Cold Regions Science and Technology最新文献

{"title":"A novel approach for bridging the gap between climate change scenarios and avalanche hazard indication mapping","authors":"Gregor Ortner ,&nbsp;Adrien Michel ,&nbsp;Matthias B.A. Spieler ,&nbsp;Marc Christen ,&nbsp;Yves Bühler ,&nbsp;Michael Bründl ,&nbsp;David N. Bresch","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2024.104355","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2024.104355","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The influence of climate change on snow avalanches, particularly for the end of this century, remains uncertain, underscoring the need for further research. To assess the possible consequences of potential changes in snow accumulation and temperature and their impact on avalanche hazard, we introduce a comprehensive multi-step framework. It includes the analysis of climate change scenarios as well as the modeling of future snow covers and the simulation of avalanches in a case study region in central Switzerland.</div><div>Using a downscaling and a quantile mapping approach, we considered the high emission RCP8.5 from the CH2018 Swiss climate change scenarios and simulated a potential snow cover of more than 100 future winters with the snow cover model SNOWPACK. Changing snow accumulation and snow cover temperature was taken into account for two future time frames. The changed parameters were used in the RAMMS::EXTENDED avalanche simulation software on large scale.</div><div>The results indicate that changes in snow accumulation and temperature have a considerable impact on the run-out of avalanches. The results strongly depend on the climate model, without a clear overall trend in snow accumulation across the selected model chains. Snow accumulation and layer temperature can increase or decrease. However, for snow cover temperature, an increase in the mean snow temperature, especially towards the end of the century, can be expected. In future scenarios with reduced snow accumulation and rising temperatures, avalanche simulations show a decrease in the affected area.</div><div>The workflow from climate scenario analysis to avalanche hazard modeling serves as an initial method for estimating future avalanche extents in the context of climate change on a large scale and can be useful for achieving future protection and adaptation goals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10522,"journal":{"name":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","volume":"230 ","pages":"Article 104355"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142705939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metrological approach for permafrost temperature measurements","authors":"Graziano Coppa ,&nbsp;Francesca Sanna ,&nbsp;Luca Paro ,&nbsp;Chiara Musacchio ,&nbsp;Andrea Merlone","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2024.104364","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2024.104364","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Permafrost degradation is a growing direct impact of climate change. Detecting permafrost shrinkage, in terms of extension, depth reduction and active layer shift is fundamental to capture the magnitude of trends and address actions and warnings. Temperature profiles in permafrost allow direct understanding of the status of the frozen ground layer and its evolution in time. The Sommeiller Pass permafrost monitoring station, at about 3000 m of elevation, is the key site of the regional network installed in 2009 during the European Project “PermaNET” in the Piedmont Alps (NW Italy). The station consists of three vertical boreholes with different characteristics, equipped with a total of 36 thermistors distributed in three different chains. The collected raw data shows a degradation of the permafrost base at approximately 60 m of depth since 2014, corresponding to about 0.03 °C/yr. In order to verify and better quantify this potential degradation, three <em>on-site</em> sensor calibration campaigns were carried out to understand the reliability of these measurements. By repeating calibrations in different years, two key results have been achieved: the profiles have been corrected for errors and the re-calibration allowed to distinguish the effective change of permafrost temperatures during the years, from possible drifts of the sensors, which can be of the same order of magnitude of the investigated thermal change. The warming of permafrost base at a depth of ∼ 60 m has been confirmed, with a rate of (4.2 ± 0.5)∙10⁻² °C/yr. This paper reports the implementation and installation of the on-site metrology laboratory, the dedicated calibration procedure adopted, the calibration results and the resulting adjusted data, profiles and their evolution with time. It is intended as a further contribution to the ongoing studies and definition of best practices, to improve data traceability and comparability, as prescribed by the World Meteorological Organization Global Cryosphere Watch programme.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10522,"journal":{"name":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","volume":"229 ","pages":"Article 104364"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142661634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A generalized thermal conductivity model of soil-rock mixture based on freezing characteristic curve","authors":"Yindong Wang ,&nbsp;Jianguo Lu ,&nbsp;Wansheng Pei ,&nbsp;Xusheng Wan ,&nbsp;Jiajia Gao ,&nbsp;Fei Deng","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2024.104360","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2024.104360","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Soil-rock mixtures, served as important geotechnical materials for road construction and embankment dams, are widely distributed in cold regions. Thermal conductivity is a significant parameter in qualitatively assessing