Cold Regions Science and Technology最新文献

{"title":"Evaluation of pull-out behavior of headed stud connectors under freeze-thaw cycles: Experimental and numerical studies","authors":"Xing Wei ,&nbsp;Gang Yang ,&nbsp;Jun Chen ,&nbsp;Lin Xiao ,&nbsp;Zhirui Kang ,&nbsp;Yingliang Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104530","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104530","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In order to determine the pull-out capacity and failure mechanisms of headed stud connectors under freeze-thaw cycles (FTCs), freeze-thaw and pull-out tests were performed on thirty-six pull-out specimens with varying effective embedment depths (60 mm, 90 mm, and 110 mm) subjected to 0, 50, 75, and 100 FTCs. Failure modes, concrete strength, dynamic elastic modulus, mass loss rate, and load-displacement behavior of the specimens after different FTCs were presented and discussed. Experimental results indicated that the degradation of pull-out capacity (<em>P</em>_<em>u</em>) is significantly affected by freeze-thaw damage, particularly after 50 FTCs. Increasing the number of FTCs from 0 to 50 and 100 times, the <em>P</em>_<em>u</em> decreased by 14.9 % and 38.7 %, respectively. Results also indicated that the <em>P</em>_<em>u</em> was enlarged by the magnification of the embedment depth. Increasing the embedment depth from 60 to 90 and 110 mm, the <em>P</em>_<em>u</em> magnified by 65.0 % and 171.1 %, respectively. A finite element (FE) model was further established to gain insight into the effects of concrete strength, effective embedment depth, and stud head diameter on the <em>P</em>_<em>u</em> after FTCs. Numerical results indicated that smaller embedment depths and stud head diameters reduced freeze-thaw resistance, while freeze-thaw damage was minimally influenced by concrete strength. Increasing embedment depth and stud head diameter is recommended to improve the freeze-thaw resistance of pull-out capacity. Furthermore, an analytical model that considers the number of freeze-thaw cycles that is capable of predicting the pull-out capacity of headed studs after freeze-thaw damage was proposed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10522,"journal":{"name":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","volume":"237 ","pages":"Article 104530"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143899911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study of the dynamic mechanical behavior and damage mechanisms of water-saturated sandstone subjected to freeze–thaw alternation","authors":"Haotian Xie ,&nbsp;Ying Xu ,&nbsp;Qiangqiang Zheng ,&nbsp;Meilu Yu ,&nbsp;Suqian Ni","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104520","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104520","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To study the mechanical properties and damage mechanisms of rock masses subjected to freeze–thaw cycles under dynamic disturbance, dynamic compression tests were performed on water-saturated sandstone samples subjected to different freeze–thaw cycles and strain rates, and the dynamic strength deterioration and energy evolution characteristics were analyzed. By incorporating Lemaitre's strain equivalence principle, a dynamic damage constitutive model of water-saturated sandstone considering the combined action of freeze–thaw cycling and shock loading was proposed, and its validity was verified. The results indicated that with an increasing number of freeze–thaw cycles, the P-wave velocity, dynamic compressive strength, and elastic modulus of water-saturated sandstone samples gradually decreased. After 120 freeze–thaw cycles, the dynamic compressive strength and elastic modulus at a strain rate of 153.05 s⁻¹ decreased by 21.08 MPa and 3.46 GPa, respectively, compared with those without freeze–thaw cycles. With increasing strain rate, the dynamic compressive strength significantly increased, and the degree of sample fracture progressively intensified. The dissipated energy density showed a positive linear correlation with the strain rate. After 120 freeze–thaw cycles, the dissipated energy density increased from 2.70 J·cm⁻³ at a strain rate of 153.05 s⁻¹ to 6.36 J·cm⁻³ at a strain rate of 271.46 s⁻¹. The energy reflectance under shock loading was proposed to define the freeze–thaw destruction variable in terms of the stress wave propagation theory. An exponential negative correlation existed between energy reflectance and dynamic compressive strength. The established constitutive model could effectively reflect the dynamic characteristics of water-saturated sandstone under the combined action of freeze–thaw cycling and shock loading, and the degree of fit with the test curve was high. The research results provide some references for the safe production of surface mines in cold areas under the influence of dynamic loading.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10522,"journal":{"name":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","volume":"237 ","pages":"Article 104520"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143863995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Decennial infrasonic array analysis of snow-avalanche activity in Aosta Valley: New perspectives for supporting avalanche forecasting","authors":"Giacomo Belli ,&nbsp;Duccio Gheri ,&nbsp;Eloïse Bovet ,&nbsp;Nathalie Durand ,&nbsp;Paola Dellavedova ,&nbsp;Emanuele Marchetti","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104521","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104521","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Snow avalanches rank among the deadliest natural hazards in mountain environments worldwide. Forecasting is mostly based on measuring meteorological forcing, aiming at assessing the probability of event triggering in a certain area. To make forecast models as accurate as possible, information on avalanche occurrence is critical. However, real-time avalanche detection is still challenging and generally limited to radar or visual surveillance of one or a few known avalanche paths; here the need for novel monitoring solutions. In the last decades, infrasound has proven to be a promising tool for real-time detection of avalanches. However, many difficulties still exist, mostly connected to the discrimination of the infrasonic signals from avalanches among the signals radiated by other natural or anthropic sources.