis of on-site surveys and monitoring data suggests that regular application of GPR and ERT techniques can proficiently assess the performance of cooling measures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10522,"journal":{"name":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","volume":"228 ","pages":"Article 104339"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142420183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Applicability of two-phase modeling with compression experiments for snow compaction dynamics","authors":"B. Ilyse Horlings ,&nbsp;Zoe Courville ,&nbsp;Andrii Murdza ,&nbsp;Kaitlin M. Keegan","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2024.104336","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2024.104336","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Compaction is a rheological process which, in many fields, has been modeled using a 1-D two-phase continuum framework. However, only recently has it been posed as a promising method for modeling the densification of snow into glacial ice, where the conventional model is empirical or semi-empirical. Here, we explore the applicability of a standard one-dimensional two-phase continuum framework for modeling snow compaction through theoretical and laboratory methods by analyzing and simplifying theory, and then experimentally constraining the model coefficient. We find in our theory analysis that the limit of slow compaction is reached such that air evacuation during the compaction process does not impede the deformation of ice grains. Model-data comparisons are performed using data from a series of uniaxial compression experiments of snow samples under a range of compaction rates (1 × 10⁻⁶ to 3 × 10⁻⁵ m s⁻¹) and densities (250 to 450 kg m⁻³) at −10° and –20 °C, which show good measures of fit (<span><math><msup><mi>r</mi><mn>2</mn></msup></math></span>&gt;0.996). By defining a linear effective pressure function, we then constrain the model parameter by tuning against the data. While our model follows proper simplification of theory, the temperature and microstructural dependence are determined exclusively by the model parameter in a rheological formulation with the strain rate, and much scatter still exists. Within the selected range of compaction rates and densities, our results indicate that a 1-D two-phase model with a continuum framework alone does not likely capture important processes involved in the compaction process.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10522,"journal":{"name":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","volume":"229 ","pages":"Article 104336"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142531386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}