Cold Regions Science and Technology最新文献

{"title":"Numerical simulation of water migration in saturated soft clay induced by horizontal freezing","authors":"Hu Zhang ,&nbsp;Yu Liang ,&nbsp;Jintao Hu ,&nbsp;Shengjin Zhang ,&nbsp;Lijun Xing ,&nbsp;Zhe Jiang ,&nbsp;Yuxuan Dong ,&nbsp;Chongyi Liang ,&nbsp;Bo Zheng","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104595","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104595","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The application of artificial freezing methods in soft clay foundations faces a series of complex issues, especially in horizontal freezing processes, where the thermo-hydro-mechanical coupling mechanisms of soft clay are not well understood, leading to difficulties in predicting and controlling the related freezing processes. Investigating the thermo-hydro-mechanical coupling mechanisms of soft clay under horizontal freezing conditions is crucial for enhancing the reliability and effectiveness of freezing treatment techniques in soft clay foundations. This study formulates thermo-hydro-mechanical coupling control equations for saturated soft clay under horizontal freezing, grounded in energy and mass conservation principles, and validates the model's accuracy through laboratory experiments. The findings indicate that the model effectively characterizes the interactions among water migration, temperature distribution, and stress field variations during horizontal freezing. The study reveals the driving effect of temperature potential energy and gravitational potential energy on water migration, with temperature-induced changes dominating the process. Additionally, temperature variations significantly affect key parameters such as pore- water pressure, freezing front progression, and unfrozen water content. The research provides theoretical support for predicting the freezing process of soft clay foundations in horizontal freezing engineering, offering guidance for optimizing freezing construction techniques.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10522,"journal":{"name":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","volume":"239 ","pages":"Article 104595"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144535074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modeling axial strain-deviatoric stress response of frozen sands with enhanced LSTM approach","authors":"Xinye Song ,&nbsp;Sai K. Vanapalli ,&nbsp;Junping Ren","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104594","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104594","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Data-driven approaches hold promise for modeling the highly nonlinear stress-strain behavior of frozen soils in comparison to standalone machine learning models which often overfit and lack generalizability. To address these issues, in this study an enhanced fundamental Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) model with an iterative EXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) algorithm is proposed to predict the axial strain-deviatoric stress relationship of frozen sands. Using degree of saturation, mean particle size, test rate, initial void ratio, temperature, confining pressure, and axial strain as input parameters, the Local Interpretable Model-agnostic Explanations (LIME) feature-importance analysis identified initial void ratio as the most influential parameter. The adaptability of the fundamental LSTM shows better accuracy than the Random Forest (RF) model and the Multilayer Perception (MLP) model. To reduce discrepancies between predicted and measured results in the fundamental LSTM model, an uncertainty factor was introduced to improve residual accuracy, thereby facilitating the development of an XGBoost-optimized LSTM (LSTMXGBoost) model. The resulting LSTMXGBoost model demonstrated strong predictive performance for axial strain-deviatoric stress relationship across a range of triaxial shear test conditions. Analysis of results suggest that there is a good comparison between two key parameters; namely, modulus of elasticity and peak stress that were extracted from a separate triaxial test dataset not used in model training or testing. The results of this study are promising for constructing high-dimensional constitutive models that can be used in numerical simulations of frozen sands behavior for use in geotechnical engineering practice applications alleviating time consuming, cumbersome and expensive experimental test techniques.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10522,"journal":{"name":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","volume":"239 ","pages":"Article 104594"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144535076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental study of localized hydro-thermal-mechanical coupling characteristics of unsaturated silt under step-freezing conditions","authors":"Yu-zhi Zhang ,&nbsp;Cheng-yan Li ,&nbsp;Meng Wang ,&nbsp;Yi-han Cui ,&nbsp;You-cheng Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104582","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104582","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The deformation of unsaturated silt under freezing conditions is governed by coupled hydro-thermal-mechanical (HTM) processes, particularly during phase transitions between unfrozen water and ice. Unlike previous studies that have largely focused on constant-temperature freezing, this study conducted unidirectional freezing tests under step-freezing and open-system conditions to replicate frost heave phenomena typical of seasonally frozen regions. The key variables, including initial and final water content, frost depth, heave displacement, and external water uptake, were continuously monitored. Particle image velocimetry captured the localized deformation patterns, which closely matched displacement measurements. The results indicated that a higher initial water content led to deeper frost penetration, more frost heave, and increased heave rates, while simultaneously reducing external water replenishment. Significant latent heat release occurred in soils with