the heat transfer properties and determining the temperature field in cold regions geotechnical engineering. This study experimentally investigated the influence of rock content and temperature variations on the thermal conductivity of soil-rock mixtures, and a generalized thermal conductivity model based on the freezing characteristic curve was established. The results showed that both rock content and water-ice phase transitions affect the heat flux within soil-rock mixtures. The heat flux exhibited distinct variation trends during the freezing-thawing processes. Notably, hysteresis in heat flux was observed during the early stages of freeze-thaw cycles, disappearing after 8, 6, and 4 freeze-thaw cycles for soil-rock mixtures with rock contents of 10 %, 25 %, and 40 %, respectively. Additionally, the rock content seldom influenced the freezing temperature, while it significantly affected the thermal conductivity of soil-rock mixture. Furthermore, a generalized thermal conductivity model based on the freezing characteristic curve was established and verified, the proportion of thermal conductivity associated with the water-ice phase increased for the modified parallel model, while the modified series thermal conductivity model exhibited reversed results as the temperature decreased. Moreover, all the thermal conductivity models could obviously reflect the water-ice phase transition on the thermal conductivity of soil-rock mixture. However, the modified effective thermal conductivity model agreed best with the experimented results.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10522,"journal":{"name":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","volume":"229 ","pages":"Article 104360"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142661636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Freezing of a Supercooled Water Drop after an Impact onto a Solid Wall","authors":"Mingyue Ding,&nbsp;Jeanette Hussong,&nbsp;Ilia V. Roisman","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2024.104359","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2024.104359","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Supercooled water freezes as a result of ice nucleation, propagation along the substrate of a thin ice layer and subsequent expansion of a mushy region of ice dendrites. In this experimental study, the impact, spreading and solidification of the drop are observed in a cold wind tunnel using a high-speed video system. The statistics of the nucleation times after a supercooled water drop impacts onto a dry solid substrate are analyzed. The experiments demonstrate that the rate of the ice nucleation is enhanced significantly by drop impact and continuously reduces over time. The nucleation rate increases with higher impact velocity and is enhanced by the substrate roughness. This effect is explained by the presence of the small bubbles in the liquid drops, generated by drop impact and fast spreading. The surfaces of these bubbles serve as the additional triggers for ice nucleation. Moreover, the effect of the presence of the bubbles becomes even more significant when the wetted area reduces due to the drop receding. The average number of the nucleation sites in this case increases, since the number of bubbles does not reduce despite the reductions of the wetted area. These bubbles are probably captured by the receding contact line.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10522,"journal":{"name":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","volume":"229 ","pages":"Article 104359"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142661637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring heat transfer in freezing supercooled water droplet through high-speed infrared thermography","authors":"Hassan Abbas Khawaja ,&nbsp;Samaneh Keshavarzi ,&nbsp;Adeel Yousuf ,&nbsp;Manaf Muhammed ,&nbsp;Muhammad Shakeel Virk ,&nbsp;Derek Harvey ,&nbsp;Gelareh Momen","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2024.104358","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2024.104358","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study explores the intricate heat transfer dynamics and thermographic patterns during the phase change from supercooled liquid water to ice. Using high-resolution, high-speed infrared thermography, real-time temperature data were captured during the freezing process. The resulting temperature profiles reveal critical insights into the freezing dynamics, particularly highlighting the rapid phenomena of recalescence in supercooled conditions. Notably, this study represents the first time recalescence, a rapid and previously elusive phenomenon, captured and documented in the scientific literature. Additionally, a mathematical model is developed to describe the recalescence phase on macro scale. These findings have practical relevance for various industries, aiding in the design of more efficient anti−/de-icing technologies, refrigeration systems, weather prediction models, and cryopreservation techniques. The study also opens new avenues for further exploration in understanding phase transitions in supercooled water.