Cold Regions Science and Technology最新文献

{"title":"Meso-structural characterization and discrete element modeling of freeze-thaw damage in sandstone using polarized light images","authors":"Guopeng Wu ,&nbsp;Zhijie Zhao ,&nbsp;Guanghao Yu ,&nbsp;Ruiying Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhuohang Tian ,&nbsp;Jiacheng Sui ,&nbsp;Kai Cui ,&nbsp;Qiangqiang Pei","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2026.104863","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2026.104863","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To investigate the damage characteristics of sandstone supporting the Helan Mountain petroglyphs under freeze-thaw cycling, polarized light microscopy was used to obtain meso-structural images of the sandstone. Based on the distribution of mineral particles, a discrete element model was constructed to simulate the mechanical behavior and damage evolution of sandstone during freeze-thaw cycles, and the reliability of the simulations was verified by laboratory tests. Results showed freeze-thaw cracks were driven by mineral anisotropy and water-ice phase transition. The phase transition caused volumetric expansion and accelerated mineral detachment: mica foliation slipped to form preferential crack channels, feldspar cleavage propagated transgranularly, and coupled with quartz rotation to promote radial crack extension. Pores exhibited a “slow-rapid-slow” pattern, the porosity increased from 0.13 to 0.232,eventually forming honeycomb damaged zones with dominant displacement mechanism shift. With increasing cycles, the compressive strength of sandstone decreased by 25.3%, the elastic modulus attenuated by 26.7%, with simulated and experimental curves consistent. Loading-induced microcracks followed “slow-moderate-rapid” evolution, dominated by tensile cracks early and shear cracks later, with the ratio of tensile to shear cracks being 1.18 and cracks mainly concentrated in the orientation range of 30–120°. Variations in force chains and contact numbers are the coupled results of freeze-thaw cracks and mineral heterogeneity. Differences in mineral compositions lead to their uneven distribution: the weak mineral regions are continuously weakened, accompanied by sparse force chain networks and decreased contact numbers; while the hard mineral regions are temporarily strengthened, with local concentration of force chains and increased contact numbers. The proposed “mineral-phase transition” coupling damage mechanism provides new insights into the microscopic mechanisms of freeze-thaw damage in Helan Mountain sandstone and offers a reference for the conservation of the Helankou rock art.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10522,"journal":{"name":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","volume":"246 ","pages":"Article 104863"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147386006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A parameterization for estimating ice sublimation in the Qilian mountains","authors":"Kaifeng Ma ,&nbsp;Junfeng Liu ,&nbsp;Chuntan Han ,&nbsp;Rensheng Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2026.104875","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2026.104875","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sublimation is a key component of land–atmosphere interactions and represents an important pathway of mass loss from snow/ice surfaces. Accurate quantification of sublimation is crucial for understanding these processes in which sublimation is involved. However, conventional approaches, including the eddy covariance and bulk aerodynamics, suffer from considerable uncertainties, making the observation and simulation of sublimation highly challenging. To solve this problem, we established an empirical formula based on the daily maximum temperature (Tmax), relative humidity (RH), wind speed (U), and D20 pan sublimation (Span) in the Hulugou small watershed of Qilian Mountains to simulate the daily ice surface sublimation (Sice). At the same time, bulk aerodynamics, Penman-Monteith equation, gravimetric method, and two other empirical formulas were also utilized to estimate sublimation. A comparative analysis demonstrated that our proposed formula outperformed all other methods, with correlation coefficients (CC), Kling-Gupta coefficients (KGE), relative deviations (Bias), and mean absolute errors (MAE) of 0.84, 0.76, 0.04 mm d⁻¹, and 0.23 mm d⁻¹, respectively. Owing to its simple and easily obtainable parameters and reliable simulation capability, this formula is highly suitable for quantifying the sublimation and snow/ice material balance research in the Qilian Mountains. This provides important assistance for local water resource management and climate research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10522,"journal":{"name":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","volume":"246 ","pages":"Article 104875"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147386004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of subgrade frost heave on ballasted track dynamics via a hybrid DEM-vehicle model","authors":"Wenrui Bian ,&nbsp;Yundong Ma ,&nbsp;Zherui Chen ,&nbsp;Xiaohang Tang ,&nbsp;Zhongchang Wang ,&nbsp;Hongrui Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2026.104861","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2026.104861","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Subgrade frost heave presents a significant threat to the operational safety of ballasted railways in cold regions. To evaluate the impact of frost heave deformation on the vehicle-track coupled system, a discrete element method (DEM) model for the ballasted track-subgrade structure and a vehicle-track dynamic model were established and non-iteratively coupled through the wheel-rail interface. The microscopic mechanical evolution and dynamic response characteristics of the track-subgrade system were systematically analyzed. Results indicate that frost heave disrupts the interlocking structure of ballast, leading to increased porosity and uneven stiffness distribution, which subsequently induces unstable dynamic responses. The primary load-bearing path (i.e., strong force chain) shifts from beneath the sleeper toward the frost heave boundary, resulting in unsupported sleepers at the transition between frozen and unfrozen zones. For a given frost heave amplitude, the shorter frost heave lengths produce a greater number of “unsupported sleepers”. Under high-speed operation, frost heave length shorter than 8 m with amplitudes up to 30 mm significantly elevate vertical wheel-rail forces and vehicle body accelerations, thereby presenting serious risks to operational safety.