RSC Advances最新文献

{"title":"Synthesis of an amphiphilic bi-prodrug based on gossypol and cytarabine for drug self-delivery†","authors":"Jianzhong Li, Qiang Wang, Xinping Liu, Hailong Liu, Ling-na Han and Xiao Duan","doi":"10.1039/D5RA02555A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5RA02555A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Drug–drug conjugates have become a research hotspot in nanomedicine. An amphiphilic assembled drug–drug conjugate can achieve drug self-delivery without any carriers and change the distribution of free drugs. Herein, we synthesized a pH-responsive bi-prodrug of gossypol (<strong>GP</strong>) and cytarabine (<strong>Ara-C</strong>) for cancer therapy. FT-IR, UV-vis, TLC and MS confirmed that <strong>GP-Ara-C</strong> was successfully synthesized. The nanoparticle size of <strong>GP-Ara-C</strong> is approximately 100 nm, and the stability of <strong>GP-Ara-C</strong> is maintained for 6 days in pH 7.4 phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). HeLa cell viability results showed that <strong>GP-Ara-C</strong> exhibited anticancer ability similar to that of free <strong>GP</strong>. Cellular uptake demonstrated that <strong>GP-Ara-C</strong> could be distributed in cell nuclei at 7 h. Altogether, this amphiphilic <strong>GP-Ara-C</strong> could be assembled into nanomedicine in an aqueous environment and could be a candidate for cancer therapy in clinics.</p>","PeriodicalId":102,"journal":{"name":"RSC Advances","volume":" 22","pages":" 17706-17710"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/ra/d5ra02555a?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144148272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Treatment of water discharged from a Yellow River water purification plant: optimization and application of enhanced coagulation technology†","authors":"Xiaosan Song, Hairong Yan, Qingchao Shen, Wenjing Sun, Ping Li and Wenxuan Wei","doi":"10.1039/D5RA01783A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5RA01783A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >In this study, the effects of the coagulant type, compounding ratio, dosage, hydraulic conditions and water temperature on the intensive coagulation process were systematically investigated for the treatment of discharge water with high turbidity and high sediment characteristics from a Yellow River water purification plant (YRWPP). Results indicated that the PFS–PDMDAAC composite coagulant achieved optimal treatment performance under the following conditions: a blending ratio of 6 : 1, a dosage of 13.65 mg L<small>⁻¹</small>, rapid mixing at 300 rpm for 1.5 min, slow mixing at 120 rpm for 7 min, and a water temperature of 20 °C. Employing these parameters, supernatant turbidity was reduced to 46.2 NTU, the specific resistance to filtration (SRF) of the sludge was less than 0.94 × 10<small>¹²</small> m kg<small>⁻¹</small>, and the solid content exceeded 8%, enabling direct dewatering. With the increase of the concentration of the discharged mud water, the effect of enhanced coagulation is weakened. Specifically, when the concentration was lower than 4.14%, a dosage of 13.65 mg L<small>⁻¹</small> could be treated effectively; when the concentration was in the range of 4.14–9.12%, the dosage needed to be increased to 21 mg L<small>⁻¹</small>; and when the concentration was more than 9.12%, it was difficult to achieve the discharge standard. Furthermore, zeta potential analysis showed that the absolute zeta potential value was the lowest when the compounding ratio was 6 : 1, and the effect of colloid destabilization was the best. According to floc morphology observation, the volume of floc increased and the structure of floc was loose and porous after enhanced coagulation, which was conducive to settling and dewatering. The analysis of the floc particle size showed that the average floc particle size increased from 38.3 μm to 238 μm at a dosage of 21 mg L<small>⁻¹</small>, and the settling performance was significantly improved; when the dosage was more than 21 mg L<small>⁻¹</small>, the floc particle size decreased, and the settling performance declined. This study provides technical support for the treatment and resource utilization of mud water discharged from the Yellow River water purification plant.</p>","PeriodicalId":102,"journal":{"name":"RSC Advances","volume":" 22","pages":" 17476-17490"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/ra/d5ra01783a?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144140074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A minimalistic approach to broad band emission modeling, and automated configurational diagram construction†","authors":"Andrii Shyichuk and Eugeniusz Zych","doi":"10.1039/D4RA07885C","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4RA07885C","url":null,"abstract":"<p >In this paper, we propose a novel approach to broad emission band modeling. The ground state and the excited state of the emitter are represented as two continuous parabolic manifolds, where energy is proportional to the square of a certain geometrical coordinate (<em>E</em> = <em>kx</em><small>²</small>). The emitting level population is described by Boltzmann distribution, with absolute temperature as a parameter. Depending on the offset between the two parabolas and their curvatures (force constants) both symmetric and asymmetric Gaussian-like band shapes can be produced. Also proposed is a simple algebra that maps the input energy axis values of the experimental spectrum to the values of the geometrical (configurational) coordinate. The resulting band shape can be compared to the experimental one <em>via</em> least-squares fitting of the model parameters. Its usefulness in spectrum decomposition (deconvolution) is demonstrated using a few examples (doped inorganic phosphors; d–d, f–d and charge transfer transitions). Presence of absolute temperature in the definition of the model provides a potential for its use in primary luminescence thermometry.