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10522,"journal":{"name":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","volume":"229 ","pages":"Article 104358"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142661635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydro-thermal processes and deformation of highway embankment in the active layer in a high-latitude permafrost region of Inner Mongolia in Northeast China","authors":"Chunlei Xie ,&nbsp;Yaqian Dong ,&nbsp;Ze Zhang ,&nbsp;Xianglong Li ,&nbsp;Andrei Zhang ,&nbsp;Doudou Jin","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2024.104357","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2024.104357","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Construction of embankments in the permafrost region significantly changes the heat exchange conditions and hydrothermal transport processes between permafrost and the external environment, causing changes in the state of permafrost under the embankment, which in turn affects the long-term stability of embankment impacts. Considering more complex forest environment and higher technical standard for expressway than ordinary highway, the hydrothermal and deformation characteristics of the embankment are investigated through a full-scale field experimental embankment of the Genhe-Labdalin highway. Further, the study delves into the influence of changes in the active layer thickness, hydrothermal processes, and water above the frozen layer on embankment stability. The main conclusions are as follows: 1) The permafrost table, temperature, moisture and deformation of the embankment showed lateral heterogeneity, with the three-former showing a “concave shape” and the left side (sunny slope) being lower than the right side (shady slope). 2) The permafrost table appears to be unconnected (thawing interlayer), creating preferential flow, thaw zones and even through-thaw zones. 3) Accompanied by the freezing and thawing process of the embankment, the deformation of the pavement is less delayed. These findings will be helpful for better understanding the hydrothermal characteristics of embankments in different frozen ground regions, and for providing important technical guidance to ensure the safe operation of engineering projects.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10522,"journal":{"name":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","volume":"229 ","pages":"Article 104357"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142661633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical processes on soil slopes in seasonally frozen regions","authors":"Qimin Chen ,&nbsp;Yong Liu ,&nbsp;Yang Wang ,&nbsp;Libin Su ,&nbsp;Yonggang Cheng","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2024.104356","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2024.104356","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Freeze-thaw cycles significantly affect slope stability in seasonally frozen regions, posing serious threats to the functionality and safety of infrastructure. This study developed a coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) model of frozen soils that accounts for water migration, water-ice phase change, groundwater recharge, frost heave and thaw settlement deformation. The accuracy and reliability of the model was verified based on soil column test results. The change of temperature, water content, and displacement of a soil slope during freeze-thaw process was investigated. The results show that the water-heat transfer and deformation mainly occur in the shallow soils of the slope with changes in air temperature. The temperature fluctuations at the shoulder and face of the slope are more pronounced than those at the toe and crest of the slope. Water migration from the unfrozen zone to the freezing front due to the temperature gradient results in an increase in water content in the frozen zone. The slope shoulder exhibits the largest temperature fluctuations, leading to increased water migration and greater deformation. The rising groundwater table increases the total water content at the slope toe and base, exacerbating the frost heave and thaw settlement deformation, and reasonable groundwater table control intervals are provided. This study elucidates the thermo-hydro-mechanical coupling process and deformation mechanism of seasonally frozen soil slopes, and summarizes the failure modes, which provides a reference for the stability assessment and disaster prevention of soil slopes in cold regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10522,"journal":{"name":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","volume":"229 ","pages":"Article 104356"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142661552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative study of thaw settlement susceptibility mapping for the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau based on index and machine learning models","authors":"Renwei Li ,&nbsp;Mingyi Zhang ,&nbsp;Wansheng Pei ,&nbsp;Zhao Duan ,&nbsp;Haitao Jin ,&nbsp;Xin Li","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2024.104354","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2024.104354","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Climate warming has caused frequent thaw settlement in the permafrost region of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP), significantly threatening the ecological environment and infrastructure. This study assesses thaw settlement susceptibility using index and machine learning (ML) models and compares their accuracies. The settlement index (Is), risk zonation index (Ir), and geohazard index (Ia) models were selected to map thaw settlement susceptibility, and their results were combined to construct a comprehensive index (Ic) model using a majority vote criterion. Based on 12 conditioning factors related to topography, soil, vegetation, and climate, susceptibility studies using artificial neural network (ANN), K-nearest neighbor (KNN), support vector machine (SVM), and random forest (RF) models were conducted. The results indicate that although the Ic model improves the accuracies of the Is, Ir and Ia models, it remains limited, with 75.06% of thaw settlements occurring in low and moderate susceptibility areas. Conversely, the ML models demonstrated superior accuracy, with the RF model performing the best, which remained only 13.87% of thaw settlements in low to moderate susceptibility regions, effectively pinpointing the Qiangtang Plateau (QP) and Three Rivers Source (TRS) region as high susceptibility areas. Notably, the Budongquan-Beiluhe sections of the Qinghai-Tibet Highway (QTH) and Qinghai-Tibet Railway (QTR) were identified as potential high-risk regions for thaw settlement. These findings offer valuable insights for thaw settlement susceptibility evaluation and disaster risk management in the QTP.