Cold Regions Science and Technology最新文献

{"title":"Probabilistic assessment of first-year ice ridge action on offshore structures","authors":"Ilija Samardžija ,&nbsp;Knut V. Høyland ,&nbsp;Bernt J. Leira ,&nbsp;Arvid Naess","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2024.104410","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2024.104410","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As defined by the international standard ISO 19906, the representative ice actions should be estimated for ELIE (extreme-level ice event) and ALIE (abnormal-level ice event). These events are defined by their relevant annual exceedance probability levels. Probabilistic methods are often used to obtain a proper characterization of the ice actions from which representative ice actions can be inferred. In this paper, we consider ice actions caused by first-year ice ridges. Ridge action depends on a large number of input parameters. Important correlations between the parameters add to the complexity of ridge action and need to be included in probabilistic assessments to obtain reliable results. Data for establishing input probability distributions are often incomplete, biased, or completely non-existent. To solve this problem, it is common engineering practice to combine data from locations other than the location of interest and make ad hoc extrapolations and assumptions. This often leads to overly conservative estimates of representative ice ridge actions. We propose a framework for Monte Carlo simulation of the first-year ice ridge actions. The goal is to establish a method for which the need of input data is at a minimum. The only needed input data in our simulation is the statistics of the annual maximum level ice thickness and statistics related to ice being present or not. Based on correlations and findings from our previous studies, we are able to simulate other input parameters such as ridge keel draft, ridge frequency and consolidated layer thickness. In this paper, we also discuss the problem of defining the probability distribution for the ice strength coefficient C_R in the context of Monte Carlo simulations. Our approach is dependent on our previous research that is based on data from the Beaufort Sea. Without an appropriate calibration of the correlations between the parameters, we cannot be certain if the simulation can be extended to other locations by simply adjusting the input maximum annual level ice statistics. Nevertheless, we believe that our approach can be used as a tool for preliminary probabilistic assessment of ridge action. Our approach offers good flexibility, and we believe that with suitable data it can be calibrated for other geographical locations and structure types.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10522,"journal":{"name":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","volume":"231 ","pages":"Article 104410"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143154068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of radar freeboard, radar penetration rate, and snow depth for potential improvements in Arctic sea ice thickness retrieved from CryoSat-2","authors":"Yi Zhou ,&nbsp;Yu Zhang ,&nbsp;Changsheng Chen ,&nbsp;Lele Li ,&nbsp;Danya Xu ,&nbsp;Robert C. Beardsley ,&nbsp;Weizeng Shao","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2024.104408","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2024.104408","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The accuracy of Arctic sea ice thickness retrieved from the CryoSat-2 satellite is significantly influenced by the sea ice surface roughness, snow backscatter, and snow depth. In this study, four updated cases incorporating physical model-based radar freeboard, newly estimated radar penetration rate, and well-validated satellite snow depth were constructed to evaluate their potential improvements to the Alfred Wegener Institute's CryoSat-2 sea ice thickness (AWI CS2). The updated cases were then compared with airborne remotely sensed observations from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Operation IceBridge (OIB) and CryoSat Validation Experiment (CryoVEx) in 2013 and 2014, as well as with ground-based observations during the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) expedition from October 2019 to April 2020. The results showed that all updated cases had the potential to improve the accuracy of sea ice thickness, maintaining comparable correlation coefficients and significantly reducing statistical errors compared to the AWI CS2. In the evaluation with OIB, CryoVEx, and MOSAiC, the four updated cases reduced the root mean square error of AWI CS2 by up to 0.68 m (55 %) against OIB, 0.76 m (53 %) against CryoVEx, and 0.47 m (76 %) against MOSAiC. The updated sea ice thicknesses retained the main distribution patterns generated by AWI CS2, but generally showed thinner sea ice thicknesses. From 2013 to 2018, the interannual variation trends between the updated cases and AWI CS2 varied regionally, but both show significant decreasing trends along the northern coasts of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago and Greenland. The updated schemes provided new insights into the retrieval of sea ice thickness using CryoSat-2, thereby further contributing to the quantification of the sea ice volume in the context of a warming climate.