Cold Regions Science and Technology最新文献

{"title":"Design sea ice conditions for offshore wind power in the Baltic Sea","authors":"Maria Tikanmäki ,&nbsp;Jaakko Heinonen ,&nbsp;Anni Jokiniemi ,&nbsp;Patrick B. Eriksson","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104463","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104463","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sea ice conditions in the northern Baltic Sea (north from the latitude 56.8⁰N) were determined based on the past ice charts from the period of 1980/81 to 2021/22 created by the Finnish Ice Service. The scope of the study was in the parameters relevant for structural design of offshore wind turbines such as the maximum level ice thickness occurring once in 50 years, ice season length, the existence of ice ridges, ice type and ice thickness histograms. It was noted that the ice conditions vary significantly in different areas and site-specific estimation of ice conditions is important. The harshest ice conditions were met in the northern part of the Bay of Bothnia where ice was met every year, and the average ice season length was up to 180 days.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10522,"journal":{"name":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","volume":"234 ","pages":"Article 104463"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143549765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of freeze-thaw cycles on engineering properties of nano-SiO2 enhanced microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation in kaolinite clay","authors":"Sara Ghalandarzadeh ,&nbsp;Benoit Courcelles ,&nbsp;Richard Boudreault ,&nbsp;Lukas U. Arenson ,&nbsp;Pooneh Maghoul","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104459","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104459","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Microbially Induced Calcium Carbonate Precipitation (MICP) is a nature-based soil stabilization technique, that has substantially lower environmental impacts compared to conventional chemical-based methods. However, its application in fine-grained soils, such as clay, remains challenging due to the soil's plasticity and saturation levels, which can hinder the effectiveness of MICP. Furthermore, the performance of MICP-treated soils under extreme environmental conditions, such as cyclic freeze-thaw (FT) processes common in cold regions, has not been fully explored. This study addresses these challenges by investigating the enhancement of MICP using nano-<span><math><msub><mi>SiO</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></math></span> in kaolinite clay subjected to FT cycles, proposing a novel nano-bio soil stabilization method for cold regions. Samples treated with 30 % bacterial (e.g. <em>Bacillus Pasteurii</em>) and cementation solutions, supplemented with 1.5 % nano-<span><math><msub><mi>SiO</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></math></span> over four weeks of curing time, were subjected to cyclic FT and triaxial compression tests. Treated samples demonstrated significantly higher peak shear strengths compared to untreated samples under varying confining stress conditions. A reduction in strength was observed in the treated samples as the number of FT cycles increased. However, by the sixth FT cycle, the treated samples showed a significant improvement in strength compared to the untreated samples, with increases of 4.00, 4.96, and 3.49 times under confining pressures of 50, 100, and 150 kPa, respectively. These findings highlight the effectiveness of the stabilization method under cyclic FT conditions. Microstructural analyses revealed increased calcium carbonate content and altered soil texture in treated samples, which affirms the effectiveness of the nano-bio stabilization approach.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10522,"journal":{"name":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","volume":"234 ","pages":"Article 104459"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143508622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An experimental study into the bedform morphology in partially ice-covered channels.","authors":"Mina Rouzegar,&nbsp;Shawn P. Clark","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104461","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104461","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The advent of winter in cold climates often leads to the formation of border ice along riverbanks, a phenomenon that can persist over substantial portions of the winter, thereby influencing the dynamics and geomorphological structure of river channels. Bed morphology and dunes play a crucial role in sediment transport and influencing flow resistance. Consequently, accurately predicting dune dimensions is important for anticipating the behavior of rivers. Despite extensive studies on bedforms within open channel flows, research on partially ice-covered and fully ice-covered flows remains limited. This investigation, conducted in a rectangular flume at the University of Manitoba's Hydraulics Research &amp; Testing Facility in Canada, delved into how border ice affects bed morphology and bedform features. For each experimental condition, including open channel, symmetric and asymmetric border ice, and fully ice-covered flows, bedform dimensions were assessed against theoretical equations found in the literature. This analysis confirmed the suitability of these equations for describing bedform characteristics in partially ice-covered rivers. Furthermore, the impact of border ice extent, variations in flow strengths, and asymmetry of border ice on bedform features were also investigated. The occurrence of bedforms within the channel width was notably influenced by the presence, positioning, and varying extents of partial ice cover. The influence of ice coverage on the distribution of bed feature formation was markedly pronounced at lower flow strengths, whereas it became minimal at higher flow strengths.