</p>","PeriodicalId":102,"journal":{"name":"RSC Advances","volume":" 22","pages":" 17405-17419"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/ra/d4ra07885c?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144140071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Targeted metabolomic profiling and antibacterial assessment of extracts from leaves, stems, and fruits of Egyptian Parkinsonia aculeata L.†","authors":"Asmaa S. Abd Elkarim, Tulip A. Medhat, Ahmed F. Essa, Sahar Abdelaziz and Samia S. Hafez","doi":"10.1039/D5RA00906E","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5RA00906E","url":null,"abstract":"<p >This study investigated the metabolic profiles and antibacterial activities of <em>Parkinsonia aculeata</em> leaves, stems, and fruits. Butanol extracts were analyzed using LC-ESI-MS/MS, tentatively identifying 116 secondary metabolites based on fragmentation patterns, biosynthetic pathways, and literature comparisons. Spectral similarity networks generated through the Global Natural Products Social Network (GNPS) revealed chemical similarities and identified 6 uncommon flavone compounds. Spectral similarity analysis revealed a close chemical resemblance between leaves and stems, while fruits exhibited distinct profiles. Antibacterial activity was assessed against seven pathogenic strains using both disk diffusion and microbroth dilution methods. Leaf extracts demonstrated the strongest activity, with inhibition zones up to 20.13 mm and MIC values as low as 1.5 mg mL<small>⁻¹</small>, particularly against <em>S. aureus</em> ATCC 29213. Stem extracts showed comparable efficacy, while fruit extracts were more effective against <em>K. pneumoniae.</em> These findings highlight <em>P. aculeata</em> as a promising natural source of bioactive compounds for potential antimicrobial applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":102,"journal":{"name":"RSC Advances","volume":" 22","pages":" 17442-17465"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/ra/d5ra00906e?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144140073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biochar-mediated carbon nitride and covalent organic framework photocatalyst for enhanced tetracycline degradation†","authors":"Qi Wei, Baojun Yi, Zewen Hua, Zhengshuai Sun and Feng Guo","doi":"10.1039/D5RA01986A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5RA01986A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The accumulation of tetracycline (TC) poses a significant challenge to human health and ecological systems. Photocatalytic degradation of TC has been a focus of research, heterojunctions receiving particular attention due to their superior charge separation and transfer properties. This study explores the structural characteristics of heterojunctions and their efficacy in degrading TC in aqueous solutions. We synthesized various combinations of biochar (BC), carbon nitride (CN), and covalent organic frameworks (COF) to form heterojunctions and characterized their morphological, structural, and optical properties using SEM, XRD, XPS, and UV-Vis DRS. These analyses helped elucidate the mechanisms underlying TC degradation. The CN<small>₁₀</small>/COF<small>₂</small>-12, synthesized <em>in situ</em>, showed significantly improved degradation efficiency, outperforming CN-10 and COF-2 by factors of 2.02 and 1.96, respectively. Furthermore, the all-solid-state <em>Z</em>-scheme heterojunction photocatalyst BC<small>₁₀</small>–CN<small>₁₀</small>/COF<small>₂</small>-22, in which BC serves as the electron mediator, achieved a 3.13-fold increase in TC degradation compared to BC<small>₁₀</small>–CN<small>₁₀</small>-20. The BC-mediated all-solid-state <em>Z</em>-scheme heterojunction effectively facilitated the separation and transfer of photogenerated electron–hole pairs. This study combines the advantages of CN, COF, and BC, thereby providing a novel approach to the development of high-performance photocatalysts.</p>","PeriodicalId":102,"journal":{"name":"RSC Advances","volume":" 22","pages":" 17491-17502"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/ra/d5ra01986a?