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10522,"journal":{"name":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","volume":"246 ","pages":"Article 104861"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147386040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From the Swiss Alps to the Pyrenees: Evaluating the transferability of machine learning models for avalanche forecasting","authors":"Cristina Pérez-Guillén ,&nbsp;Montse Bacardit ,&nbsp;Martin Hendrick ,&nbsp;Fabiano Monti","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2026.104884","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2026.104884","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Avalanche forecasting is crucial for ensuring safety and mobility in snow-covered mountainous regions worldwide. While traditional avalanche forecasts relied solely on human expertise, machine learning models have been developed in recent years and are already operational in Switzerland. Such models can rapidly assimilate large amounts of complex data, providing objective and high-resolution predictions of the avalanche danger level and avalanche activity, assisting forecasters with a “second opinion”. These Random Forest models were originally trained on a historical database containing 20 years of Swiss meteorological measurements, snow cover simulations, danger level assessments, and avalanche observations. The performance of the models was comparable to the experience-based avalanche forecasts in the Swiss Alps, although some variations were observed among different regions. For the future operational extension of the models, there is the challenge of addressing the spatial variation of predictive performance across snow climates, and hence verifying the capability to transfer such models to other mountain regions outside of Switzerland. In this study, we test for the first time the avalanche danger and wet-snow avalanche activity models using a database recorded during three winter seasons in Val d’Aran, a small county on the Atlantic watershed of the Spanish Central Pyrenees. The Aran Avalanche Center issues a daily regional avalanche forecast to inform the public about the avalanche hazard. To prepare this bulletin, forecasters analyze extensive data sources, including weather forecasts and meteorological and avalanche activity observations. Additionally, during the last winter seasons, the SNOWPACK model has provided snow cover simulations for specific orientations (flat field and four mountain slope aspects) driven by meteorological data measured from two automatic weather stations. These data are used as input to run the danger level and wet-snow avalanche activity models, using the same model versions as those operationally used in Switzerland. Even though Val d’Aran is a relatively small mountain region, the high-quality data collected there, including daily avalanche danger level forecasts, snow cover simulations, snowpack stability field assessments, and avalanche activity observations, make it a perfect study site to test and validate the predictions of the Swiss machine learning models in a region with different snow climate conditions. Overall, the danger level models achieved agreement rates of approximately 60%–70% with the public forecast danger levels for dry-snow conditions, whereas the wet-avalanche activity model showed a moderate correlation with the forecast for wet-snow conditions. Our findings demonstrate that machine learning models trained on a dataset from Switzerland can be transferred to another climatic region with only a moderate loss in performance. Therefore, after real-time testing, these models cou","PeriodicalId":10522,"journal":{"name":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","volume":"246 ","pages":"Article 104884"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147386016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Laser-microstructured galvanized surfaces for enhanced dew and frost harvesting in cold high-altitude regions","authors":"Soleiman Forouzandeh ,&nbsp;Mohammad Taghi Ghaneian ,&nbsp;Ehsan Abouee Mehrizi ,&nbsp;Hossein Fallahzadeh ,&nbsp;Ali Asghar Ebrahimi","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2026.104864","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2026.104864","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Passive atmospheric water harvesting through dew and frost condensation is a promising supplemental freshwater source in cold, high-altitude regions. In such environments, frost formation is commonly treated as a performance-limiting phenomenon rather than a recoverable water resource, and its governing mechanisms at practical scales remain poorly understood. This study investigates the -field scale performance of laser-microstructured galvanized steel panels (1 m²) using a combined experimental, thermal, and numerical framework. Over the 2022–2023 astronomical winter, 61 valid condensation-active nights were recorded, comprising 59 frost and 2 dew events. The microstructured surface (MS) outperformed the plain galvanized surface (PS) on every night and achieved a 59.3% higher cumulative collected water yield. Infrared