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10522,"journal":{"name":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","volume":"231 ","pages":"Article 104408"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143155348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A model for predicting the mechanical properties of frozen moraine soil under impact loading","authors":"Qijun Xie ,&nbsp;Fulai Zhang ,&nbsp;Lijun Su","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2024.104405","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2024.104405","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The frozen moraine soil is geographically distributed across the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and its surrounding areas, serving as a fundamental substrate for engineering projects such as the Sichuan-Tibet Railway and the China-Pakistan Highway. As an economical and efficient construction technique, blasting is a commonly employed in these projects. Understanding the dynamic mechanical response, damage, and failure characteristics of moraine soil is crucial for accurately predicting the impact of blasting. Therefore, this study utilizes the Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) equipment to conduct impact tests on moraine soil under different temperatures and strain rates. Additionally, a model for predicting the dynamic mechanical response of frozen moraine soil has been proposed based on peridynamic theory, decohesion damage theory, and the ZWT model, in which the debonding damage and the adiabatic temperature rise are considered. This model focuses on considering the bonds between different substances within frozen moraine soil. By defining the mechanical response of these bonds, the impact deformation mechanism of frozen moraine soil is unveiled. Within this, the modeling of ice-cemented bonds contributes to a deeper understanding of the crack propagation characteristics in frozen moraine soil. The model prediction results demonstrate its capability to predict various aspects of the dynamic response of frozen moraine under impact loading, including the macroscopic stress-strain behavior, the mesoscopic crack initiation and propagation, and the influence of adiabatic temperature rise on the damage mechanism, as well as evaluate the damage state of frozen moraine soil under impact loading.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10522,"journal":{"name":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","volume":"231 ","pages":"Article 104405"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143155350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Technological advancements for anti-icing and de-icing offshore wind turbine blades","authors":"Emmanuel Quayson-Sackey ,&nbsp;Baafour Nyantekyi-Kwakye ,&nbsp;Godwin K. Ayetor","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2024.104400","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2024.104400","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Due to the abundance of wind resources in marine environments, offshore wind turbines (OWTs) have gained significant attention in recent years. However, their blades are prone to ice accretion when operating in cold climates. Ice accretion on OWT blades induces surface roughness thereby reducing the aerodynamic performance of the turbine. Although various ice mitigation techniques have been explored, tested, and applied to onshore wind turbines, their feasibility for offshore application remains uncertain. Therefore, this review conducts a comprehensive feasibility study, examining each ice mitigation technique, its fundamental principles, advantages, disadvantages, and the potential for successful integration on OWT blades. The study also highlights the challenges of implementing these techniques in harsh offshore environments, providing critical insights for future research in this field.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10522,"journal":{"name":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","volume":"231 ","pages":"Article 104400"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143154385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A new freeze-thaw resistant superhydrophobic surface for cement-based materials with self-cleaning and anti/de-icing performance","authors":"Wansheng Pei ,&nbsp;Feifan Zhang ,&nbsp;Mingyi Zhang ,&nbsp;Jinlong Yang ,&nbsp;Deke Li ,&nbsp;Chong Wang ,&nbsp;Yuanming Lai","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2024.104404","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2024.104404","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Freeze-thaw (F-T) cycles can significantly deteriorate materials through water infiltration, pore water migration, ice-water phase transitions, and changes in pore structure. Traditional approaches primarily focus on modifying the internal pore structure to passively resist the F-T effects. In this study, we propose an active defense strategy based on wetting theory to enhance F-T resistance. We developed a new superhydrophobic surface tailored for the coarse and porous structure of cement mortar by employing polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) as the primary film-forming substance and binder. Wetting-modified silica (SiO₂) nanoparticles, treated with silane coupling agent KH570, were used to construct a micro-nano multilayer structure. To further enhance hydrophobicity, a reentrant porous micro-skeleton was formed through the phase separation of the PDMS mixture. By optimizing the chemical composition of the PDMS/KH570@SiO₂ suspension, we achieved an exceptional superhydrophobic surface on the porous cement mortar. The performance of this surface was rigorously evaluated, including assessments of mechanical durability, self-cleaning behavior, anti-icing and de-icing properties, and F-T resistance. The results demonstrate that the new superhydrophobic surface delays the water droplet freezing time by approximately 23 times and improves the F-T resistance of cement mortar by at least 25 % compared to control samples. This study provides a novel approach for enhancing the durability of cement-based materials under F-T conditions in cold region engineering.