Clinical Microbiology Reviews最新文献_第8页

Human strongyloidiasis: complexities and pathways forward. 人类强直性脊柱炎：复杂性和前进道路。

IF 19 1区医学

Clinical Microbiology Reviews Pub Date : 2023-12-20 Epub Date: 2023-11-08 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00033-23

Dora Buonfrate, Richard S Bradbury, Matthew R Watts, Zeno Bisoffi

{"title":"Human strongyloidiasis: complexities and pathways forward.","authors":"Dora Buonfrate, Richard S Bradbury, Matthew R Watts, Zeno Bisoffi","doi":"10.1128/cmr.00033-23","DOIUrl":"10.1128/cmr.00033-23","url":null,"abstract":"Strongyloidiasis is a World Health Organization neglected tropical disease usually caused by Strongyloides stercoralis, a parasitic worm with a complex life cycle. Globally, 300-600 million people are infected through contact with fecally contaminated soil. An autoinfective component of the life cycle can lead to chronic infection that may be asymptomatic or cause long-term symptoms, including malnourishment in children. Low larval output can limit the sensitivity of detection in stool, with serology being effective but less sensitive in immunocompromise. Host immunosuppression can trigger catastrophic, fatal hyperinfection/dissemination, where large numbers of larvae pierce the bowel wall and disseminate throughout the organs. Stable disease is effectively treated by single-dose ivermectin, with disease in immunocompromised patients treated with multiple doses. Strategies for management include raising awareness, clarifying zoonotic potential, the development and use of effective diagnostic tests for epidemiological studies and individual diagnosis, and the implementation of treatment programs with research into therapeutic alternatives and medication safety.","PeriodicalId":10378,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Microbiology Reviews","volume":" ","pages":"e0003323"},"PeriodicalIF":19.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10732074/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71478799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Wild-type distributions of minimum inhibitory concentrations and epidemiological cut-off values-laboratory and clinical utility. 最小抑制浓度和流行病学临界值的野生型分布-实验室和临床应用。

IF 19 1区医学

Clinical Microbiology Reviews Pub Date : 2023-12-20 Epub Date: 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00100-22

Gunnar Kahlmeter, John Turnidge

{"title":"Wild-type distributions of minimum inhibitory concentrations and epidemiological cut-off values-laboratory and clinical utility.","authors":"Gunnar Kahlmeter, John Turnidge","doi":"10.1128/cmr.00100-22","DOIUrl":"10.1128/cmr.00100-22","url":null,"abstract":"The characterization of wild-type minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and zone diameter distributions with the setting of epidemiological cut-off values (ECOFFs or ECVs) provides a reference for the otherwise relative MIC values in the international system for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Distributions of MIC values for a species and an agent follow a log-normal distribution, which in the absence of resistance mechanisms is monomodal and designated wild type (WT). The upper end of the WT distribution, the ECOFF, can be identified with statistical methods. In the presence of phenotypically detectable resistance, the distribution has at least one more mode (the non-WT), but despite this, the WT is most often identifiable using the same methods. The ECOFF provides the most sensitive measure of resistance development in a species against an agent. The WT and non-WT modes are independent of the organism´s response to treatment, but when the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) determines the clinical breakpoints, the committee avoids breakpoints that split WT distributions of target species. This is to avoid the poorer reproducibility of susceptibility categorization when breakpoints split major populations but also because the EUCAST has failed to identify different clinical outcomes for isolates with different MIC values inside the wild-type distribution. In laboratory practice, the ECOFF is used to screen for and exclude resistance and allows the comparison of resistance between systems with different breakpoints from different breakpoint organizations, breakpoints evolving over time, and different breakpoints between human and animal medicine. The EUCAST actively encourages colleagues to question MIC distributions as presented on the website (https://www.eucast.org/mic_and_zone_distributions_and_ecoffs) and to contribute MIC and inhibition zone diameter data.","PeriodicalId":10378,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Microbiology Reviews","volume":" ","pages":"e0010022"},"PeriodicalIF":19.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10732016/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138458289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Experimental models for HIV latency and molecular tools for reservoir quantification-an update. HIV潜伏期的实验模型和储层定量的分子工具的更新。

IF 9.6 1区医学

Clinical Microbiology Reviews Pub Date : 2023-12-20 Epub Date: 2023-11-15 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00013-23

