Cold Regions Science and Technology最新文献

{"title":"Long-term deformation rules of railway embankments in permafrost regions: Classification and prediction","authors":"Saize Zhang ,&nbsp;Yuanguo Wang ,&nbsp;Ling Zeng ,&nbsp;Jing Luo ,&nbsp;Jinchang Wang ,&nbsp;Tianchun Dong ,&nbsp;Fujun Niu","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104425","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104425","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The long-term deformation rule of the embankment can reflect the impact of environmental factors on the embankment during different periods, and the deformation rule of the embankment is also the ultimate expression of embankment structure change under the interaction of various environmental factors. This study presents two classification methods for such deformation rules, which are based on long-term deformation monitoring data spanning 2006–2020, and obtained from 39 embankment sections along the Qinghai–Tibet Railway (QTR). The deformation rules of railway embankments in permafrost regions can be classified into five categories based on the accumulated deformation: slight heave, slight settlement, slow settlement, rapid settlement, and damage type. In addition, the curve trend of the embankment deformation can be used to categorize the deformation rules into five types: linear, step, fluctuating, U-shaped, and heave. The formation mechanism and characteristics of each type are summarized and analyzed. The results indicate that the linear type is the most unstable type, and the embankment experiences continuous and significant settlement deformation. Finally, two prediction models are established for the long-term deformation rules of embankments in permafrost regions. These models are used to establish the relationship between the early deformation rates and long-term deformation rules of the embankment, and can be used to predict whether the deformation rule of an embankment after 10 years of completion is linear. This study aims to provide early decision support for embankment stability evaluation, deformation prediction, reinforcement, and other studies in permafrost regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10522,"journal":{"name":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","volume":"231 ","pages":"Article 104425"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143154431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on the cooling effect of crushed rock-based embankment of high-grade highway in permafrost region under the influence of crushed-rock fragmentation and weathering","authors":"Wenshu Yang ,&nbsp;Qingzhi Wang ,&nbsp;Qihang Mei ,&nbsp;Jianhong Fang ,&nbsp;Ji Chen ,&nbsp;Kui Zhang ,&nbsp;Jiankun Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104427","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104427","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In road construction within permafrost regions, the crushed rock-based embankments(CRBEs) are commonly used as active cooling measures, particularly on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The unique climatic conditions in this region can lead to fragmentation and weathering of the crushed-rock within these embankments, subsequently diminishing their cooling effectiveness. This study, drawing on field observations from the Gonghe-Yushu high-grade highway(GYHH) and supplemented by numerical simulations, investigates how such degradation affects the embankment's cooling performance. Results indicate that fragmentation and weathering increase soil temperatures underneath the CRBE, accelerate the degradation rate of the permafrost table, and significantly reduce the radius and area of the frozen zone. Additionally, the permafrost table descends more slowly on shady slopes compared to sunny ones. Consequently, the altered pore structure and reduced ventilation due to rock degradation impede internal heat dissipation within the CRBE, thus undermining its cooling capacity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10522,"journal":{"name":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","volume":"231 ","pages":"Article 104427"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143155040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experiments on ice particle impact: a review","authors":"Giovanni Davi ,&nbsp;Tiziano Fabbri ,&nbsp;Stefan Holzknecht ,&nbsp;Alberto Muscio","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104422","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104422","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The behavior of ice particles impacting against a rigid surface is a topic that has gained more and more relevance in the field of transportation safety, particularly in the automotive and aerospace sectors. The present review outlines the various controlled experimental approaches used to study artificial ice particle collisions, describing the setup configurations, particle release mechanisms, and the selection of materials for impact surfaces. It also assesses fundamental studies that measure the coefficient of restitution (CoR or <span><math><msub><mi>e</mi><mi>n</mi></msub></math></span>) and the fragmentation regime of ice upon impact, clarifying how ice particles react when they strike a surface. The review also includes analytical and empirical formulas that describe the critical impact velocity, which determines the different impact outcomes, like bouncing, sticking, or fragmentation and fragmentation distribution of the ice particles. Lastly, it summarizes how particle size, temperature, and material properties affect the impact responses.</div><div>In addition, the review proposes a visual representation of the different models and how they compare. The visual representation highlights the differences between each model and the transition from elastic to plastic impact responses, and it is instrumental in understanding the conditions under which ice particles leave a residual mass on the impact surface. The insights gained from this review are vital for better understanding the impact of the ice particle phenomenon and mapping the state of the art in this branch of research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10522,"journal":{"name":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","volume":"231 ","pages":"Article 104422"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143155024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analytical solution of steady-state temperature field of arc-shaped three-pipe liquid nitrogen freezing under adiabatic boundary condition","authors":"Zhe Yang ,&nbsp;Haibing Cai ,&nbsp;Bin Wang ,&nbsp;Changqiang Pang ,&nbsp;Mengkai Li","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104421","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104421","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sudden seepage and leakage in underground engineering retaining structures are often mitigated using artificial liquid nitrogen freezing. However, the development of frozen soil curtains during liquid nitrogen freezing is frequently influenced by adjacent pile foundations and other structures. Currently, no theoretical solution