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10522,"journal":{"name":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","volume":"229 ","pages":"Article 104354"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142661553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relationship of physical and mechanical properties of sea ice during the freeze-up season in Nansen Basin","authors":"Vegard Hornnes ,&nbsp;Evgenii Salganik ,&nbsp;Knut Vilhelm Høyland","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2024.104353","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2024.104353","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sea-ice properties, such as porosity and strength, can have significant spatial variability at small scales. Quantifying this variability may give better estimates of the ice properties and their interrelation. Additionally, correlating in situ ice strength measurements and ice properties, including porosity, may improve understanding of the factors influencing ice strength. This paper presents measurements of sea-ice properties and strength on first- and second-year sea ice during the GoNorth expedition to the Arctic Ocean in October 2022. In situ borehole indentation measurements were co-located with measurements of physical properties, and the meter-scale variability of the physical properties and strength was investigated. Bulk density values found from hydrostatic weighing were 911 ± 5 kg m⁻³ for first-year and 904 ± 5 kg m⁻³ for second-year ice, with significantly less uncertainty than density values from the mass/volume method or from freeboard/draft measurements. The second-year ice was relatively saline, with a mean bulk salinity of 3.1 ± 0.5, and the ice was desalinated in the upper and lower 0.2 m. The bulk gas fraction in the second-year ice was 2.5 ± 0.5 %, similar to the first-year ice gas fraction of 2.8 ± 0.5 %. Gas fractions up to 6.5 % were observed in the second-year ice without any obvious correlation with the brine fraction. The second-year ice had larger spatial variability in thickness, porosity, grain structure, and ice strength compared to the first-year ice. Variability in bulk density and gas fraction were similar for first- and second-year ice, as the larger variability was mostly seen below the upper 0.4 m of the second-year ice. The borehole strength was 26.0 ± 4.4 MPa for first-year and 41.0 ± 12.1 MPa for second-year ice. There were indications that the total microporosity at indentation depth was related to in situ borehole strength (<span><math><msup><mi>R</mi><mn>2</mn></msup></math></span> = 0.82), and that brine volume was the most influential parameter. The relative variability in the local microporosity in the second-year ice (0.43) was greater than the relative variability in borehole strength (0.27), while the opposite was true for the first-year ice (0.09 versus 0.17).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10522,"journal":{"name":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","volume":"229 ","pages":"Article 104353"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142586072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prototype observation and analysis of static ice pressure on reservoir piers in cold regions","authors":"Wenliang Qiu ,&nbsp;Kuan Li ,&nbsp;Xin Zhao ,&nbsp;Zhaolong Hou ,&nbsp;Zhenguo Wang ,&nbsp;Junpeng Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2024.104352","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2024.104352","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Static ice pressure is an important factor threatening the structural safety of bridges built in cold region reservoirs. Bridge piers will be subjected to high static ice pressure during the conversion of water to ice, which may cause deformation or even failure of piers. To investigate the spatial and temporal distribution of static ice pressure, this study carried out a two-year field observation experiment on the ice sheet of the Xilamulun Reservoir in Inner Monggol, China. A novel ice pressure panel was designed to measure static ice pressure in this work. Meanwhile, the air temperature, ice temperature, and ice thickness were recorded to analyze the influencing factors of static ice pressure. The results show that the new ice pressure panel provided an accurate measurement of the varying ice pressure and its vertical distribution within the ice sheet. The ice thickness growth factor was calculated based on the Freezing Ice Degree Day model, and snowfall was the critical parameter affecting the ice thickness growth factor. The new formulas for calculating the temperature distribution within the ice sheet were presented, in which critical parameters were determined based on measured data. The calculated ice pressures matched well with the observed values, which indicates the validity of the presented formulas. The maximum ice pressure on piers occurred at 1/3 to 1/2 of the ice thickness below the ice surface and gradually moved downward as the ice thickness increased. Moreover, the ice pressure is not only affected by the air temperature but also by the cracking state of the ice sheet, constraints, sunshine time, etc. This study can be used to predict ice sheet growth, ice pressure, and ice temperature distribution and contribute to the ice-resistant design of bridge piers in cold region reservoirs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10522,"journal":{"name":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","volume":"229 ","pages":"Article 104352"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142571540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}