high water content during freezing, correlating with the increased frost heave responses. Frost heave dominated within the frozen zones, whereas compressive deformation was observed in the unfrozen regions. The specimens with a low water content tended to develop single-layer segregation cracks, whereas those with a higher water content exhibited multi-layer cracking. These findings, significantly different from those of constant-temperature freezing studies, revealed more varied cracking patterns than uniform patterns observed in constant-temperature tests. These findings could provide quantitative insights into localized deformation mechanisms under phase change, enhance the understanding of frost heave risk, and support the development of deformation control strategies in cold-region geotechnical applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10522,"journal":{"name":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","volume":"239 ","pages":"Article 104582"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144517736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Glacier change and its service value in the Chinese Altai Mountains","authors":"Cai Xingran ,&nbsp;Li Yang ,&nbsp;Xu Chunhai ,&nbsp;Wang Shijin ,&nbsp;Liang Yanqing","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104592","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104592","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As an important water resource in arid areas, glaciers occupy an important position in ecological protection and social development. Clarifying the temporal and spatial evolution characteristics of glaciers and the dynamic changes in their service value is of great significance. Based on the Second Chinese glacier inventory and remote sensing images, we explore the spatial-temporal evolution characteristics of glaciers in the Chinese Altai Mountains from 1991 to 2019 and construct a glacier service value evaluation index system in combination with social, economic and natural environment conditions to quantitatively estimate the glacier service value and its dynamic changes. The results suggest that: (1) Glacier area and volume in the Chinese Altai Mountains decreased by 21.04 % and 21.99 %, respectively, from 1991 to 2019, which mainly occurred in the area of 2–5 km² and altitude below 3000 m a.s.l. (2) Glacier service value of the Chinese Altai Mountains increased from 523.07 million USD to 1299.89 million USD from 1991 to 2019, while the service value reduced by 38.93 million USD from 2009 to 2019, manifesting that under the influence of rapid glacier retreat, the glacier service value increased significantly in a short time, but in the long run, the glacier service value showed a downward trend. Glacier climate regulation, runoff regulation and freshwater resources play a significant role and have irreplaceable advantages over other service functions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10522,"journal":{"name":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","volume":"239 ","pages":"Article 104592"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144517425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Field observations on temperature characteristics and insulation performance of an extra-long highway tunnel in high-altitude cold regions","authors":"Lingjie Li ,&nbsp;Yanhu Mu ,&nbsp;Xiaoming Zhu ,&nbsp;Wei Ma ,&nbsp;Zhaohui Yang ,&nbsp;Kun Zhang ,&nbsp;Lijie Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104581","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104581","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Temperature characteristics along tunnels in cold regions (CRTs) are the basis for insulation design and frost damage prevention. However, the temperature distribution patterns inside different CRTs generally differ significantly, particularly inside extra-long CRTs. This study conducts simultaneous field observations of air temperatures and wind data outside the tunnel portals, as well as air and lining temperatures along a 7527-m-long highway tunnel for over two years, thus exploring the driving effect of microclimates at the tunnel site on the interior temperature distributions. The results show that, due to the mountain climate effect, the air temperatures and wind data at the nearest municipal meteorological station, the tunnel entrance and exit differed considerably. Based on the interior air temperatures along the tunnel, the entire tunnel can be categorized into the entrance, middle and exit sections. At the entrance and exit sections, as the distance from the tunnel portals increased, the annual averages of the air temperatures rose at gradients of 0.06 and 0.07 °C per 100m, and the annual amplitudes decreased at gradients of 0.16 and 0.10 °C per 100m, respectively. However, the annual averages and annual amplitudes of the air temperatures in the middle section remained almost unchanged. Good insulation performance was observed within the insulated entrance (1000m long) and exit section (1200 m long), with the temperature differences between the two sides of the insulation layer ranging from 3.6 to 6.0 and from 4.2 to 3.2 °C, respectively. In the cold season, the frost profile along the tunnel was asymmetric. The freezing indices of the concrete lining within the entrance and middle sections were considerably larger than those within the exit section. Such as asymmetric frost profile along the tunnel is likely influenced by the chimney effect due to the air temperature difference between the entrance and exit, and the prevailing wind at the entrance during cold seasons. The field data and analyses will offer valuable case-study insights and could inform insulation design guidelines for the tunnel, pending further validation across varied geographies and tunnel configurations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10522,"journal":{"name":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","volume":"239 ","pages":"Article 104581"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144491493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mapping winter road connections to remote First Nations