Divyadarshini Angamuthu, Sandhya Vivekanandan, Luke Elizabeth Hanna

{"title":"Experimental models for HIV latency and molecular tools for reservoir quantification-an update.","authors":"Divyadarshini Angamuthu, Sandhya Vivekanandan, Luke Elizabeth Hanna","doi":"10.1128/cmr.00013-23","DOIUrl":"10.1128/cmr.00013-23","url":null,"abstract":"A major impediment for HIV cure is the ability of the virus to integrate its genome in the form of replication-competent proviral DNA into the cellular genome of the host and remain transcriptionally silent and hidden from the host's immune defense mechanisms in latent reservoir cells. These latent reservoirs are highly heterogeneous, long-lived cells that are capable of reactivating to restore the viremic stage in virally suppressed individuals upon treatment interruption, thus necessitating life-long antiretroviral treatment. Latency reversal has become one of the most explored therapeutic approaches for eliminating HIV reservoirs and effecting HIV cure. Various aspects governing the establishment, maintenance, and reversal of HIV latency continue to be an enigma and warrant further research. Quantifying the size of the latent reservoir pool is also a challenge as these cells are very few in number and cannot be easily differentiated from uninfected cells. This article provides a comprehensive review of the in vitro and in vivo models currently available for studying HIV latency as well as the recently developed molecular tools for detection and quantification of latent viral reservoirs.","PeriodicalId":10378,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Microbiology Reviews","volume":" ","pages":"e0001323"},"PeriodicalIF":9.6,"publicationDate":"2023-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10732067/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"107590423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Invasive fusariosis. 侵袭性镰刀菌病。

IF 19 1区医学

Clinical Microbiology Reviews Pub Date : 2023-12-20 Epub Date: 2023-11-08 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00159-22

Marcio Nucci, Elias Anaissie

引用次数: 0

The potential for development of clinically relevant microbial resistance to rifaximin-α: a narrative review. 利福昔明-α临床相关微生物耐药的发展潜力:叙述性回顾。

IF 9.6 1区医学

Clinical Microbiology Reviews Pub Date : 2023-12-20 Epub Date: 2023-11-16 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00039-23

Herbert L DuPont

{"title":"The potential for development of clinically relevant microbial resistance to rifaximin-α: a narrative review.","authors":"Herbert L DuPont","doi":"10.1128/cmr.00039-23","DOIUrl":"10.1128/cmr.00039-23","url":null,"abstract":"Rifaximin-α is a gut-targeted antibiotic indicated for numerous gastrointestinal and liver diseases. Its multifaceted mechanism of action goes beyond direct antimicrobial effects, including alterations in bacterial virulence, cytoprotective effects on host epithelial cells, improvement of impaired intestinal permeability, and reduction of proinflammatory cytokine expression via activation of the pregnane X receptor. Rifaximin-α is virtually non-absorbed, with low systemic drug levels contributing to its excellent safety profile. While there are high concentrations of drug in the colon, low water solubility leads to low colonic drug bioavailability, protecting the gut microbiome. Rifaximin-α appears to be more active in the bile-rich small bowel. Its important biologic effects are largely at sub-inhibitory concentration. Although in vitro testing of clinical isolates from rifaximin recipients has revealed rifaximin-resistant strains in some studies, the risk of emergent rifaximin-α resistance appears to be lower than for many other antibiotics. Rifaximin-α has been used for many years for traveler's diarrhea with no apparent increase in resistance levels in causative pathogens. Further, rifaximin-α retains its efficacy after long-term and recurrent usage in chronic gastrointestinal disorders. There are numerous reasons why the risk of microbial resistance to rifaximin-α may be lower than that for other agents, including low intestinal bioavailability in the aqueous colon, the mechanisms of action of rifaximin-α not requiring inhibitory concentrations of drug, and the low risk of cross transmission of rifaximin-α resistance between bacterial species. Reported emergence of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus in liver-disease patients maintained on rifaximin needs to be actively studied. Further studies are required to assess the possible correlation between in vitro resistance and rifaximin-α efficacy.","PeriodicalId":10378,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Microbiology Reviews","volume":" ","pages":"e0003923"},"PeriodicalIF":9.6,"publicationDate":"2023-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10732030/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136396637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

2023 Acknowledgment of CMR Reviewers. 2023 感谢 CMR 评审员。

IF 36.8 1区医学

Clinical Microbiology Reviews Pub Date : 2023-12-20 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00138-23

Graeme Forrest

引用次数: 0

Virulence attributes of successful methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus lineages. 成功耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌谱系的毒力特性。

IF 19 1区医学

Clinical Microbiology Reviews Pub Date : 2023-12-20 Epub Date: 2023-11-20 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00148-22

Jhih-Hang Jiang, David R Cameron, Cara Nethercott, Marta Aires-de-Sousa, Anton Y Peleg

