RSC Advances最新文献

{"title":"Multicomponent adsorption of heavy metals: competitive interaction and critical evaluation of reusability of magnetic activated carbon.","authors":"Gabriela A Nogueira, Altair B Moreira, Odair P Ferreira, Márcia C Bisinoti","doi":"10.1039/d6ra07517g","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d6ra07517g","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Magnetic activated carbons (MACs) derived from biomass have demonstrated considerable potential as a water treatment solution for the removal of heavy metals. In this study, sugarcane bagasse-derived MACs were produced by hydrothermal carbonization and subsequently thermochemically activated with KOH prior to application. Adsorption experiments were conducted using single- and multicomponent systems. The adsorption capacities were lower for the multicomponent systems due to interactions among heavy metals. Isotherm studies revealed an initial saturation of adsorption sites with Pb(ii), while Cd(ii) and Ni(ii) continued adsorbing at higher concentrations, resulting in adsorption capacities in the order of Ni(ii) > Cd(ii) > Pb(ii). Kinetic studies demonstrated that the pseudo-first order and intraparticle diffusion-chemisorption models best described the adsorption behavior, indicating an adsorption process controlled by multiple mechanisms. The equilibrium data was best fitted by the Sips isotherm model, indicating adsorption on energetically heterogeneous active sites characterized by Freundlich-like behavior at lower concentrations and progressive Langmuir-like saturation at higher metal concentrations. Optimal adsorption capacities were achieved at pH 5.0 with a dosage of 0.50 g L^-1 and an equilibrium time of 30 min (0.79, 1.06, and 1.45 mmol g^-1 for Pb(ii), Cd(ii), and Ni(ii), respectively). Thermodynamic parameters confirmed the spontaneous nature of the adsorption, which was exothermic for Pb(ii) and endothermic for Cd(ii) and Ni(ii). The material was recycled for three cycles before beginning to lose its magnetism. These results demonstrate the potential of this magnetic activated carbon as an efficient and sustainable multifunctional adsorbent for heavy metal removal.</p>","PeriodicalId":102,"journal":{"name":"RSC Advances","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13741478/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149369695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of radicalization in the antioxidant and phototoxic properties of curcuminoids.","authors":"Giovanna Bruno, Maria Vittoria Rossi, Federico Vavassori, Angelo Maspero, Elisa Terzaghi, Damiano Monticelli, Andrea Penoni, Massimo Mella, Luca Nardo","doi":"10.1039/d6ra07998a","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d6ra07998a","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Curcumin exhibits antioxidant properties as well as phototoxic potential. Formation of curcumin radicals could be invoked to explain both features. In this work we present a systematic computational study on the tendency of curcumin to form radicals upon photosensitization to its excited singlet state. Concomitantly, experimental evidence of photoinduced curcumin radical production is provided through LC-HRMS and UV-visible absorption spectroscopy studies exploiting the radical-targeting spin-trap TEMPO. Because curcuminoids undergo extensive intramolecular hydrogen bonding, we investigate the role of hydrogen bonding patterns in fostering radical formation. Namely, we assess by TR-DFT calculations the differential proneness to radicalize through H-atom abstraction in correspondence of the enol and phenyl hydroxyl groups of curcumin and three substituted curcuminoids. The latter were chosen either to selectively prevent radicalization of each of the three hydroxyl moieties under quest or to hinder the formation of the H-bonds in which these moieties are involved in the parent compound. A mechanism potentially able to rationalize previous and current experimental results is, eventually, proposed, basing on the natural S₁ → T₁ intersystem crossing of photoexcited carbonyl groups, the T₁ state being able to extract hydrogen atoms to form allyl-type radicals. These findings promise to open new perspectives towards full exploitation of curcuminoids photobiological activity.</p>","PeriodicalId":102,"journal":{"name":"RSC Advances","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13741483/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149369697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"2D/3D-QSAR-guided design of novel 1,2,4-triazole derivatives with predicted enhanced antimicrobial activity.","authors":"Nataliya Korol, Oksana Mulesa, Olesia Symkanych, Mykhailo Slyvka","doi":"10.1039/d6ra03272a","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d6ra03272a","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The present study demonstrates that the integration of structural descriptors, quantum-chemical parameters, regression modelling, and 3D contour map analysis within a hybrid QSAR framework represents an effective strategy for the rational design of bioactive 1,2,4-triazole derivatives with improved predicted