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144140075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ultrasensitive simultaneous detection of lead and cadmium in water using gold nanocluster-modified gold electrodes†","authors":"Shunyao Jia, Yuanping Li, Yaoning Chen, Yanting Wu, Tianyun Zhou, Nianping Chi, GuoWen He, Wei Zhang, Wenqiang Luo, Hao Li and Yumei Deng","doi":"10.1039/D5RA02612A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5RA02612A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Heavy metals (HMs) pose significant environmental risks due to their widespread presence. In particular, lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) can accumulate in the human body through prolonged exposure or bioaccumulation <em>via</em> the food chain, presenting substantial threats to human health and ecosystems. This study developed a novel electrochemical sensing platform for simultaneous detection of trace Pb<small>²⁺</small> and Cd<small>²⁺</small> using a bare gold electrode modified with gold nanoclusters (GNPs-Au) through a potentiostatic method. Through systematic optimization of deposition parameters including 2 mmol per L HAuCl<small>₄</small>, 0.2 V deposition potential, and 80 s deposition time, the modified electrode exhibited 7.2-fold increased surface area compared to the bare gold electrode, as confirmed by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and electrochemical characterization. The enhanced surface area provided abundant electrochemical reaction sites, significantly improving detection sensitivity. Under optimal detection conditions comprising pH 3.3, −4 V enrichment potential, and 390 s enrichment time, the modified electrode demonstrated linear responses for Pb<small>²⁺</small> and Cd<small>²⁺</small> in the range of 1–250 μg L<small>⁻¹</small> with a detection limit of 1 ng L<small>⁻¹</small>. The spike-recovery test yielded quantitative recoveries ranging from 90.86% to 113.47%. The interference experiment confirmed Cu<small>²⁺</small> has a significant effect on the measurement. Moreover, the method successfully detected Pb<small>²⁺</small> and Cd<small>²⁺</small> in real water samples, with results showing minor errors compared to atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). These findings demonstrate the robust potential of GNPs-Au for trace heavy metal ion detection in environmental monitoring.</p>","PeriodicalId":102,"journal":{"name":"RSC Advances","volume":" 22","pages":" 17535-17547"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/ra/d5ra02612a?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144140077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ultrasensitive detection of carbendazim pesticide in tea leaves using a green Ag/CuO(Cu2O) nanocomposite-based SERS sensor: role of metal/semiconductor transition in sensing performance†","authors":"Dong Thi Linh, Quan-Doan Mai, Dang Thi Hanh Trang, Nguyen Tuan Anh, Xuan Hoa Vu and Anh-Tuan Le","doi":"10.1039/D5RA00846H","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5RA00846H","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is increasingly recognized as a powerful tool for analytical applications, especially in food safety, due to its ability to detect molecular fingerprints even at the single-molecule level. Developing SERS substrates that offer not only high sensitivity but also reliability and practicability is critical for transitioning SERS from a laboratory-based technique to practical field applications. In this study, we present an outstandingly sensitive, reliable, and practical Ag/CuO nanocomposite SERS substrate, fabricated through a simple green electrochemical method. The Ag/CuO substrate demonstrates remarkable sensitivity, detecting carbendazim (CBZ), a hazardous pesticide widely used in tea leaves, at an ultra-low limit of 8.85 × 10<small>⁻¹¹</small> M, outperforming bare Ag substrate, which only reaches 10<small>⁻⁶</small> M. The high reliability of the Ag/CuO substrate is confirmed by excellent repeatability and reproducibility, with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of less than 10%. Practicability was validated through the direct detection of CBZ in fresh tea leaves, yielding sharp recovery values of 85% to 106%. Additionally, the SERS enhancement mechanism was explored by comparing the performance of Ag, Ag/Cu<small>₂</small>O, and Ag/CuO substrates, revealing the critical role of metal (Ag) and semiconductor (Cu<small>₂</small>O, CuO) transitions in overall sensing performance. These findings underscore the potential of Ag/CuO nanocomposites for ultrasensitive pesticide detection in real-world agricultural environments and highlight the importance of metal/semiconductor transitions in designing more efficient SERS substrates. This paves the way for the development of versatile, field-ready SERS platforms applicable to a wide range of analytical and environmental monitoring needs.</p>","PeriodicalId":102,"journal":{"name":"RSC Advances","volume":" 22","pages":" 17635-17647"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/ra/d5ra00846h?