{"title":"Virulence attributes of successful methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus lineages.","authors":"Jhih-Hang Jiang, David R Cameron, Cara Nethercott, Marta Aires-de-Sousa, Anton Y Peleg","doi":"10.1128/cmr.00148-22","DOIUrl":"10.1128/cmr.00148-22","url":null,"abstract":"Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a leading cause of severe and often fatal infections. MRSA epidemics have occurred in waves, whereby a previously successful lineage has been replaced by a more fit and better adapted lineage. Selection pressures in both hospital and community settings are not uniform across the globe, which has resulted in geographically distinct epidemiology. This review focuses on the mechanisms that trigger the establishment and maintenance of current, dominant MRSA lineages across the globe. While the important role of antibiotic resistance will be mentioned throughout, factors which influence the capacity of S. aureus to colonize and cause disease within a host will be the primary focus of this review. We show that while MRSA possesses a diverse arsenal of toxins including alpha-toxin, the success of a lineage involves more than just producing toxins that damage the host. Success is often attributed to the acquisition or loss of genetic elements involved in colonization and niche adaptation such as the arginine catabolic mobile element, as well as the activity of regulatory systems, and shift metabolism accordingly (e.g., the accessory genome regulator, agr). Understanding exactly how specific MRSA clones cause prolonged epidemics may reveal targets for therapies, whereby both core (e.g., the alpha toxin) and acquired virulence factors (e.g., the Panton-Valentine leukocidin) may be nullified using anti-virulence strategies.","PeriodicalId":10378,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Microbiology Reviews","volume":" ","pages":"e0014822"},"PeriodicalIF":19.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10732075/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138046323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Biofilm antimicrobial susceptibility testing: where are we and where could we be going? 生物膜抗菌药物敏感性测试：我们在哪里，我们可以去哪里？

IF 19 1区医学

Clinical Microbiology Reviews Pub Date : 2023-12-20 Epub Date: 2023-10-09 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00024-23

Tom Coenye

{"title":"Biofilm antimicrobial susceptibility testing: where are we and where could we be going?","authors":"Tom Coenye","doi":"10.1128/cmr.00024-23","DOIUrl":"10.1128/cmr.00024-23","url":null,"abstract":"Our knowledge about the fundamental aspects of biofilm biology, including the mechanisms behind the reduced antimicrobial susceptibility of biofilms, has increased drastically over the last decades. However, this knowledge has so far not been translated into major changes in clinical practice. While the biofilm concept is increasingly on the radar of clinical microbiologists, physicians, and healthcare professionals in general, the standardized tools to study biofilms in the clinical microbiology laboratory are still lacking; one area in which this is particularly obvious is that of antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST). It is generally accepted that the biofilm lifestyle has a tremendous impact on antibiotic susceptibility, yet AST is typically still carried out with planktonic cells. On top of that, the microenvironment at the site of infection is an important driver for microbial physiology and hence susceptibility; but this is poorly reflected in current AST methods. The goal of this review is to provide an overview of the state of the art concerning biofilm AST and highlight the knowledge gaps in this area. Subsequently, potential ways to improve biofilm-based AST will be discussed. Finally, bottlenecks currently preventing the use of biofilm AST in clinical practice, as well as the steps needed to get past these bottlenecks, will be discussed.","PeriodicalId":10378,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Microbiology Reviews","volume":" ","pages":"e0002423"},"PeriodicalIF":19.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10732061/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41122197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Changes in fungal taxonomy: mycological rationale and clinical implications. 真菌分类学的变化：真菌学原理和临床意义。

IF 19 1区医学

Clinical Microbiology Reviews Pub Date : 2023-12-20 Epub Date: 2023-11-06 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00099-22

Andrew M Borman, Elizabeth M Johnson

引用次数: 0

Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase variants: the new threat to global public health. 肺炎克雷伯菌碳青霉烯酶变体：对全球公共健康的新威胁。

IF 19 1区医学

Clinical Microbiology Reviews Pub Date : 2023-12-20 Epub Date: 2023-11-08 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00008-23

Li Ding, Siquan Shen, Jing Chen, Zhen Tian, Qingyu Shi, Renru Han, Yan Guo, Fupin Hu

{"title":"Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase variants: the new threat to global public health.","authors":"Li Ding, Siquan Shen, Jing Chen, Zhen Tian, Qingyu Shi, Renru Han, Yan Guo, Fupin Hu","doi":"10.1128/cmr.00008-23","DOIUrl":"10.1128/cmr.00008-23","url":null,"abstract":"Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC) variants, which refer to the substitution, insertion, or deletion of amino acid sequence compared to wild blaKPC type, have reduced utility of ceftazidime-avibactam (CZA), a pioneer antimicrobial agent in treating carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales infections. So far, more than 150 blaKPC variants have been reported worldwide, and most of the new variants were discovered in the past 3 years, which calls for public alarm. The KPC variant protein enhances the affinity to ceftazidime and weakens the affinity to avibactam by changing the KPC structure, thereby mediating bacterial resistance to CZA. At present, there are still no guidelines or expert consensus to make recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of infections caused by KPC variants. In addition, meropenem-vaborbactam, imipenem-relebactam, and other new β-lactam-β-lactamase inhibitor combinations have little discussion on KPC variants. This review aims to discuss the clinical characteristics, risk factors, epidemiological characteristics, antimicrobial susceptibility profiles, methods for detecting blaKPC variants, treatment options, and future perspectives of blaKPC variants worldwide to alert this new great public health threat.","PeriodicalId":10378,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Microbiology Reviews","volume":" ","pages":"e0000823"},"PeriodicalIF":19.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10732083/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71478797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0