Cold Regions Science and Technology最新文献

{"title":"Rain-on-snow roof surcharge load: A review of recent collapses, design standards, current research, and challenges","authors":"Diwas Bajracharya ,&nbsp;Qingwen Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104432","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104432","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rain-on-snow (ROS) events can significantly increase roof snow loads in buildings, particularly as retained rainwater adds to the snowpack's weight. Recent roof damages from ROS load have been observed in both old and new structures, as climate changes exacerbate such events. Evaluating ROS load in existing snow load codes is crucial to determine whether they adequately address climate-driven impacts, including changing precipitation patterns and extreme weather events. This paper presents a systematic review of the ROS events, damage cases, current methods, and changing climate which shows that snowpack, its properties, and flow type are the key areas of focus. The review of ROS load standards exposed a reliance on historical data and snowpack characteristics, with limited consideration of climate change impacts on ROS surcharge loads. The bibliometric analysis of keywords revealed that environmental factors, snowpack properties, and climate change effects need to be considered for modeling ROS load. Among the available models, snowmelt and snowpack models are effective for long-term ROS simulations, particularly regarding snow depth, density, and pore distribution. In contrast, flow models can provide practical solutions for estimating ROS load while accounting for both uniform and non-uniform wetting front flow conditions in older snowpacks. The distinction between uniform wetting front flow and matrix-preferential flow is pivotal in determining the complexity of ROS load models, as these patterns significantly influence water retention in snow. As global warming can intensify ROS events, reassessment of ROS load standards with climate models is imperative to understand the future effects of climate non-stationarity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10522,"journal":{"name":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","volume":"232 ","pages":"Article 104432"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143348092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating methods to estimate the water equivalent of new snow from daily snow depth recordings","authors":"Jan Magnusson ,&nbsp;Bertrand Cluzet ,&nbsp;Louis Quéno ,&nbsp;Rebecca Mott ,&nbsp;Moritz Oberrauch ,&nbsp;Giulia Mazzotti ,&nbsp;Christoph Marty ,&nbsp;Tobias Jonas","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104435","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104435","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The water equivalent of new snow (HNW) plays a crucial role in various fields, including hydrological modeling, avalanche forecasting, and assessing snow loads on structures. However, in contrast to snow depth (HS), obtaining HNW measurements is challenging as well as time-consuming and is hence rarely measured. Therefore, we assess the reliability of two semi-empirical methods, HS2SWE and ΔSNOW, for estimating HNW. These methods are designed to simulate continuous water equivalent of the snowpack (SWE) from daily HS only, with changes in SWE yielding daily HNW estimates. We compare both parametric methods against HNW predictions from a physics-based snow model (FSM2oshd) that integrates daily HS recordings using data assimilation. Our findings reveal that all methods exhibit similar performance, with relative biases of less than ∼3 % in replicating SWE observations commonly used for model evaluations. However, the ΔSNOW model tends to underestimate daily HNW by ∼17 %, whereas HS2SWE and FSM2oshd combined with a particle filter data assimilation scheme provide nearly unbiased estimates, with relative biases below ∼5 %. In contrast to the parsimonious parametric methods, we show that the physics-based approach can yield information about unobserved variables, such as total solid precipitation amounts, that may differ from HNW due to concurrent melt. Overall, our results underscore the potential of utilizing commonly available daily HS data in conjunction with appropriate modeling techniques to provide valuable insights into snow accumulation processes. Our study demonstrates that daily SWE observations or supplementary measurements like HNW are important for validating the day-to-day accuracy of simulations and should ideally already be incorporated during the calibration and development of models.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10522,"journal":{"name":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","volume":"233 ","pages":"Article 104435"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143420530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Local scour around bridge abutments protected by angled spur dikes under ice-covered flow conditions","authors":"Rahim Jafari,&nbsp;Jueyi Sui","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104443","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104443","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Scouring around bridge piers and abutments presents a critical threat to bridge stability, necessitating effective mitigation strategies. Based on laboratory experiments in a large-scale flume which is 2.0-m wide and 38.5-m long, this study investigates the impact of non-submerged spur dikes with varying alignment angles of 45°, 60°, and 90° under different ice cover conditions on reducing