exists for the temperature field distribution under these conditions. To investigate the temperature field distribution under adiabatic boundaries, such as adjacent pile foundations, and to understand the development of the freezing curtain under local adiabatic boundary constraints, a steady-state temperature field analytical solution of arc-shaped three-pipe liquid nitrogen freezing was derived using thermal potential superposition theory and the mirror method. This analytical solution for different characteristic sections was then contrasted with numerical simulations and model test results to verify its accuracy and applicability. Results indicate that the analytical solution aligns with the steady-state numerical solution, and the freezing model transitions from an unsteady to a quasi-steady state. The error compared to the transient numerical solution decreases over time, from 15.3 °C on the 10th day to 0.3 °C by the 50th day. The applicability and accuracy of the analytical solution are further validated using auxiliary interfaces. Comparing the analytical solution with model test results reveals that isotherms are perpendicular to the adiabatic boundary, with heat flow parallel to the boundary and no normal heat flow. The adiabatic boundary notably enhances the temperature field distribution and freezing efficiency. Finally, the accuracy of the analytical solution of the liquid nitrogen freezing model meets the requirements of practical engineering applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10522,"journal":{"name":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","volume":"231 ","pages":"Article 104421"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143155037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microscopic pore water freezing and thawing of saline silty clay under confining pressures using NMR","authors":"Yong Tao ,&nbsp;Ping Yang ,&nbsp;Zhaohui (Joey) Yang ,&nbsp;Huasong Yuan ,&nbsp;Ting Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104420","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104420","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Unfrozen water content during freeze-thaw cycles is crucial to determining the engineering properties of frozen soils. Previous research primarily focused on the unfrozen water content without considering overburden pressure, and the variation of unfrozen water in microscopic pores of varying sizes under confining pressure was rarely investigated. This study introduces a new custom-designed sample module that allows simultaneous temperature and pressure control during Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) tests. We present unfrozen water content in pores of various sizes obtained via NMR from freezing and thawing of non-saline and saline silty clay (1 % NaCl) specimens and analyze the effects of temperature and confining pressure on the microscopic pore water freezing and thawing. Furthermore, the total unfrozen water content during a full freeze-thaw cycle and pore water freezing temperatures at selected pore sizes are presented. The results demonstrate that the water content in microscopic pores of various sizes decreases as the temperature drops, and decreasing temperature leads to reductions in the dominant pore size and the corresponding pore water content. Confining pressure significantly influences the microscopic water content distribution in microscopic pores of varying sizes. Increased pressure generally results in higher pore water content in pores of various sizes at the same temperature. However, such an effect is negligible for pores smaller than the critical pore size (i.e., about 3 nm for the study soil) due to the adsorption between soil particles and the bound water layer. Significant freeze-thaw hysteresis is observed in the unfrozen water content in microscopic pores and the total unfrozen water content. Spatially, the hysteresis is the most pronounced at the dominant pore size. In terms of temperature, it peaks near the initial freezing temperature and weakens as the temperature drops. An empirical model is proposed to predict the total unfrozen water content during freezing and thawing by accounting for the confining pressure effects. Furthermore, the pore water freezing temperatures observed from this study agree well with those predicted by a theoretical equation until the pore radius falls below 15 nm. Results from this study help understand the freezing and thawing of water in microscopic pores of saline silty clay.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10522,"journal":{"name":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","volume":"231 ","pages":"Article 104420"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143154067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A high-precision saltwater ice thickness and salinity detection method based on capacitive coupled planar microwave resonator","authors":"Han Shi ,&nbsp;Mengjie Song ,&nbsp;Junfeng Ge ,&nbsp;Long Zhang ,&nbsp;Xuan Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2024.104417","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2024.104417","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The formation of saltwater ice on a ship can result in damage to the safety of the crew and the ship itself. A capacitive coupled split-ring resonant sensor was employed to investigate the influence of thickness and salinity of saltwater and saltwater ice on the transmission scattering parameter signal of the sensor. The resonant amplitude of the signal exhibited a near linear relationship with the salinity of saltwater samples, increasing from −18.24 dB to −14.75 dB as the salinity increased from 0 % to 20 %. The resonant amplitude exhibited a significantly decrease of 20.28 dB with the salinity of saltwater ice increasing from 0 to 15 %, and would be relatively stable at around −21.72 dB when the salinity of saltwater ice increased above 10 %. The salinity would be more sensitively detected in saltwater ice than in saltwater in the range of 0–10 %, where the resonant amplitude decreased 20.28 dB as the salinity increased. The measurement accuracy for salinity detection in saltwater ice was 70.22 %. The thickness of saltwater ice was able to detected accurately in the range of 0–15 mm with an accuracy of 86.9 %. In conclusion, this work provides a reference for the detection of saltwater ice on ship hulls and offshore wind turbines, thereby improving the efficiency and safety of these offshore structures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10522,"journal":{"name":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","volume":"231 ","pages":"Article 104417"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143154430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In-situ icing and water condensation study on Ni scaffold promoted liquid-infused surfaces","authors":"Jie Wang ,&nbsp;Mengjuan Wu ,&nbsp;Bo Qi ,&nbsp;Shuang Wang ,&nbsp;Xianghui Hou","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104418","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104418","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ice protection related applications have raised notable academic and