Clinical Microbiology Reviews最新文献

{"title":"Role of the intestinal microbiota in contributing to weight disorders and associated comorbidities","authors":"Matthias Van HulAudrey M. NeyrinckAmandine EverardAnne AbotLaure B. BindelsNathalie M. DelzenneClaude KnaufPatrice D. Cani1UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute (LDRI), Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group (MNUT), Brussels, Belgium2Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology (WELBIO), WELBIO department, WEL Research Institute, Wavre, Belgium3NeuroMicrobiota, International Research Program (IRP) INSERM/UCLouvain, France/Belgium4Enterosys SAS, Labège, France5INSERM U1220, Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive (IRSD), Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse III, CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France6UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Brussels, BelgiumChristopher Staley","doi":"10.1128/cmr.00045-23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1128/cmr.00045-23","url":null,"abstract":"Clinical Microbiology Reviews, Ahead of Print. <br/>","PeriodicalId":10378,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Microbiology Reviews","volume":"2015 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":36.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141462951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>Clostridioides difficile</i> infection: history, epidemiology, risk factors, prevention, clinical manifestations, treatment, and future options.","authors":"Stefano Di Bella, Gianfranco Sanson, Jacopo Monticelli, Verena Zerbato, Luigi Principe, Mauro Giuffrè, Giuseppe Pipitone, Roberto Luzzati","doi":"10.1128/cmr.00135-23","DOIUrl":"10.1128/cmr.00135-23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>SUMMARY<i>Clostridioides difficile</i> infection (CDI) is one of the major issues in nosocomial infections. This bacterium is constantly evolving and poses complex challenges for clinicians, often encountered in real-life scenarios. In the face of CDI, we are increasingly equipped with new therapeutic strategies, such as monoclonal antibodies and live biotherapeutic products, which need to be thoroughly understood to fully harness their benefits. Moreover, interesting options are currently under study for the future, including bacteriophages, vaccines, and antibiotic inhibitors. Surveillance and prevention strategies continue to play a pivotal role in limiting the spread of the infection. In this review, we aim to provide the reader with a comprehensive overview of epidemiological aspects, predisposing factors, clinical manifestations, diagnostic tools, and current and future prophylactic and therapeutic options for <i>C. difficile</i> infection.</p>","PeriodicalId":10378,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Microbiology Reviews","volume":" ","pages":"e0013523"},"PeriodicalIF":19.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11324037/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139989401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chagas disease in immunocompromised patients.","authors":"Eva H Clark, Louisa A Messenger, Jeffrey D Whitman, Caryn Bern","doi":"10.1128/cmr.00099-23","DOIUrl":"10.1128/cmr.00099-23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>SUMMARYAs Chagas disease remains prevalent in the Americas, it is important that healthcare professionals and researchers are aware of the screening, diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment recommendations for the populations of patients they care for and study. Management of <i>Trypanosoma cruzi</i> infection in immunocompromised hosts is challenging, particularly because, regardless of antitrypanosomal treatment status, immunocompromised patients with Chagas disease are at risk for <i>T. cruzi</i> reactivation, which can be lethal. Evidence-based practices to prevent and manage <i>T. cruzi</i> reactivation vary depending on the type of immunocompromise. Here, we review available data describing Chagas disease epidemiology, testing, and management practices for various populations of immunocompromised individuals, including people with HIV and patients undergoing solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.</p>","PeriodicalId":10378,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Microbiology Reviews","volume":" ","pages":"e0009923"},"PeriodicalIF":19.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11237761/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140305027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Scedosporiosis and lomentosporiosis: modern perspectives on these difficult-to-treat rare mold infections.","authors":"Chin Fen Neoh, Sharon C-A Chen, Fanny Lanternier, Shio Yen Tio, Catriona L Halliday, Sarah E Kidd, David C M Kong, Wieland Meyer, Martin Hoenigl, Monica A Slavin","doi":"10.1128/cmr.00004-23","DOIUrl":"10.1128/cmr.00004-23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>SUMMARYAlthough <i>Scedosporium</i> species and <i>Lomentospora prolificans</i> are uncommon causes of invasive fungal diseases (IFDs), these infections are associated with high mortality and are costly to treat with a limited armamentarium of antifungal drugs. In light of recent advances, including in the area of new antifungals, the present review provides a timely and updated overview of these IFDs, with a focus on the taxonomy, clinical epidemiology, pathogenesis and host immune response, disease manifestations, diagnosis, antifungal susceptibility, and treatment. An expansion of hosts at risk for these difficult-to-treat infections has emerged over the last two decades given the increased use of, and broader population treated with, immunomodulatory and targeted molecular agents as well as wider adoption of antifungal prophylaxis. Clinical presentations differ not only between genera but also across the different <i>Scedosporium</i> species. <i>L. prolificans</i> is intrinsically resistant to most currently available antifungal agents, and the prognosis of immunocompromised patients with lomentosporiosis is poor. Development of, and improved access to, diagnostic modalities for early detection of these rare mold infections is paramount for timely targeted antifungal therapy and surgery if indicated. New antifungal agents (e.g., olorofim, fosmanogepix) with novel mechanisms of action and less cross-resistance to existing classes, availability of formulations for oral administration, and fewer drug-drug interactions are now in late-stage clinical trials, and soon, could extend options to treat scedosporiosis/lomentosporiosis. Much work remains to increase our understanding of these infections, especially in the pediatric setting. Knowledge gaps for future research are highlighted in the review.