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10522,"journal":{"name":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","volume":"234 ","pages":"Article 104461"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143478770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Towards accurate ice accretion and galloping risk maps for Quebec: A data-driven approach","authors":"Abdeslam Jamali ,&nbsp;Reda Snaiki ,&nbsp;Ahmed Rahem","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104460","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104460","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ice accretion poses a significant threat to infrastructure and public safety, particularly in regions prone to severe winter weather. Accurate ice accretion hazard mapping is essential for effective risk management and mitigation. While substantial progress has been made in mapping these hazards, most existing ice accretion maps rely on calculated ice accretion values rather than direct measurements, leading to potential inaccuracies. To address these limitations, this study leverages field measurement data from Hydro-Québec's glacimètre network to develop refined ice accretion maps for Quebec. The maximum annual ice accretion thicknesses are extracted, and a rigorous probability distribution fitting analysis is applied to generate 10-, 30-, and 50-year return period values. These values are interpolated using both inverse-distance weighted interpolation (IDWI) and kriging techniques, allowing for a comparative evaluation of interpolation methods. Additionally, galloping risks are assessed using the Performance-Based Ice Engineering (PBIE) framework, producing galloping risk maps for various return periods. By incorporating real-world data and comparing interpolation approaches, this research enhances the accuracy of ice accretion and galloping risk maps, providing more reliable hazard assessments for Quebec's infrastructure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10522,"journal":{"name":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","volume":"233 ","pages":"Article 104460"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143444702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of frozen rock behavior: mechanical properties, pore structure, and strength under confining pressures","authors":"Kun Wang ,&nbsp;Jian-xin Fu ,&nbsp;Meng Zhaobo ,&nbsp;Zhang Bangyi","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104451","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104451","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Long-term low-temperature freezing in high-cold and high-altitude areas has greatly affected rock mass structure and rock physical and mechanical properties. The destruction process of frozen rock under different confining pressures was studied by triaxial rheometer, ultrasonic velocity analyzer and Lf-NMR. Based on the hydration signal, the energy and strength equations for rock aperture under different confining pressures are derived. Fractal dimension was used to characterize the pore structure. The study founded that the strength and deformation ability of frozen rocks are enhanced. High confining pressure increases rock deformation ability while reducing the effect of freezing cold on rock deformation. The elastic modulus of rock is more sensitive to freezing temperature. The fractures on the surface of frozen rock exhibit increased density and enhanced load-bearing ability. Rock and mineral particles shrink after freezing, and frost heave forces drive the formation and expansion of connecting pores. The freezing rate of pore water increases as the temperature decreases. The freezing rate of bound water in micropores is slower, and the fractal dimension is more susceptible to the influence of low temperature.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10522,"journal":{"name":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","volume":"234 ","pages":"Article 104451"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143512652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ice particle grouping under waves: Experimental investigation of the initial stage of pancake ice formation","authors":"Yasushi Fujiwara ,&nbsp;Takuji Waseda ,&nbsp;Tsubasa Kodaira ,&nbsp;Takehiko Nose ,&nbsp;Tomotaka Katsuno ,&nbsp;Koya Sato","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104449","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104449","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate modeling of the wave-ice interaction processes is essential in improving the predictability of the marginal ice zone environment, which is exposed to energetic wind waves. Here, the ice floe formation process under waves was investigated in laboratory experiments, using an 8 m-long, 1.5 m-wide wave flume filled with 0.6 m-deep fresh water enclosed in a freezer room. Under continuous agitation of waves, water froze as numerous small pieces like grease ice. They formed band-like structures (“groups”), which eventually consolidated to form ice floes with raised rims. Based on the observed process, a theoretical scaling of group widths <span><math><mi>D</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>λ</mi><mo>∝</mo><msup><mi>a</mi><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>/</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></math></span> (<em>D</em>, <span><math><mi>λ</mi></math></span>, and <span><math><mi>a</mi></math></span> denote group widths, wavelength, and wave amplitude, respectively) is derived by modeling the ice as collection of small elements, where their bondings would break when the tensile stress induced by the wave orbital motion exceeds a certain value. The measured group widths generally followed the scaling, which suggests that the major dynamics of initial group formation is explained by the tensile fracture by wave orbital motion. However, the widths showed some systematic deviation from the theoretical scaling positively correlated with frequency, suggesting an influence of unaccounted processes. It is also pointed out that there is a large discrepancy in the reported coefficient of the scaling, which is relevant to ice bonding strength, between laboratory experiments and field measurements. Such analyses and other observations suggest potential influence other processes such as wave-to-ice momentum transfer in the pancake formation process.