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10522,"journal":{"name":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","volume":"231 ","pages":"Article 104404"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143155032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research of snow drifting on flat roofs with parapets by numerical simulations and wind tunnel tests","authors":"Xuanyi Zhou ,&nbsp;Yue Wu ,&nbsp;Lingui Xin ,&nbsp;Ming Gu","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2024.104403","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2024.104403","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Compared with flat roofs without parapets, those with parapets often feature a more complex and varied snow distribution. The paper explores the influences of the height of the parapet on snow distribution on flat roofs using numerical simulations (modified Finite Area Element method) and wind tunnel tests. When adopting the modified Finite Area Element method (FAE method), the paper also considers the effect of snow shape variations on roof snow transport. The wind tunnel test and numerical simulation reveal that the distribution of the friction velocity and flow field around flat roofs with parapets change tremendously with the parapet height. As the parapet height increases, the recirculation area behind the windward parapet gradually enlarges and the mean friction velocity of the snow cover decreases. This indicates that higher parapets exert a more significant hindrance to the roof snow drifting in the same direction as the incoming wind, leading to a larger exposure coefficient of flat roof snow load as the parapet height increases. Furthermore, comparing the results under different incoming wind speeds, it can draw a conclusion that the influence of incoming wind speed on the snow load exposure coefficient of flat roofs with parapets decreases as the parapet height increases. Additionally, by studying four different spans of flat roofs with parapets, it is observed that the threshold friction velocity on flat roofs increases, the range of snow erosion and deposition decrease. When the threshold friction velocity is less than or equal to 0.15 m/s and the roof span is greater than or equal to 60 m, the deposition of snow drifting starts to appear in front of the leeward parapet. With further increase in roof span, roof snow drifting in the same direction as incoming wind becomes predominant, leading to increased snow deposition in front of the leeward parapet, which in turn results in a more uneven snow distribution on the roof.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10522,"journal":{"name":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","volume":"231 ","pages":"Article 104403"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143155346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of forest fire on successional trajectory of understory vegetation in boreal permafrost region in Northeast China","authors":"Xiaoying Li ,&nbsp;Hongwei Wang ,&nbsp;Huijun Jin ,&nbsp;Ruixia He ,&nbsp;Xiaoying Jin ,&nbsp;Yan Li ,&nbsp;Gangyi Zhou ,&nbsp;Fuqiang Che","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2024.104401","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2024.104401","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In boreal permafrost regions, forests are among the primary ecotypes, where fire severity, extent and frequency have been rising due to a warming climate. Following a fire, the composition (species types and diversity), structure (arrangement and layering of trees and undergrowth), and successional trajectory (changes in the ecosystem over time) of forest vegetation are modified. These changes have significant impacts on ecosystem carbon balance, ecosystem services, and forest management, influencing carbon release and storage, biodiversity, hydrological cycles, as well as fire prevention measures and risk assessment. However, at the southern edge of the boreal forest, where permafrost ecosystems are particularly vulnerable to climate change and wildfire disturbances, few studies have focused on post-fire understory vegetation renewal and succession. In this study, we selected six burned areas in Northeast China, including four larch forests and two shrub wetlands, to examine vegetation succession pathways under varying fire severities from 4 to 32 years after wildfires. The results showed that in larch forests, herbaceous vegetation, particularly graminoids, benefited from fire disturbances in the early post-fire period, showing significant increases in coverage, biomass, height, and species diversity. In the mid- post-fire period (four to ten years after the fire), shrubs, especially tall shrubs, began to benefit from forest fires, showing significant increases in cover, biomass and height. Tall shrub species increased during the early post-fire period (first four years), then declined, gradually recovering in the middle and late post-fire period (10 to 32 years). In larch forests, fire severity and post-fire increase in soil temperature and moisture contents constrained shrub growth while promoting herbaceous vegetation. Similarly, in shrub wetlands, shrub coverage and biomass remained higher at burned sites than at unburned ones, while the opposite trend was observed for herbaceous vegetation. In contrast to larch forest, shrub coverage significantly increased in shrub wetlands following a fire. During the period of 17 to 32 years after the fire, the height and species diversity of herbs and shrubs were lower at the burned sites compared to unburned sites, leading to the transformation of herb-dominated wetlands into shrub-dominated ones. Fire severity and permafrost degradation significantly inhibited herb growth while promoting shrub growth in shrub wetlands. These fire-induced effects intensified with rising fire severity, and the legacy effects of forest fires on herbs and shrubs persisted for up to 32 years after the event. Additionally, forest fires increased the species diversity of flowering plants. Therefore, this study provides valuable data to support the restoration and management of vegetation following forest fires in boreal forest regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10522,"journal":{"name":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","volume":"231 ","pages":"Article 104401"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143154443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mapping snow gliding distances: Bridging modelled and field observations","authors":"Surya Gupta ,&nbsp;Lauren Zweifel ,&nbsp;Axel Birkholz ,&nbsp;Katrin Meusburger ,&nbsp;Georg Leitinger ,&nbsp;Christine Alewell","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2024.104402","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2024.104402","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Snow gliding affects soil erosion patterns and depends on various factors such as slope angle, precipitation amount, and vegetation roughness. Snow gliding distance can be assessed through measurement or