</p>","PeriodicalId":10378,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Microbiology Reviews","volume":" ","pages":"e0000423"},"PeriodicalIF":19.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11237582/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140317920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"COVID-19 therapeutics.","authors":"Daniele Focosi, Massimo Franchini, Fabrizio Maggi, Shmuel Shoham","doi":"10.1128/cmr.00119-23","DOIUrl":"10.1128/cmr.00119-23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>SUMMARYSince the emergence of COVID-19 in 2020, an unprecedented range of therapeutic options has been studied and deployed. Healthcare providers have multiple treatment approaches to choose from, but efficacy of those approaches often remains controversial or compromised by viral evolution. Uncertainties still persist regarding the best therapies for high-risk patients, and the drug pipeline is suffering fatigue and shortage of funding. In this article, we review the antiviral activity, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, and safety of COVID-19 antiviral therapies. Additionally, we summarize the evidence from randomized controlled trials on efficacy and safety of the various COVID-19 antivirals and discuss unmet needs which should be addressed.</p>","PeriodicalId":10378,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Microbiology Reviews","volume":" ","pages":"e0011923"},"PeriodicalIF":19.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11237566/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141070805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pathogenesis of viral infections during pregnancy.","authors":"Patrick S Creisher, Sabra L Klein","doi":"10.1128/cmr.00073-23","DOIUrl":"10.1128/cmr.00073-23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>SUMMARYViral infections during pregnancy are associated with significant adverse perinatal and fetal outcomes. Pregnancy is a unique immunologic and physiologic state, which can influence control of virus replication, severity of disease, and vertical transmission. The placenta is the organ of the maternal-fetal interface and provides defense against microbial infection while supporting the semi-allogeneic fetus via tolerogenic immune responses. Some viruses, such as cytomegalovirus, Zika virus, and rubella virus, can breach these defenses, directly infecting the fetus and having long-lasting consequences. Even without direct placental infection, other viruses, including respiratory viruses like influenza viruses and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, still cause placental damage and inflammation. Concentrations of progesterone and estrogens rise during pregnancy and contribute to immunological adaptations, placentation, and placental development and play a pivotal role in creating a tolerogenic environment at the maternal-fetal interface. Animal models, including mice, nonhuman primates, rabbits, and guinea pigs, are instrumental for mechanistic insights into the pathogenesis of viral infections during pregnancy and identification of targetable treatments to improve health outcomes of pregnant individuals and offspring.</p>","PeriodicalId":10378,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Microbiology Reviews","volume":" ","pages":"e0007323"},"PeriodicalIF":19.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11237665/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139989531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Challenges for global antibiotic regimen planning and establishing antimicrobial resistance targets: implications for the WHO Essential Medicines List and AWaRe antibiotic book dosing.","authors":"Nada Reza, Alessandro Gerada, Katharine E Stott, Alex Howard, Mike Sharland, William Hope","doi":"10.1128/cmr.00139-23","DOIUrl":"10.1128/cmr.00139-23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>SUMMARYThe World Health Organisation's 2022 AWaRe Book provides guidance for the use of 39 antibiotics to treat 35 infections in primary healthcare and hospital facilities. We review the evidence underpinning suggested dosing regimens. Few (<i>n</i> = 18) population pharmacokinetic studies exist for key oral AWaRe antibiotics, largely conducted in homogenous and unrepresentative populations hindering robust estimates of drug exposures. Databases of minimum inhibitory concentration distributions are limited, especially for community pathogen-antibiotic combinations. Minimum inhibitory concentration data sources are not routinely reported and lack regional diversity and community representation. Of studies defining a pharmacodynamic target for ß-lactams (<i>n</i> = 80), 42 (52.5%) differed from traditionally accepted 30%-50% time above minimum inhibitory concentration targets. Heterogeneity in model systems and pharmacodynamic endpoints is common, and models generally use intravenous ß-lactams. One-size-fits-all pharmacodynamic targets are used for regimen planning despite complexity in drug-pathogen-disease combinations. We present solutions to enable the development of global evidence-based antibiotic dosing guidance that provides adequate treatment in the context of the increasing prevalence of antimicrobial resistance and, moreover, minimizes the emergence of resistance.