</div><div>Here we present the analysis of more than 10 years of infrasonic array data recorded at an altitude of <span><math><mo>∼</mo></math></span>2000 m in Aosta Valley (Itay). We develop an algorithm aimed at detecting snow-avalanche events based on recorded infrasound and calibrated on two avalanche sequences that occurred in the site. The identified avalanche infrasonic signals are compared with reports of the Regional Avalanche Cadastre and with local snow-depth data to test the accuracy of our algorithm. Results reveal a good performance and suggest the use of infrasound as a supporting tool for early-warning purposes, as it could provide avalanche detection in near real-time also when visual surveillance is prevented.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10522,"journal":{"name":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","volume":"237 ","pages":"Article 104521"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143860603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Triaxial creep tests and DEM simulation of frozen clay incorporating the Burgers model","authors":"Yihui Yan ,&nbsp;Dan Chang ,&nbsp;Jiankun Liu ,&nbsp;Anhua Xu ,&nbsp;Lizhen Feng ,&nbsp;Zhaohui Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104519","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104519","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In cold regions, the strength and deformation characteristics of frozen soil change over time, displaying different mechanical properties than those of conventional soils. This often results in issues such as ground settlement and deformation. To analyze the rheological characteristics of frozen soil in cold regions, this study conducted triaxial creep tests under various creep deviatoric stresses and established a corresponding Discrete Element Method (DEM) model to examine the micromechanical properties during the creep process of frozen clay. Additionally, the Burgers creep constitutive model was used to theoretically validate the creep deformation test curves. The research findings indicated that frozen clay primarily exhibited attenuated creep behavior. Under low confining pressure and relatively high creep deviatoric stress, non-attenuated creep was more likely to occur. The theoretical model demonstrated good fitting performance, indicating that the Burgers model could effectively describe and predict the creep deformation characteristics of frozen clay. Through discrete element numerical simulations, it was observed that with the increase in axial displacement, particle displacement mainly occurs at both ends of the specimen. Additionally, with the increase in creep deviatoric stress, the specimen exhibits different deformation characteristics, transitioning from volumetric contraction to expansion. At the same time, the vertical contact force chains gradually increase, the trend of particle sliding becomes more pronounced, and internal damage in the specimen progresses from the ends toward the middle.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10522,"journal":{"name":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","volume":"237 ","pages":"Article 104519"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143843605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on the deformation and cracking characteristics of bridge-crossing reservoir ice sheet in cold regions","authors":"Wenliang Qiu ,&nbsp;Kuan Li ,&nbsp;Xin Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104517","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104517","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The cracking of reservoir ice sheets in cold regions is a common natural phenomenon. As the ice cracks develop and the ice grows, the ice sheet will deform greatly, which seriously threatens the safety of the bridge structure. In this paper, the field observation of ice deformation was carried out with the ice sheet of reservoirs in cold regions as the research object, and the deformation law of the ice sheet was studied. Meanwhile, a calculation method for simulating ice cracks was proposed, and the distribution characteristics and cracking process of ice cracks were investigated in combination with the field crack observation results. The main findings of the study are as follows: When the temperature increased, the ice sheet moved in a pattern of expanding from the middle of the reservoir towards the shores. Using the steel trestle bridge as a dividing line, the ice sheet moved to upstream and downstream of the reservoir from the steel trestle bridge location. As temperatures decreased, the ice sheet moved from the shores towards the middle of the reservoir. The ice also moved from the upstream and downstream of the reservoir towards the steel trestle bridge. The study of the generation and extension direction of ice sheet cracks found that the bumps of the shores and the corners of the piers were prone to form cracks. The cracks would extend towards the higher stresses, and the cracks would tend to be connected when the piers and the bumps of the shores were closer. There were four main crack patterns in the reservoir, among which the crack pattern starting from the shore bump and running through the whole ice sheet was prone to produce serious thrust on the piers. The results of the study show that bridges crossing reservoirs are inevitably affected by ice sheet cracking in winter. Therefore, the location selection of new bridges needs to consider the influence of the position of ice cracking and the extension range of cracks to eliminate the safety hazards arising from ice cracking.