modeling. However, the comparison of measured with modelled data remains limited due to the scarcity of measured data. We present a long-term dataset (2010−2021) of measured snow gliding distances for two Swiss alpine Valleys (Urseren and Val Piora) using glide shoes to address this gap. We also predicted snow gliding between 2010 and 2021 using the spatial snow gliding distance model developed by Leitinger et al. (2018). Our analysis of the measured data indicates that sites with a north aspect generally exhibit shorter snow gliding distances than those facing south. Moreover, we observed an increase in snow gliding distance with steeper slope angles and a decrease with a higher roughness coefficient. Comparing measured and modelled values, the R² and Concordance Correlation Coefficient (CCC) values are 0.23 and 0.12 for the Urseren Valley and 0.24 and 0.35 for the Val Piora. Generally, the model tended to predict higher values than the measured data for both Valleys, potentially due to the large small-scale variability observed in the replicates of the measured data that cannot be caught with large-scale models. This variability highlights the dynamic nature of snow gliding distance, making it challenging to model or measure accurately. Furthermore, a covariate importance analysis revealed precipitation and slope angle as the dominant drivers of modelled snow gliding distances versus vegetation roughness (a rather local feature) for measured values.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10522,"journal":{"name":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","volume":"231 ","pages":"Article 104402"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143155349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A numerical study of process complexity in permafrost dominated regions","authors":"Radhakrishna Bangalore Lakshmiprasad ,&nbsp;Fan Zhang ,&nbsp;Ethan T. Coon ,&nbsp;Thomas Graf","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2024.104399","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2024.104399","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Numerical modeling of permafrost dynamics requires adequate representation of atmospheric and surface processes, a reasonable parameter estimation strategy, and site-specific model development. The three main research objectives of the study are: (i) to propose a novel methodology that determines the required level of surface process complexity of permafrost models by conducting parameter sensitivity and calibration, (ii) to design and compare three numerical models of increasing surface process complexity, and (iii) to calibrate and validate the numerical models at the Yakou catchment on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau as an exemplary study site. The calibration was carried out by coupling the Advanced Terrestrial Simulator (numerical model) and PEST (calibration tool). Simulation results showed that (i) A simple numerical model that considers only subsurface processes can simulate active layer development with the same accuracy as other more complex models that include surface processes. (ii) Peat and mineral soil layer permeability, Van Genuchten alpha, and porosity are highly sensitive. (iii) Liquid precipitation aids in increasing the rate of permafrost degradation. (iv) Deposition of snow insulated the subsurface during the thaw initiation period. We have developed and released an integrated code that couples the numerical software ATS to the calibration software PEST. The numerical model can be further used to determine the impacts of climate change on permafrost degradation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10522,"journal":{"name":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","volume":"231 ","pages":"Article 104399"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143154066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental assessment of rigid surface collision effects on suspended ice particles","authors":"Zonghui Liu ,&nbsp;Xueqin Bu ,&nbsp;Guiping Lin ,&nbsp;Ping Huang ,&nbsp;Yuli Chen ,&nbsp;Dongsheng Wen","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2024.104394","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2024.104394","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In glaciated icing conditions, when the aircraft impacts ice particles in the cloud, the ice particles may rebound, fragment or stick to the aircraft surface, further affecting the ice accretion process. However, the fragmentation mechanism particularly near the minor fragmentation zone is complex and not clear. Here, two particle diameter levels (1.24 mm and 1.56 mm) and three impact velocity levels (7 m/s, 10 m/s, 16 m/s) were set to perform ice particle impact experiment on the self-developed high-speed ice particle impact experimental setup. A Kalman filter tracking algorithm and a projective stereological method were improved and used to track and calculate the volume of the fragments, respectively. According to the statistical analysis of the experimental results, it was found that the impact character number <em>ξ</em> is a valid dimensionless number for measuring the degree of fragmentation. The results of the fragment volume calculation were then verified and it was found that the addition of the semi-ellipsoid shape improves the accuracy of the calculation, reducing the mean relative error by more than 9 %. Finally, a correlation between the impact character number <em>ξ</em> and the distribution exponent <span><math><mover><mi>Ψ</mi><mo>̂</mo></mover></math></span> was obtained. Combined with the fragmentation mode probability model and the estimate correlation for the upper cut-off position, a possible model for the fragment volume distribution near the minor fragmentation zone was constructed. Due to the existence of scale invariance and the dimensionless number in this model, it may be applicable to a higher range of <em>ξ</em>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10522,"journal":{"name":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","volume":"231 ","pages":"Article 104394"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143154427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}