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10522,"journal":{"name":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","volume":"233 ","pages":"Article 104449"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143419920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on freeze-thaw resistance and Na+ leaching characteristics of red mud-fly ash-phosphogypsum multiple solid waste road base material","authors":"Shengjie Liu ,&nbsp;Dahu Rui ,&nbsp;Mintae Kim ,&nbsp;MingChang Ji ,&nbsp;Jun Zhang ,&nbsp;Pengfei Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104448","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104448","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To enhance the applicability of multiple solid waste road base materials in seasonally frozen soil areas and reduce the negative impact of red mud (RM) on the environment owing to its strong alkalinity, this paper utilizes untreated bayer method RM, fly ash (FA), and phosphogypsum (PG) as raw materials for preparing the road base materials. The mechanical properties, leaching characteristics, and Freeze-thaw (F-T) resistance of the materials from different solid waste systems were investigated through F-T cycle tests, unconfined compressive strength (UCS) tests, and leaching tests. The hydration, sodium solidification, and F-T deterioration mechanisms were revealed using an X-ray diffractometer and a scanning electron microscope. Results indicated that when the mix ratio of RM: FA: PG: cement was 64:28:2:6 (RFP2), the specimen exhibited the best F-T resistance. After 10 F-T cycles, the compressive strength retention rate (BDR) of the specimen was 91.43 %, and the Na⁺ leaching concentration was 390 mg/L, which still met the Chinese standard. The main hydration products of the material include C-S-H gel and ettringite crystals. These crystals and gels are intertwined and connected to form a dense mesh structure, which improves the material's F-T resistance and sodium solidification effect. The F-T cycle results in the expansion of cracks within the material, which leads to the destruction of the adhesion of the cementitious products, thus causing a deterioration of the strength of the specimen and the reduction of the sodium solidification effect.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10522,"journal":{"name":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","volume":"233 ","pages":"Article 104448"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143419919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Salt-frost heave development and resistance mechanisms in saline soils solidified with multiple industrial wastes","authors":"Yanhong Han ,&nbsp;Hailong Wang ,&nbsp;Huijun Xue ,&nbsp;Haolong Guo ,&nbsp;Yaolu Chen ,&nbsp;Fan Li ,&nbsp;Qingfu Li ,&nbsp;Huanjie Su","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104447","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104447","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Salt-frost heaving of canal foundation saline soils is the primary cause of damage to the lining structures of water conveyance channels in the Hetao Irrigation District, China. Chemical solidification of saline soils can mitigate frost heave; however, application studies exploring the salt-frost heave resistance of saline soils solidified through the synergistic use of multiple industrial solid wastes in the Hetao remain limited. This study employs a sustainable solidifying material composed of slag, fly ash, coal gangue, coal-based metakaolin, carbide slag, and potassium silicate activator. The optimal mix ratio was determined using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Unidirectional freezing tests evaluated the effects of solidification material content, curing period, and salt content on salt-frost heave development. Unconfined compressive strength tests assessed salt-frost heave durability of high-salinity solidified saline soils. Microstructural characteristics were analyzed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry (MIP), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TG) to investigate resistance mechanisms. Results indicated that the industrial waste materials exhibited synergistic effects in an alkaline environment, with the optimal mix ratio of slag, fly ash, coal gangue, coal-based metakaolin, carbide slag, and potassium silicate at 21:25:33:8:7:6. Increasing solidified material content and curing time significantly enhanced salt-frost heave resistance, as evidenced by improved freezing temperature stability, deeper freezing front migration, and reduced salt-frost heave rate. The optimal group (35 % solidifier, 7 days curing) showed a 5.53 °C increase in stable freezing temperature, a 3.78 cm upward migration of the freezing front, and a 3.94 % reduction in salt-frost heave rate. Salt-frost heave durability of high-salinity soils improved post-solidification, with a gradual decrease in the degradation of unconfined compressive strength, achieving a minimum weakening of 21.13 %. Hydration products C-S-H, C-A<img>H, and AFt filled voids between soil particles, restricting water and salt migration. Hydration of industrial wastes reduced free water and <span><math><msubsup><mi>SO</mi><mi>4</mi><mi>2-</mi></msubsup></math></span> content, decreasing water-salt crystallization and mitigating salt-frost heave. The findings provide an engineering reference for in-situ treatment of salt-frost heaving in saline soils of water conveyance channels in the Hetao Irrigation District.