local scour around bridge abutments located downstream of spur dikes. Results of this study reveal that the spur dike with an alignment angle of 90° relative to the downstream direction positioned 25 cm upstream of the abutment can effectively prevent the local scour around bridge abutment by redirecting flow and reducing vortex-induced erosion. The maximum depth of scour holes around bridge abutments increases with the increase in flow Froude number, relative roughness of ice cover and the dike alignment angle. On the other hand, the maximum depth of the scour hole decreases with the increase in the particle size of the bed material and the effective length of the dike. An empirical formula has been developed to determine the maximum depth of scour holes around bridge abutments, which are protected by spur dikes located upstream of the abutments. Clearly, the effective mitigation of local scour around bridge abutments varied with flow condition, ice cover roughness, particle size of bed material, alignment angle and the distance from the abutment to the spur dike located upstream of the abutments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10522,"journal":{"name":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","volume":"232 ","pages":"Article 104443"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143099291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental study on pull-out performance of stud connectors under low temperatures","authors":"Yulin Zhan ,&nbsp;Wenting Lyu ,&nbsp;Wenfeng Huang ,&nbsp;Jiaxin Li ,&nbsp;Jikun Wang ,&nbsp;Junhu Shao","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104433","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104433","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To promote the safe and widespread application of steel-concrete composite structures in cold and high-altitude regions, and to solve the problem of unclear tensile pull-out performance of stud connectors in steel-concrete composite structures under low-temperature conditions, an investigation was conducted in which 54 material tests were performed at both normal and low temperatures on high-performance concrete (HPC) and ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC), demonstrating the change rules of their basic mechanical properties. Subsequently, a loading and insulation fixture designed for stud pull-out assessments under low-temperature conditions was independently employed, and low-temperature pull-out tests were executed on 8 sets of stud specimens. The study investigated the effects of different temperatures (20 °C, −20 °C, −40 °C, −60 °C), effective embedment depths of studs (40 mm, 60 mm, 80 mm), and concrete types (HPC, UHPC) on the failure modes and pull-out capacity of stud shear connectors. Based on the experimental results, the enhancement mechanism of stud connectors in low-temperature environments was analyzed, and a modified formula for the pull-out capacity of stud connectors under low-temperature conditions was proposed. The tests revealed that the compressive and tensile strengths of both HPC and UHPC were improved with the decreasing temperature, with HPC demonstrating a greater enhancement. Within the temperature range from −60 °C to +20 °C, two types of failure modes were observed in stud pull-out specimens: concrete failure (characterized by splitting failure, cone failure, or a combined failure) and stud failure. The cone failure angles for HPC and UHPC were in the ranges of 30–35°and 22–30°, respectively. Notably, as temperature decreased and embedment depth of studs increased, the failure mode of the stud connectors transitioned from concrete failure to stud failure, accompanied by concurrent increase in tensile capacity and peak displacement of the connectors. Based on the modified formula for the ultimate tensile capacity in low-temperature conditions derived from the Visual Assessment Criteria (VAC) model, the standard deviation between calculated values and experimental observations was 0.15, indicating a favorable prediction efficacy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10522,"journal":{"name":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","volume":"232 ","pages":"Article 104433"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143302897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on snow removal characteristics and safety of the high-speed train operating through a snowdrift based on SPH-FEM coupling method","authors":"Yao Shuguang ,&nbsp;Zhang Peng ,&nbsp;Xing Jie ,&nbsp;Zhou YiLi","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104444","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104444","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>When the high-speed train operates in high-latitude and cold regions, it often encounters a large amount of snowfall due to the weather, which leads to delays or even stoppage of the vehicles. It is of great engineering significance to ensure the fast and safe operation of the high-speed train after snowfall. In this paper, the snow plow for removing obstacles (SPRO) was evaluated in order for the high-speed train to operate in snowy environment. The smooth particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method was adopted in this paper to simulate snowdrift on the rail. The dynamic response and safety of high-speed train operating under snowy environment were explored through the vehicle-snowdrift coupled finite element model based on the Ls-dyna solution. The deformation mode of the snowdrift, the trajectory of the particles after splashing, the variation of the longitudinal resistance force, the wheel-rail