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10522,"journal":{"name":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","volume":"237 ","pages":"Article 104517"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143843490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ice mitigation in alpine wind farm: A centrifugal force-based icing-throw strategy study at natural icing environment","authors":"Chang Xie","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104518","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104518","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Commercialized ice mitigation solutions for utility-scale wind turbines, such as electrothermal and icephobic coating systems, face significant challenges in alpine wind farms. Electrothermal systems exhibit heightened lightning strike vulnerability, while extreme environmental conditions accelerate coating degradation, paradoxically worsening ice accretion. This study proposes a centrifugal force-based ice mitigation strategy validated through field experiments on several 2.5 MW wind turbine generators (WTGs) at an operating alpine wind farm. Multi-dimensional performance evaluations integrated synchronized meteorological monitoring, SCADA data analysis, and blade root strain measurements during various icing episodes. Real-world validation via strain gauges confirmed operational safety within manufacturer's design blade loading limits. Comparative analysis with conventional methods revealed that the proposed strategy mitigates glaze ice with effectiveness comparable to electrothermal systems, while offering a 13 % higher efficacy in combating rime ice. When compared to turbines without a de-icing strategy, implementation of this approach reduced the power loss factor by 40 % during rime-dominated conditions, leading to a maximum electricity yield improvements of 79,459 kWh per multi-day icing event. Economic evaluation showed annual benefits ranging from 306,833 kWh to 3,730,416 kWh. This work presents a physics-based ice management paradigm that addresses different technical limitations of existing techniques, and provides wind farm owners with a cost-effective solution for mountainous regions, requiring no additional hardware. For manufacturers, it offers a strategic pathway to meet evolving market requirements while improving turbine LCOE competitiveness in energy markets.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10522,"journal":{"name":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","volume":"236 ","pages":"Article 104518"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143833283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A novel approach to water-salt migration prevention: foamed lightweight soil barrier layer technology","authors":"Yang Zhao ,&nbsp;Zheng Lu ,&nbsp;Jie Liu ,&nbsp;Chuxuan Tang ,&nbsp;Abdollah Tabaroei ,&nbsp;Rong Zhang ,&nbsp;Yinuo Feng ,&nbsp;Hailin Yao","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104514","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104514","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study proposes a novel foamed lightweight soil (FLS) barrier layer technology to prevent water and salt migration and address subgrade diseases in seasonally frozen saline soil regions. A series of experiments were conducted to assess the feasibility and effectiveness of this approach. Initially, ten different ratios of FLS were selected, and the corresponding samples were tested for unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and durability characteristics to determine the optimal ratio for the FLS barrier layer. Subsequently, water-salt migration tests were performed under various conditions, including different salt contents and barrier layer positions. The results demonstrated the barrier layer's good performance in preventing salt-induced deformation of saline soil. In the soil with 3 % salt content, the vertical deformation of samples with a barrier layer was only 25.8 % of that observed in samples without the barrier. Further analysis of water-salt migration revealed that the barrier layer effectively prevented migration from the bottom of the sample toward the colder region, mitigating salt swelling caused by accumulation at the top. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis revealed that the porous structure of the FLS can store salts and provide sufficient space for salt swelling.