communities in Canada","authors":"Annette Salles ,&nbsp;Donal Mullan ,&nbsp;Matteo Spagnolo ,&nbsp;Gemma Catney","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104590","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104590","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Winter roads are seasonally constructed transport routes over frozen land, lakes and rivers, allowing heavy and voluminous goods to reach remote Canadian First Nations communities in a practical and relatively affordable way. As climate change in sub-Arctic regions leads to the most pronounced temperature increases in winter, it results in shorter operating seasons and threatens essential supply and access routes. Different systems of funding and documenting this infrastructure have left an inconsistent federal record of varying temporal and spatial accuracy. Here, we have assembled a dataset that presents verified winter roads to First Nations communities for the 2022–23 season, categorised by surface type land, river ice, and lake ice. Newly constructed all-season roads and previously undocumented local roads are included, as are ice crossings connecting permanent highways. Current location and distance information can thus be derived from this easily updated dataset and used as a base for further analysis and infrastructure planning as part of a strategy to supply and connect remote First Nations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10522,"journal":{"name":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","volume":"239 ","pages":"Article 104590"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144517424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Field measurements of icing parameters and their application towards ice load maps: An overview","authors":"Pavlo Sokolov ,&nbsp;Muhammad S. Virk ,&nbsp;Xingbo Han ,&nbsp;Bjørn Egil Nygaard ,&nbsp;Eero O. Molkoselkä ,&nbsp;Ville A. Kaikkonen ,&nbsp;Anssi J. Mäkynen","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104579","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104579","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ice load maps are used for the purposes of planning and design of infrastructure in ice-prone regions. They are obtained based on microphysical output from long-term numerical weather prediction model simulations. A common microphysics scheme used in such simulations is the Thompson “aerosol-aware” parameterization scheme implemented in the Weather Research Forecasting (WRF) model. The generation of ice load maps relies on a few key assumptions regarding icing parameters, primarily, that the Median Volume Diameter (MVD) can be accurately calculated using gamma distribution from the values of Cloud Droplet Number Concentrations (CDNC) and Liquid Water Content (LWC) from WRF. The validation of this assumption is hampered due to difficulties of measuring these parameters in field. Recent technological advancements allow for these measurements. Such a measurement campaign was carried out, and its results were implemented in an analytical scheme, mimicking that of an ice load map calculation scheme. The measurement results show that the assumed droplet concentration values are overestimated in WRF. The analytical calculations results show that the generalized gamma distributions in Thompson “aerosol-aware” scheme is adequate for representing icing conditions when supplied proper input data. The WRF results are deemed useful for further use in the generation of ice load maps, as-is, however, there are now open questions about how the newly observed characteristics and connections between CDNC, LWC and MVD can impact the icing rates in particular at such exposed maritime sites. A re-evaluation of the measured icing data on a finer time resolution scale and de-coupled from WRF model output may be warranted to improve the obtained results. However, modifications to the droplet activation parameterization of the Thompson “aerosol-aware” scheme and/or the background CCN concentrations would be required to reproduce the measured droplet distribution properties.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10522,"journal":{"name":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","volume":"239 ","pages":"Article 104579"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144535075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Properties of ground surface temperature within the Engineering Corridor traversing the Xing'an permafrost region in Northern Northeast China","authors":"Juncen Lin ,&nbsp;Hang Zhang ,&nbsp;Guoyu Li ,&nbsp;Anshuang Su ,&nbsp;Xu Wang ,&nbsp;Miao Wang ,&nbsp;Kai Gao ,&nbsp;Dun Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104589","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104589","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Permafrost degradation emerges as a critical threat to sustainable infrastructure development in cold regions. Engineering activities across Northern Northeast China have been shown to modify ground surface temperature (GST), thereby profoundly altering the thermal stability of underlying permafrost layers. To this end, GSTs at different latitudes were investigated at sites along the Engineering Corridor covering the National Highway from Jiagedaqi to Mohe and China-Russia crude oil pipelines. Electrical resistivity tomography was also conducted to examine permafrost distribution and influencing factors. Results indicated that adverse snows on the surface facilitated higher GSTs associated with frost numbers less than 0.5, further accelerating Xing'an permafrost degradation. The insulation provided by snow layers contributed to progressively warmer temperatures at northern latitudes, enhancing the mean annual GST from 2.28 °C to 7.08 °C and advancing the timing of the coldest temperatures. Heat absorption in the gravel land in summer and heat preservation by snow cover in winter promoted the talik in the ambient topsoil and surrounding pipelines. Snowfall intensified the surface offset, with the highest recorded in January (25.1 °C) and the lowest in April (2.2 °C) in gravel lands, consistently demonstrating a positive monthly