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144148251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A flow-circulation system incorporating a PVP-BiOBr@rGO assembly for simultaneous degradation and detection of oxytetracycline in fish farm wastewater†","authors":"Saowapak Teerasong, Nichakarn Suknakhin, Thanamat Sonsaket, Wanatchaporn Teerasong, Chesta Ruttanapun, Chaval Sriwong, Apiwat Chompoosor and Suwat Nanan","doi":"10.1039/D5RA01825K","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5RA01825K","url":null,"abstract":"<p >This work focuses on developing a new flow-circulation system for simultaneous detection and degradation of oxytetracycline (OTC) in fish farm wastewater to address a need for antibiotic abatement in wastewater treatment. Polyvinyl pyrrolidone capped bismuth oxybromide assembled with a reduced graphene oxide (PVP-BiOBr@rGO) photocatalyst was solvothermally synthesized and characterized. The prepared photocatalyst exhibited a morphological flower-like structure with a high surface area, 47.59 m<small>²</small> g<small>⁻¹</small>. Its band gap energy was 2.93 eV. A ternary PVP-BiOBr@rGO composite showed lower charge recombination than its pure form. PVP-BiOBr@rGO was filled inside a catalyst column of a flow system, with a spectrophotometer at the column end. Wastewater was continuously transported through the column and OTC spectrophotometrically examined during its degradation. The wastewater was recirculated until the OTC concentration was minimized. This system achieved 90.3% degradation of OTC within 180 min. The catalyst column could be regenerated for 2 cycles. The proposed flow system offers the advantages of ease of use, inline operation, and real-time sensing. This highlights a potential for real-world sustainable wastewater treatment applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":102,"journal":{"name":"RSC Advances","volume":" 22","pages":" 17720-17729"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/ra/d5ra01825k?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144148273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthesis of 4H-pyrimido[2,1-b]benzimidazoles catalyzed by a Schiff base cobalt(ii) complex supported on cobalt ferrite magnetite nanoparticles†","authors":"Ahmad Reza Moosavi-Zare, Zahra Darvishi, Hamid Goudarziafshar and Abedien Zabardasti","doi":"10.1039/D5RA02906F","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5RA02906F","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Nano-[CoFe<small>₂</small>O<small>₄</small>@SiO<small>₂</small>/propyl-1-(<em>o</em>-vanillinaldimine)][CoCl<small>₂</small>] was designed and reported with the Schiff base cobalt(<small>II</small>) complex anchored onto cobalt ferrite magnetite nanoparticles. The resulting nanomagnetite Schiff base cobalt(<small>II</small>) complex was employed as a recoverable catalyst for the condensation reaction of aryl aldehyde, 2-aminobenzimidazole and ethyl acetoacetate at 90 °C to synthesize 4<em>H</em>-pyrimido[2,1-<em>b</em>]benzimidazoles under solvent-free condition. According to the proposed mechanism, the cobalt complex can accelerate the reaction <em>via</em> a structural rearrangement from a tetrahedral to a square planar geometry.</p>","PeriodicalId":102,"journal":{"name":"RSC Advances","volume":" 22","pages":" 17503-17515"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/ra/d5ra02906f?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144140076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Direct cyanation reaction from benzoic acid to benzonitrile by paired electrosynthesis in liquid ammonia†","authors":"Yuki Maeda, Kiyoshi Sakuragi and Makoto Kawase","doi":"10.1039/D5RA01378J","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5RA01378J","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Nitriles are essential intermediates in organic synthesis processes and are widely used in various industries. Several nitrile synthesis methods have been reported. Among these, the cyanation of carboxylic acids, which are abundant in nature, has attracted significant attention for the valorisation of biomass-derived components. However, these reactions require expensive catalysts, toxic reagents, and high-temperature/-pressure conditions. Herein, we propose a novel cyanation reaction of benzoic acid to benzonitrile, which is achieved by electrolysis in liquid ammonia at room temperature. In this reaction, benzoic acid is reduced to benzyl alcohol, and the iodide anion derived from the supporting electrolyte is oxidised to iodine. Following the electrochemical reactions, benzyl alcohol and iodine react chemically in liquid ammonia to form benzonitrile. The reaction is a paired electrosynthesis process because the products generated on the cathode (benzyl alcohol) and anode (iodine) react to form the final product (benzonitrile). The current efficiency of the electrochemical reduction of benzoic acid to benzyl alcohol and the conversion rate from benzyl alcohol to benzonitrile were 32% and 6% after 1 h of electrolysis, respectively. We also observed that the Pb cathode becomes porous during electrolysis, which facilitates the electrochemical reduction of benzoic acid. This novel reaction enables direct nitrile synthesis from carboxylic acids at room temperature without the use of toxic reagents or expensive catalysts. These findings confirm that the proposed reaction is a novel green cyanation method for carboxylic acids and provides new insights into electrochemical reactions in liquid ammonia for organic synthesis.</p>","PeriodicalId":102,"journal":{"name":"RSC Advances","volume":" 22","pages":" 17562-17569"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/ra/d5ra01378j?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144140079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}