industrial attention in recent years. The induction of icephobicity primarily involves the modification of surface characteristics and inherent material properties. One of the significant factors influencing the icephobicity is the surface roughness, as the presence of surface rough asperities may serve as the potential ice anchoring points, especially under high humidity conditions. In this work, the Observation of in-situ water condensation and icing was undertaken on Ni/PDMS icephobic surfaces with varying surface topographies to enhance comprehension of water condensation and ice formation patterns under controlled humidity, pressure, and temperature conditions. It was noted that the surface topography exerts a substantial influence on the water micro-condensation, ice formation and retraction processes. The water micro-condensation normally occurs along the rougher asperities of the sample surfaces. The subsequent analysis indicated a more severe and intensified ice interlock on rougher surfaces. While on smoother surfaces, the lack of capacity to induce anchoring resulted in the reduced observed ice, facilitating a more straightforward ice retraction process. The findings indicated a noteworthy correlation between the dislodgment of ice and interlocking mechanism stemming from the surface rough voids, emphasizing the significance of taking these factors into account in the design and fabrication of ice-repellent surfaces.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10522,"journal":{"name":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","volume":"231 ","pages":"Article 104418"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143154065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A novel electroosmosis-heating method for heaving reduction of sulfate saline soil during cooling process","authors":"Ling Fan,&nbsp;Zhancheng Wang,&nbsp;Yanchang Li,&nbsp;Shuquan Peng","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2024.104415","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2024.104415","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The salt heaving of sulfate saline soil seriously affects the safety and service lives of various facilities in saline soil areas worldwide. Electrosmosis-heating (EOH) can theoretically mitigate the serious influence, but its mechanism is unclear. A series of salt heaving and microscopic experiments were conducted using EOH and electron microscopy, respectively. Soil temperature, relative humidity (RH), salt heaving and microstructure in the experiment were monitored and analyzed at different electric potential gradients and electrode sizes. The experimental results show that salt heaving can be effectively reduced by EOH. Soil temperature, RH, salt heaving and its reduction increase with increasing electric potential gradient and electrode size. The above variables increase with time at relatively high electric potential gradients while the first two variables are reduced under lower ones. The mechanism of EOH heaving reduction is the increase of soil temperature and RH caused by heating, the reduction of water and salt content induced by electroosmosis, and pore space is reduced. The effects of electroosmosis and heating on the reduction of salt heaving decrease and increase respectively with the rise of potential gradient. This research provides a theoretical basis for using the EOH method to prevent salt heaving in sulfate saline soils.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10522,"journal":{"name":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","volume":"231 ","pages":"Article 104415"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143155035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of hull angles on ice loads, based on the measured shell plate deformations of a detachable bow on lake Saimaa","authors":"Ville Valtonen","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2024.104409","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2024.104409","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, the permanent deformations on the shell plating of the detachable WARC bow were measured and analyzed. The bow was operated mainly on the Saimaa region in Finland from 1986 to 2021. From the measured deformations, the ice loads were calculated using both the analytical methods developed by Ranki and Hayward and non-linear finite element method and these were compared. Finite element analysis was used to show that the load height must have been at maximum 77 mm. The measured loads were compared both to the design ice loads from the IACS PC rules, and to the ice loads calculated with the same basic methods using scenarios and ice properties more aligned with the actual operation of the WARC bow and the ice conditions on lake Saimaa. It was found that the correlation between the hull angles and the ice loads according to the PC rules and the Daley-Popov collision model agree well with the measured results.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10522,"journal":{"name":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","volume":"231 ","pages":"Article 104409"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143154060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research on the predictability of rock strength under freeze-thaw cycles - A hybrid model of SHAP-IPOA-XGBoost","authors":"Yuhang Liu,&nbsp;Xiangtian Xu,&nbsp;Jiwei Wang,&nbsp;Yongtao Wang,&nbsp;Caixia Fan","doi":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2024.104416","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coldregions.2024.104416","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As environmental dynamics increasingly influence the stability of engineering materials, accurately predicting sandstone strength under freeze-thaw cycles has become essential. This study presents a new method, IPOA-XGBoost, integrating an improved Pelican Optimization Algorithm (IPOA) with Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) to accurately forecast sandstone strength in freeze-thaw environments. Principal component analysis (PCA) is employed for reducing data dimensionality, while IPOA optimizes the hyperparameters of the XGBoost model. Experimental findings show that the IPOA-XGBoost model outperforms traditional methods, delivering improved accuracy and robustness in both training and testing datasets. To address the “black box” challenge of machine learning models, SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations) values are applied to clarify the impact of individual features on prediction outcomes, validating SHAP's reliability as an interpretive tool. The findings highlight the importance of strain rate (SR), impact pressure (IP), and confining pressure (CP) as key variables affecting sandstone strength predictions. This methodology provides significant insights for predicting sandstone strength in applied engineering contexts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10522,"journal":{"name":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","volume":"231 ","pages":"Article 104416"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143154085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}