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10522,"journal":{"name":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","volume":"236 ","pages":"Article 104514"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143828416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Color and mechanical property degradation of blue concrete under freeze-thaw cycles: An experimental study","authors":"Yi Wang ,&nbsp;Yan Liu ,&nbsp;Ridho Surahman ,&nbsp;Xijuan Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104515","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104515","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Colored concrete is widely used in pavements of theme parks and its mechanical and aesthetic behaviors could be affected by freeze-thaw cycles (FTCs). In this study, experimentations were carried out to reveal the deterioration mechanism of typical blue concrete under FTCs. Ten cases of blue concrete in different colorant dosages were prepared to study the effect of curing age and FTCs. The results showed that water-based colorants improved the color stability due to the increased surface colorant molecular density. Furthermore, the strength loss under FTCs and maximum crack width significantly reduced due to the existence of small molecules of phthalocyanine that can enhance density and crack resistance. However, water-based colorants may reduce the mechanical properties of blue concrete. The incorporation of body colorants in blue concrete can enhance the flexural and compressive strengths of blue concrete by 26.7–212.9% and 20.1–40.5%, respectively, due to the rehydration of white cement that can recover the frost damage. Additionally, they also can maintain the color due to the ability of titanium dioxide which can cover the original color of concrete.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10522,"journal":{"name":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","volume":"236 ","pages":"Article 104515"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143815363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Warming-driven weakening of basal ice layer as a critical cause of ice avalanche activation","authors":"Wenbin Chang ,&nbsp;Aiguo Xing","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104513","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104513","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Increasingly, researchers are beginning to focus on the correlation between climate warming and frequent ice avalanche (IA) events. Previous studies have revealed that mixtures of ice and rock debris (IRM) are commonly distributed in contact zones between alpine glaciers and bedrock. However, the changing mode of mechanical characteristics of basal ice-rock mixed layer in warming conditions and its contribution to ice avalanche has not been fully appreciated. Using the temperature-controlled triaxial test and numerical modeling, we investigated the mechanical behavior of the basal ice layer under changing temperature conditions and its contribution to IA events. Our research indicates that the IRM deformation mode changed significantly from freezing to thawing environment (−8 °C to 2 °C), accompanied by decreased IRM brittleness and residual strength. Furthermore, the cohesion and friction angle of IRM drop off rapidly during around −2 °C to 0.5 °C, with rates of 72.2 kPa/°C and 3.1°/°C respectively, noticeably faster than their decay rate in a frozen environment. We suggest that warming-induced reductions in IRM strength disrupt the force balance in the IA source zone, as the basal ice layer is deprived of the resistance to glacial sliding that it provides in a frozen condition. Furthermore, our numerical investigation reveals the stress evolution process and damage pattern of the basal ice layer during IA initiation. These analyses contribute to a better understanding of the role played by the weakening of the basal ice layer in IA activation in the context of climate warming.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10522,"journal":{"name":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","volume":"236 ","pages":"Article 104513"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143825902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simulating winter maintenance efforts: A multiscale geographically weighted regression model","authors":"Nafiseh Mohammadi,&nbsp;Alex Klein-Paste","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104512","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104512","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Despite its cruciality for road mobility and safety, Winter Road Maintenance (WRM) is highly expensive and environmentally impactful. This suggests that it needs to be optimized. Simulation of WRM operations might help in optimizing these services. This study focuses on upgrading “Effort Model,” a regression-based model used to estimate WRM operations, including salting, plowing, and combined plowing-salting efforts, across Norway's state road network. This model would be the computational core for a WRM-simulation tool. The earlier version, a Generalized Linear Regression (GLR) model, showed limitations in capturing the spatial variability of operations due to Norway's diverse climate and topography. To address this, the authors adopted the Multiscale Geographically Weighted Regression (MGWR) method to upgrade three sub-models for salting, plowing, and plowing-salting efforts. MGWR allows for different spatial scales of explanatory variables. The current proposed models are calibrated using three winter seasons (2020−2023) and include both weather and non-weather variables, such as cycle time, average annual daily traffic (AADT), snow days, and cold days. Findings showed that the MGWR approach significantly improved estimation accuracy compared to the GLR, with higher adjustedR² and lower Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) scores. Based on the results, the spatial variation of coefficients is not the same; while some variables like cycle time behave more globally, others such as cold days show localized impacts. Despite the improvements, the model still needs additional refinements in terms of predicting an unseen winter (2023–2024).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10522,"journal":{"name":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","volume":"236 ","pages":"Article 104512"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143783111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}