thermography showed consistently lower nocturnal surface temperatures (0.5–1.1 °C) on the MS under radiative cooling conditions, while three-dimensional CFD simulations were used to qualitatively examine geometry-dependent near-surface airflow patterns and the spatial distribution of condensation and frost flux. These results indicate that surface microstructuring can enhance frost collection and subsequent meltwater recovery, identifying micro-grooved galvanized steel as a practical material for passive atmospheric water harvesting in cold mountainous regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10522,"journal":{"name":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","volume":"246 ","pages":"Article 104864"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147386037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predicting the fracture temperature of asphalt mixtures under wet-dry cycles: An SCB test-based framework","authors":"Qinglin Guo ,&nbsp;Li Zhang ,&nbsp;Lili Li ,&nbsp;Baoping An ,&nbsp;Zhiyong Liu ,&nbsp;Shuaipeng Li ,&nbsp;Song Zheng","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2026.104859","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2026.104859","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Wet-dry cycles induced by precipitation triggers moisture damage in asphalt layers and accelerates thermal cracking of asphalt mixtures. Thermal cracking resistance is closely associated with the fracture temperature of asphalt mixture. So, the effects of wet-dry cycles on the low-temperature fracture toughness and energy were investigated through semi-circular bend (SCB) test. Based on the SCB tests across various temperatures (from −30 °C to 25 °C), a novel framework for predicting the fracture temperature was developed by integrating the experimental results with finite element (FE) method. A conversion coefficient was defined to convert the SCB flexural strength to the direct tensile strength for the thermal stress restrained specimen test (TSRST). The fracture temperatures of asphalt mixtures subjected to the wet-dry cycles were predicted. Results indicate that wet-dry cycles result in a reduction of the fracture toughness and fracture energy. With a high number of repetitions, even short-term immersing cycles can induce severe moisture damage in asphalt mixtures. The fracture energy is more susceptible to each change of wet-dry conditions. The conversion coefficient of 2.28 is determined for dense mixture. Fracture temperatures of asphalt mixtures are accurately predicted, wet-dry cycles result in an increase in the fracture temperature of asphalt mixtures, with frequent short-term immersion cycles exerting a significant influence on this property. This approach is particularly valuable for evaluating the low-temperature performance of in-service asphalt layers that have undergone moisture damage and aging.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10522,"journal":{"name":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","volume":"246 ","pages":"Article 104859"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146172653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MHATCN: Integrating local patterns and long-range dependencies for snow albedo forecasting","authors":"Rampunit Kumar ,&nbsp;Aman Kumar Meena ,&nbsp;Alok Saw ,&nbsp;Divesh Kumar","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2026.104883","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2026.104883","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Snow albedo plays a critical role in regulating surface energy balance and climate processes, particularly in complex mountainous environments like Himalayans. However, existing snow albedo prediction approaches often struggle to simultaneously capture short-term variability and long-range temporal dependencies. They also frequently place limited emphasis on physical interpretability and systematic evaluation of model robustness across varying meteorological and spatial conditions. To address these limitations, this study enhances an existing Temporal Convolutional Network (TCN) framework by integrating multi-head attention mechanism, and applies the improved architecture to snow albedo prediction in the Baramulla district of Jammu and Kashmir, India. The model is trained using high-resolution ERA5-Land reanalysis data from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, covering the winter months (January–February) from 2019 to 2021. The dataset comprises 1,982,208 observations, including skin temperature, snow density, surface solar radiation, and evaporation. By combining temporal convolutional blocks with multi-head attention mechanisms, the proposed architecture effectively captures both local temporal patterns and long-range dependencies in snow atmosphere interactions. The enhanced framework outperforms a baseline TCN–Transformer model, achieving an RMSE of 0.029, MAE of 0.018, R² of 0.873, and MAPE of 2.56%, demonstrating improved predictive accuracy and robustness. It also identified strong correlations between snow albedo and meteorological variables, with temperature showing quadratic relationships and radiation showing inverse linear trends.