contact force and the wheel unloading rate were analyzed. The numerical results showed that the high applicability of the SPH in tracking the details of the particle splash, in addition to the accurate prediction of the dynamic response. Numerical comparisons were made to investigate the effects of different operating speeds, snow depths and snow densities on the dynamic response, and the prediction formula for the longitudinal resistance force was construct. The effects of different boundary conditions on the operational safety of high-speed train in snowy environments was analyzed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10522,"journal":{"name":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","volume":"232 ","pages":"Article 104444"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143099886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanical modeling for precast trapezoidal canal under the influence of bi-directional frost heave and field experimental verification","authors":"Jianrui Ge ,&nbsp;Yaxin Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhengzhong Wang ,&nbsp;Haoyuan Jiang ,&nbsp;Yonghong Niu ,&nbsp;Min Xiao","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104434","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104434","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Precast lined canals are important water conveyance structures; however, they often suffer severe frost heave hazardous in cold regions. Currently, the frost heave design of precast canallining canals mostly depends on engineering experience, and the analytical mechanical model under the frost heave action of foundation soil is seldom studied, which leads to a deficiency in existing design. First, the frost heave characteristics of the canal are analyzed, and the canal lining structure is regarded as simply supported beam. Then, the frost heave mechanical model of precast lining canal under bi-directional frost heave is established, and the bending moment and deflection are deduced. The accuracy of the model is verified by comparing with field monitoring test data. Finally, the frost heave law of the precast lining canal is revealed by parameter analysis. The results show that the bi-directional frost heave calculation method should be employed in shallow ground water, while the ordinary frost heave calculation method can be selected for deep ground water. The maximum displacement at the joint of the precast lining is 2.42 cm, less than 3 cm permissible displacement, whereas that of the cast lining is 1.65 cm, which is 46.67 % higher than that of the cast plate, the frost heave displacement of the cast-in-place plate is greater than 1 cm. This clearly demonstrates the superior deformation capacity and frost resistance. The research results can provide a theoretical basis for frost heave design of precast lining canals in cold regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10522,"journal":{"name":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","volume":"232 ","pages":"Article 104434"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143099290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to “A generalized thermal conductivity model of soil-rock mixture based on freezing characteristic curve” [Cold Regions Science and Technology 229 (2025) 104360].","authors":"Yindong Wang ,&nbsp;Jianguo Lu ,&nbsp;Wansheng Pei ,&nbsp;Xusheng Wan ,&nbsp;Jiajia Gao ,&nbsp;Fei Deng","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104430","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104430","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":10522,"journal":{"name":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","volume":"231 ","pages":"Article 104430"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143153651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental study on shear behavior of geotextile encased lime energy column - soil interface in degraded permafrost environment","authors":"Guanfu Wang,&nbsp;Lei Zhou,&nbsp;Chuang Lin,&nbsp;Zhichao Liang,&nbsp;Decheng Feng,&nbsp;Feng Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104431","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104431","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The differential settlement of warm permafrost foundations significantly impacts the safe operation of highway and railway embankments. The use of geotextile encased lime energy columns (GELECs) has been proven to be effective in pre-thawing shallow layers of warm permafrost as a novel method to reduce the post-construction settlement of embankments. Understanding the interaction between the GELECs and the soil is crucial in illustrating the load transfer mechanism. This study conducted a series of large-scale direct shear tests on GELEC-soil in degraded permafrost environments using an improved temperature-controlled direct shear test apparatus with assembled large shear boxes. The effects of different shear rates, water contents, and types of geotextiles on the mechanical behavior of the interface were analyzed. The strength development of the interface under various curing times was studied in detail. The experimental results indicate that the interface strength increases significantly during the initial stage of curing while the rate of strength increase diminishes over time. The improvement in peak shear strength is primarily attributed to the increase in interfacial cohesion, and the increasing trend of the cohesion follows an exponential decay function. And the microscopic strengthening mechanism of the interface was analyzed through SEM tests. Finally, a nonlinear elastic model incorporating a parameter to represent the variation of cohesion was developed to describe the shear stress-strain relationship at the GELEC-soil interface under different curing times.