antimicrobial properties. The work may also be regarded as a practical roadmap for further research on 1,2,4-triazole-3-thiols. Our dataset comprised previously synthesised 1,2,4-triazoles that had already shown broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, thereby ensuring a consistent structural core and reliable biological annotations. Structural, quantum-chemical, hybrid, and 3D-QSAR models were developed using structural and DFT-derived descriptors and were assessed by cross-validation, external validation, Y-randomization, and applicability-domain analysis. The best-performing model (hybrid QSAR; <i>n</i> = 28) achieved <i>R</i> ² = 0.731, adjusted <i>R</i> ² = 0.669, <i>Q</i> ² = 0.621 (internal, PRESS-based), and mean <i>Q</i> _ext ² = 0.43 (100-repeat random-subsampling external validation). Despite its compact size and structural homogeneity, the dataset enabled transparent mechanistic interpretation and identified the difluoromethyl substituent at the C-5 position of the triazole ring, together with avoidance of naphthalimide-type fragments, as the statistically robust structural determinants of activity (<i>p</i> = 0.001 and <i>p</i> = 0.022 respectively). A library of 20 CHF₂-bearing candidates (D1-D20) was designed on this basis; fine-grained ranking among them is presented as an exploratory tiebreaker only, since it rests on electronic descriptors that were not statistically significant. These predictions remain to be validated experimentally and are intended to guide future synthesis and biological testing.</p>","PeriodicalId":102,"journal":{"name":"RSC Advances","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13742251/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149369688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction: Smartphone-assisted optical quantification of d-penicillamine in human plasma sample using toluidine blue as efficient chromogenic probe: introducing a novel portable device toward therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM).","authors":"Fatemeh Nami, Farnaz Bahavarnia, Mohammad Hasanzadeh, Nasrin Shadjou","doi":"10.1039/d6ra90163h","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d6ra90163h","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1039/D6RA07917B.].</p>","PeriodicalId":102,"journal":{"name":"RSC Advances","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13741877/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149369691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Defect-engineered N/Te-doped graphene for lithium adsorption and voltage behavior: a first-principles study.","authors":"Sarthak Uprety, Sanyog Pathak, Khagendra Tripathi, Madhav Prasad Ghimire","doi":"10.1039/d6ra07906g","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d6ra07906g","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>First-principles density functional theory was used to study lithium adsorption on vacancy-defected graphene doped with nitrogen (N) and tellurium (Te), in view of lithium-ion battery anodes. Thirteen configurations, from pristine and monovacancy to mono-, bi-, tri-doped and co-doped systems, were analyzed for adsorption, electronic structure, and open-circuit voltages (OCVs). The systems with voltages in or near the 0.1-1.0 V range favoured for anodes were then taken to the lowest-energy dopant arrangement and lithium adsorption site found in a configurational search. Pristine and lightly nitrogen-doped graphene bind lithium only weakly, with incomplete transfer of the lithium 2 s electron, and give negative voltages. Heavier doping or a vacancy switches the interaction to chemisorption with near-complete ionization, and the strength of this chemisorption sets the OCV. The bare monovacancy, which adopts a reconstructed 5|9 structure, binds lithium with an OCV of 1.10 V, just above the 0.1-1.0 V range; tellurium decoration brings the voltage into this range: G@2Te-Li (0.48 V), G@3Te-Li (0.69 V) and the Te-rich co-doped G@2Te@1N-Li (0.95 V) are held by a mix of van der Waals and ionic anchoring, revealed by non-covalent interaction analysis. Heavy pyridinic nitrogen doping (G@3N-Li) opens a direct 0.41 eV gap and binds lithium very strongly (<i>E</i> _ads = -4.89 eV, OCV = 2.97 V), whereas co-doped systems with a single Te atom or two N atoms remain outside the range. Within the single-lithium, dilute limit considered here, tellurium-decorated vacancies therefore offer the most balanced lithium binding among the configurations examined.