</p>","PeriodicalId":10378,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Microbiology Reviews","volume":" ","pages":"e0013923"},"PeriodicalIF":19.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11324030/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140021117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Testing for SARS-CoV-2: lessons learned and current use cases.","authors":"Elitza S Theel, James E Kirby, Nira R Pollock","doi":"10.1128/cmr.00072-23","DOIUrl":"10.1128/cmr.00072-23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>SUMMARYThe emergence and worldwide dissemination of SARS-CoV-2 required both urgent development of new diagnostic tests and expansion of diagnostic testing capacity on an unprecedented scale. The rapid evolution of technologies that allowed testing to move out of traditional laboratories and into point-of-care testing centers and the home transformed the diagnostic landscape. Four years later, with the end of the formal public health emergency but continued global circulation of the virus, it is important to take a fresh look at available SARS-CoV-2 testing technologies and consider how they should be used going forward. This review considers current use case scenarios for SARS-CoV-2 antigen, nucleic acid amplification, and immunologic tests, incorporating the latest evidence for analytical/clinical performance characteristics and advantages/limitations for each test type to inform current debates about how tests should or should not be used.</p>","PeriodicalId":10378,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Microbiology Reviews","volume":" ","pages":"e0007223"},"PeriodicalIF":19.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11237512/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140130931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Masks and respirators for prevention of respiratory infections: a state of the science review.","authors":"Trisha Greenhalgh, C Raina MacIntyre, Michael G Baker, Shovon Bhattacharjee, Abrar A Chughtai, David Fisman, Mohana Kunasekaran, Amanda Kvalsvig, Deborah Lupton, Matt Oliver, Essa Tawfiq, Mark Ungrin, Joe Vipond","doi":"10.1128/cmr.00124-23","DOIUrl":"10.1128/cmr.00124-23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>SUMMARYThis narrative review and meta-analysis summarizes a broad evidence base on the benefits-and also the practicalities, disbenefits, harms and personal, sociocultural and environmental impacts-of masks and masking. Our synthesis of evidence from over 100 published reviews and selected primary studies, including re-analyzing contested meta-analyses of key clinical trials, produced seven key findings. First, there is strong and consistent evidence for airborne transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and other respiratory pathogens. Second, masks are, if correctly and consistently worn, effective in reducing transmission of respiratory diseases and show a dose-response effect. Third, respirators are significantly more effective than medical or cloth masks. Fourth, mask mandates are, overall, effective in reducing community transmission of respiratory pathogens. Fifth, masks are important sociocultural symbols; non-adherence to masking is sometimes linked to political and ideological beliefs and to widely circulated mis- or disinformation. Sixth, while there is much evidence that masks are not generally harmful to the general population, masking may be relatively contraindicated in individuals with certain medical conditions, who may require exemption. Furthermore, certain groups (notably D/deaf people) are disadvantaged when others are masked. Finally, there are risks to the environment from single-use masks and respirators. We propose an agenda for future research, including improved characterization of the situations in which masking should be recommended or mandated; attention to comfort and acceptability; generalized and disability-focused communication support in settings where masks are worn; and development and testing of novel materials and designs for improved filtration, breathability, and environmental impact.</p>","PeriodicalId":10378,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Microbiology Reviews","volume":" ","pages":"e0012423"},"PeriodicalIF":19.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11326136/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141075743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Non-<i>faecium</i> non-<i>faecalis</i> enterococci: a review of clinical manifestations, virulence factors, and antimicrobial resistance.","authors":"Christopher A Mullally, Marhami Fahriani, Shakeel Mowlaboccus, Geoffrey W Coombs","doi":"10.1128/cmr.00121-23","DOIUrl":"10.1128/cmr.00121-23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>SUMMARYEnterococci are a diverse group of Gram-positive bacteria that are typically found as commensals in humans, animals, and the environment. Occasionally, they may cause clinically relevant diseases such as endocarditis, septicemia, urinary tract infections, and wound infections. The majority of clinical infections in humans are caused by two species: <i>Enterococcus faecium</i> and <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i>. However, there is an increasing number of clinical infections caused by non-<i>faecium</i> non-<i>faecalis</i> (NFF) enterococci. Although NFF enterococcal species are often overlooked, studies have shown that they may harbor antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes and virulence factors that are found in <i>E. faecium</i> and <i>E. faecalis</i>. In this review, we present an overview of the NFF enterococci with a particular focus on human clinical manifestations, epidemiology, virulence genes, and AMR genes.</p>","PeriodicalId":10378,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Microbiology Reviews","volume":" ","pages":"e0012123"},"PeriodicalIF":19.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11237509/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140093523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}