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10522,"journal":{"name":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","volume":"231 ","pages":"Article 104431"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143154429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seismic ground motion study of layered site of saturated frozen soil under P-wave incidence","authors":"Qiang Ma ,&nbsp;Hao Jiao ,&nbsp;Xusheng Wan","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104426","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104426","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A two-dimensional model of layered saturated frozen soil over bedrock is developed based on porous media theory, focusing on the seismic response to P-wave incidence. The governing equations for saturated frozen soil are formulated and decoupled using the Helmholtz vector decomposition theorem, yielding a general solution for the potential function. Through the application of the transfer matrix method and interface boundary conditions, an analytical solution for surface displacement in saturated frozen soil is derived. This solution is validated against existing literature. The study comprehensively examines the effects of incident frequency, angle, the surface layer's porosity, medium temperature, cementation parameter, contact parameter, soil stiffness, and surface layer thickness on the seismic response. The key findings are as follows: A layered foundation model demonstrates the seismic effects of stratification on ground motion. Compared to uniform foundations, layered models better represent real-world conditions and reveal the amplification and frequency-dependent characteristics of soil stratification under the idealized analytical framework of this study. For constant incident frequency or medium temperature, the peak horizontal displacement amplification factor is higher in an upper-soft and lower-hard foundation compared to an upper-hard and lower-soft foundation. Horizontal and vertical displacement amplification coefficients exhibit periodic fluctuations with variations in soil thickness. High-frequency seismic waves induce pronounced fluctuations in the horizontal displacement amplification coefficient. Under the idealized analytical framework, the vertical displacement amplification coefficient tends to exceed the horizontal one across all frequencies. These findings provide theoretical insights but require validation through field measurements and numerical simulations to assess their applicability to real-world conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10522,"journal":{"name":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","volume":"231 ","pages":"Article 104426"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143155039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physical test and numerical simulation study of ice-bridge piers interaction","authors":"Kuan Li ,&nbsp;Wenliang Qiu ,&nbsp;Xin Zhao ,&nbsp;Lianmin Tian","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104428","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104428","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In cold regions, the formation and movement of ice sheets around bridge piers over reservoirs can pose a significant threat to the safety of the structure by imposing a considerable static ice load. This paper takes the bridge pier frozen in the ice sheet as the research object, carried out the static ice load physical test of the interaction between the ice sheet and the bridge pier, and investigates the structural response under different ice sheet thicknesses, different bridge pier cross-section form, and different displacement rate. Additionally, a numerical simulation method, including cracking, was proposed for comparative verification of the test results. The conclusions of the study are as follows: As the ice sheet thickness increased in the test, the extrusion crushing area of the ice sheet became more extensive, with more cracks and longer extensions, accompanied by the intersection of ring cracks and vertical cracks. In square bridge pier tests, initial cracks in the ice appeared at the corner of the bridge pier on the tension side. In circular bridge pier tests, initial cracks appeared on both sides perpendicular to the forward direction of the pier. The peak loads of the numerical model considering the adfreeze were in good agreement with the physical test results, and the peak loads without considering the adfreeze were in good agreement with the current codes. The model considering the adfreeze had a broader range of cracks, and the cracks extended longer. The peak loads considering the adfreeze are proportional to those without considering the adfreeze, and the proportions differ for circular and square piers. Both the test results and the numerical modelling results show that the ice forces are greater with adfreeze present. Load values calculated from the current code (China 2016) are lower than the measured loads and from the numerical model with adfreeze present. Suggestion factors of 1.64 and 1.48 for circular and square piers respectively are proposed when adfreeze is present.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10522,"journal":{"name":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","volume":"232 ","pages":"Article 104428"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143099848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}