difference. Additionally, accumulated water significantly increased the thawing depth and lowered the load-bearing capacity in slopes, further triggering cracks and tilting. These findings indicated that long-term monitoring should be carried out to determine the spatiotemporal variations of GST for validating complex permafrost distribution and facilitating a better understanding of infrastructure-induced permafrost response and consequent degradation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10522,"journal":{"name":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","volume":"239 ","pages":"Article 104589"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144517423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A practical method for determining the elastic modulus of frozen soils","authors":"Xiangtian Xu ,&nbsp;Ruiqiang Bai ,&nbsp;Guofang Xu ,&nbsp;Shengnan Chen ,&nbsp;Bujin Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104588","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104588","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Elastic modulus of frozen soil is an important mechanical parameter for the design and construction of buildings and infrastructures in seasonal frozen soil and permafrost regions. To explore a reasonable approach for determining the elastic modulus of frozen soil, this study selects frozen silty sand, frozen silty clay, and frozen loess as representatives, and investigates the variations of 10 deformation moduli with confining pressure. The moduli are the initial tangent modulus (<em>E</em>_0<em>qf</em>), secant moduli (<em>E</em>_{0.2<em>qf</em>} - <em>E</em>_{0.5<em>qf</em>}) measured up to 20 %, 30 %, 40 %, 50 % of failure stress, and secant moduli (<em>E</em>_{0.1<em>εf</em>} - <em>E</em>_{0.5<em>εf</em>}) measured up to 10 %, 20 %, 30 %, 40 %, 50 % of failure strain. A linear model is proposed to describe the moduli variations with confining pressure, and the performance of the model is evaluated based on 12 indicators. The results show that the change of each modulus with confining pressure is influenced by the yielding mode of the test specimen. The moduli decrease with increasing confining pressure when the specimen yields in a shear mode, and increase with the confining pressure further increase once the specimen yields in compressibility mode. Under the same yielding mode, there exist linear relationships between the deformation moduli and confining pressure. It is interesting to find that the relationship between <em>E</em>_0<em>qf</em> - <em>E</em>_{0.5<em>qf</em>} and confining pressure is affected by soil type, while the linear relationship between <em>E</em>_{0.1<em>εf</em>} - <em>E</em>_{0.5<em>εf</em>} and confining pressure is independent of the soil type tested. Moreover, the linear relationships between <em>E</em>_{0.1<em>εf</em>} - <em>E</em>_{0.5<em>εf</em>} and confining pressure are more significant than those between <em>E</em>_0<em>qf</em> - <em>E</em>_{0.5<em>qf</em>} and confining pressure. Using <em>E</em>_{0.2<em>εf</em>} - <em>E</em>_{0.5<em>εf</em>} as the elastic modulus can effectively reduce the discreteness of the index, thus reduce the quantity of the experiments for determining the elastic modulus, and facilitate to determine more realistic frozen soil deformation in engineering calculation. From this point of view, this study provides a practical method for determining the elastic modulus of frozen soils.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10522,"journal":{"name":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","volume":"239 ","pages":"Article 104588"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144501557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental study on the dynamic mechanical properties and evolution mechanism of low-temperature frozen sandstone under impact loading","authors":"Yan Xi ,&nbsp;Yanglin Wang ,&nbsp;Jianwei Yin ,&nbsp;Mingxing He ,&nbsp;Shibo Su","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104587","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104587","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>During the implementation of projects in cold regions or polar regions, the low-temperature freezing conditions significantly affect the dynamic mechanical properties of rocks, which influence the stability of underground engineering structures. In response, tests on the dynamic mechanical properties of rocks under low - temperature freezing were conducted. The effects of different low - temperatures (20 °C, 0 °C, − 20 °C, − 40 °C, − 60 °C) on the dynamic mechanical parameters (compressive strength, elastic modulus) of dry and water-saturated sandstones were analyzed. The variation of the damage coefficient under low - temperature freezing and impact loads was quantified. Models for inter-particle forces, water/ice-particle adhesion, and the relationship between macroscopic compressive strength and microscopic adhesion were established. The results show that: as the temperature continuously decreases from 20 °C to −60 °C, the dynamic compressive strength and elastic modulus first increase (from 20 °C to −10 °C) and then decrease (from −10 °C to −60 °C), the number of cracks in the specimens after impact first increases and then decreases. Under the same low-temperature condition, the compressive strength of water-saturated sandstone is higher than dry sandstone, while the elastic modulus of dry sandstone is higher than water-saturated sandstone. There is a significant positive corresponding relationship between the macroscopic compressive strength and the microscopic adhesive force of the sandstone. As the temperature decreases, they first increase and then decrease, and both reach the maximum values at −10 °C. The research results can provide theoretical references for ensuring the stability of engineering structures in cold regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10522,"journal":{"name":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","volume":"239 ","pages":"Article 104587"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144490784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}