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10522,"journal":{"name":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","volume":"246 ","pages":"Article 104883"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147386012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Similitude-scaled criterion for investigating the snow and ice accumulation in the bogie regions of high-speed train","authors":"Jiabin Wang ,&nbsp;Jiachen Hu ,&nbsp;Cao Liu ,&nbsp;Guangjun Gao ,&nbsp;Sinisa Krajnović","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2026.104879","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2026.104879","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Full-scale wind tunnel experiments investigating snow and ice accumulation in the bogie regions of high-speed trains are both expensive and technically demanding due to equipment constraints. Although scaling methods provide a more economical alternative, a well-established theoretical framework for simulating snow and ice particle dynamics in this context remains absent. This study proposes a snow particle scaling criterion based on aerodynamic similarity. Specifically, when the ratio of the product of particle density and diameter before and after scaling aligns with the model's geometric scaling ratio, their transport and deposition behaviors remain consistent. The proposed criterion was verified through numerical simulations by comparing three scaling strategies against the full-scale baseline case. The accuracy of the numerical method was further validated against both single-phase wind tunnel experiments and full-scale snow and ice wind tunnel tests. Results indicate that scaling only the particle density most effectively preserves the snow partial motion and accretion distribution characteristics. When only the particle diameter is scaled, the particle mass decreases most significantly, which markedly alters the particle's motion trajectories. Compared to the baseline case, average changes in particle accretion thickness were 0.8%, 29.8%, and 10.0% for the bogie gearbox, and 0.8%, 28.9%, and 10.1% for the motor under density-only, diameter-only, and combined scaling, respectively. These findings suggest that maintaining the original particle diameter while scaling only the density most accurately preserves snow accumulation behavior, thereby supporting experimental investigations of snow and ice phenomena in the bogie regions of high-speed trains.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10522,"journal":{"name":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","volume":"246 ","pages":"Article 104879"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147386014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A review of field monitoring methods for bedrock frost weathering in cold alpine regions","authors":"Liping Wang ,&nbsp;Zhexiao Hao ,&nbsp;Honggang Zhang ,&nbsp;Chenlei Zheng ,&nbsp;Naifei Liu ,&nbsp;Xiaoliang Yao","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2026.104878","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2026.104878","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Frost weathering is a key process driving bedrock degradation, landform evolution, and geological hazards in cold alpine regions. Field monitoring provides the fundamental basis for understanding the manifestations of frost weathering in bedrock and its controlling factors. This paper systematically reviews the progress of field monitoring on bedrock frost weathering in cold alpine areas. Monitoring systems have evolved through three stages: from “single-temperature measurements with offline data retrieval” to “multi-sensor approaches with wireless/IoT connectivity and near-real-time transmission.” In terms of monitoring parameters and deployment, studies have expanded from measuring rock temperature to investigating moisture content (saturation), fracture initiation and propagation, as well as rockfall and collapse events. Furthermore, we discuss current challenges and limitations, including the lack of direct and unambiguous in situ observational evidence for frost heave and ice segregation, the uncertain role of thermal stress in bedrock weathering, the technical difficulties of unfrozen water measurements, and the spatial concentration of monitoring sites. These findings provide a systematic framework and methodological support for advancing future research on bedrock weathering in cold alpine regions, and contribute to the development of more robust indicators that may support hazard assessment and early-warning efforts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10522,"journal":{"name":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","volume":"246 ","pages":"Article 104878"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147386035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Compressive behavior of a novel 3D auxetic lattice reinforced ice-based composite: Experiments and modeling","authors":"Ruipeng Liu ,&nbsp;Yongpeng Lei ,&nbsp;Zhu Liu ,&nbsp;Tianhui Hao ,&nbsp;Hui Wang ,&nbsp;Haotian Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2026.104858","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2026.104858","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The ice-based structure is prone to instantaneous destruction due to its insufficient strength and brittleness in the service environment. In this study, sinusoidal auxetic lattices with lower stress concentration and tunable Poisson's ratio are employed to improve the mechanical properties of the pure ice. The mechanical response of sinusoidal curve-reinforced ice-based composites under quasi-static compression is systematically investigated via the compressive experiment and the validated finite element model. A parametric analysis is subsequently conducted to quantify the effect of geometric parameters, including amplitude, torsion angle, diameter of the cross section and the number of unit cells. It is found that the mechanical properties of 4 × 4 × 4 cell model are improved significantly compared to the fresh water ice, with 58.16% increase in compressive modulus, 250.48% increase in peak stress, and 689.17% increase in the specific energy absorption. The strengthening mechanism of PA12 auxetic lattices can be summarized as the auxetic effect, bridging connection and the hydrophilic interface.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10522,"journal":{"name":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","volume":"246 ","pages":"Article 104858"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147386036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}