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10522,"journal":{"name":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","volume":"233 ","pages":"Article 104447"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143420531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sea ice variations in the Tatar Strait, Sea of Japan from 2003 to 2022","authors":"Qingkang Hou ,&nbsp;Yu Yan ,&nbsp;Yingjun Xu ,&nbsp;Yuqing Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104450","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104450","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Analyzing long-term sea ice variations in the Sea of Japan is crucial for regional climate change studies, preventing ice-related disasters, and ensuring maritime safety. However, long-term analyses of sea ice in the Tatar Strait remain limited. This study utilizes the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for the Earth Observing System and the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2 (AMSR-E/2) sea ice concentration data to derive sea ice metrics within the Tatar Strait, a pivotal freezing zone located in the Sea of Japan, spanning the period from 2003 to 2022. The double differencing method is initially applied to calibrate the AMSR-2 product, significantly reducing the errors. The calibrated sea ice dataset is then utilized to investigate the spatiotemporal characteristics and analyze potential factors influencing sea ice variations. The results indicate that, between 2003 and 2022, the sea ice extent and annual average sea ice area in the Tatar Strait exhibited fluctuations without a significant downward trend. However, there was a noticeable decline in the annual maximum sea ice area (−1.02 % per year, <em>r</em> = −0.54, <em>p</em> = 0.02) and sea ice concentration (−0.38 % per year, <em>r</em> = −0.65, <em>p</em> &lt; 0.01). Sea ice conditions generally reach the severe freezing period in early January and last for nearly three months (87.58 ± 10.08 days). The sea ice in the Tatar Strait exhibits significant spatial heterogeneity, with concentrations decreasing from north to south. Most areas show a decreasing trend in sea ice concentration, especially in the northern region and the eastern zone of the central sea, while other regions experience a marginal insignificant increase. The maximum sea ice edge averages 561.34 ± 21.19 km, primarily extending south to around 48.8°N. The significant correlations between sea ice and both air temperature and cumulative freezing degree days suggest that local synoptic factors play a crucial role in influencing sea ice area variations. Furthermore, the correlations between sea ice extent and the West Pacific Subtropical High (WPSH) index during JFM (<em>r</em> = 0.49, <em>p</em> = 0.04) and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) index in January (<em>r</em> = 0.51, <em>p</em> = 0.02) indicate that both the WPSH and PDO may play a significant role as large-scale climate factors influencing sea ice variability. These results provide crucial insights for sea ice disaster monitoring, risk management, and regional climate change studies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10522,"journal":{"name":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","volume":"233 ","pages":"Article 104450"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143420529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stochastic modeling of blowing snow: Analyzing risk and deposition time dynamics","authors":"Alex Fabricus ,&nbsp;Noriaki Ohara ,&nbsp;Kathy Ahlenius","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104446","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104446","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Blowing snow poses significant safety risks on roadways due to reduced visibility and dangerous pavement conditions, leading to an increased likelihood of vehicular incidents. This study aims to estimate the probability of blowing snow accurately and reliably by accounting for the random effects of cohesion and sintering on snow particle interactions. The Monte Carlo simulation was performed using the critical wind speed formula by <span><span>He and Ohara (2017)</span></span> for snow incipient motion to stochastically predict the probability of blowing snow events. The temporal variability of wind speed was characterized using maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) statistics based on the high-frequency wind data collected near Interstate 80 (I-80). The combined random variables of wind and critical wind speed (blowing snow index) can determine the probability of blowing snow occurrences over specific periods of time. The developed Stochastic Blowing Snow (SBS) model was calibrated and validated using the continuous snow flux measurements at seven ISAW monitoring sites in the Alps. The model showed promising results, effectively distinguishing between periods of high and low blowing snow risk in open terrain of Wyoming, USA, as well as in the Alps.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10522,"journal":{"name":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","volume":"232 ","pages":"Article 104446"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143378320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}