</p>","PeriodicalId":102,"journal":{"name":"RSC Advances","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13741481/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149369692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"β-FeOOH mediated heavy indium doping to release the tunnel space in α-MnO₂.","authors":"Hongmei Zhao, Song Li, Jing Wang, Wai-Yeung Wong, Pengfei Liu, Jing Li, Junjie He","doi":"10.1039/d6ra07481b","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d6ra07481b","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Alpha manganese dioxide (α-MnO₂) has shown promising applications in energy storage, electrocatalysis, ion adsorption/separation due to its unique tunnel structure. In the preparation of α-MnO₂, the potassium ion template is important for inducing the formation of the tunnels, but it leaves a large amount of potassium ions inside the final α-MnO₂ tunnel because of the strong interaction between potassium ion and the inner wall of MnO₂ tunnels. The potassium ion not only occupies and wastes the space of the tunnel, but also hinders the transport of the ions in the tunnels. Here, with the assistance of iron, indium is introduced into α-MnO₂. The ICP-MS results confirmed that only 0.31% of In ions is doped in α-MnO₂ without Fe and the content of In is significantly increased to 0.81% when Fe is added as an auxiliary species. Theoretical calculation reveals the binding energy between Fe-In co-doped α-MnO₂ and potassium ions is significantly decreased. Moreover, the conductivity is increased from 0.177 µS cm^-1 to 1.55 µS cm^-1. Based on these improvements, the FeInMnO₂ cathode was fabricated and presented excellent charge storage performance in zinc ion battery.</p>","PeriodicalId":102,"journal":{"name":"RSC Advances","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13741153/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149369717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing physical properties of water-based acrylic resin varnishes modified by nano-SiO₂ with different particle sizes.","authors":"Minghua Li, Honglin Chen, Yuyang Shang","doi":"10.1039/d6ra07409j","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d6ra07409j","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Transparent water-based acrylic resin varnishes with good physical properties have attracted significant attention in both scientific research and practical applications. In this study, three nano-SiO₂ dispersions with different particle sizes were successfully prepared by ultrasonication and then used to modify the physical properties of the varnishes. The results showed that LM150 had the smallest average diameter (<i>D</i> ₅₀) and the largest absolute value of zeta potential among the prepared water-based nano-SiO₂ dispersions and also exhibited storage stability for more than three months. Compared with the commercial water-based acrylic resin varnish (120) film, the prepared 120-LM150 film modified with the LM150 dispersion demonstrated no blistering or damage after 24 h of salt water immersion, indicating that the improvement in salt water resistance was attributable to the well-dispersed nano-SiO₂. Furthermore, the scratch load of the 120-LM150 film increased from 0.93 kg to 2.81 kg. The analysis of the scratch surface appearance also revealed that the damage to the 120-LM150 film was minimal.</p>","PeriodicalId":102,"journal":{"name":"RSC Advances","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13742252/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149369693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SnS-modified platinum electrode for electrocatalytic hydrazine oxidation: mechanistic insights and electrochemical sensing.","authors":"Mohammad Imran Hossain, S M Maksudur Rahman Shanto, Md Tarikul Islam, Jahir Ahmed, M Faisal, Jari S Algethami, Farid A Harraz, Md Mahmudul Hasan, Md Musfiqur Rahman, Mohammad A Hasnat","doi":"10.1039/d6ra06914b","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d6ra06914b","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hydrazine (HZ) is a highly toxic and carcinogenic chemical widely used in industrial, agricultural, and pharmaceutical applications, making its rapid and reliable determination essential for environmental monitoring and public health protection. In this work, a Pt/SnS-modified electrode was developed as an electrochemical sensing platform for sensitive HZ detection. Tin sulfide (SnS) particles were synthesized <i>via</i> a hydrothermal method and immobilized onto a Pt surface using a thin PTFE binder layer. The morphology and chemical composition of the modified electrode were characterized by SEM, EDX, Raman spectroscopy, XPS, and XRD confirming the successful formation of the SnS catalyst. Electrochemical investigations revealed that the Pt/SnS electrode exhibited enhanced electrocatalytic activity toward HZ oxidation in alkaline medium compared with bare Pt, producing more than a twofold increase in oxidation current and improved HZ adsorption. Chronoamperometry and convolution potential sweep voltammetry indicated an overall four-electron oxidation process to nitrogen, while kinetic analysis suggested an irreversible multistep oxidation mechanism with an apparent anodic electron-transfer coefficient (<i>β</i>) of 0.30-0.32. Differential pulse voltammetry enabled HZ determination over two linear concentration ranges of 5-35 µM and 50-3500 µM, with a limit of detection of 2.68 µM and a limit of quantification of 8.13 µM. The sensor further exhibited good operational stability, reproducibility, selectivity against common interfering species, and satisfactory recoveries of 81.0-99.3% for simulated industrial water samples. These results demonstrate that the Pt/SnS-modified electrode is a prospective electrochemical sensing platform for HZ detection, while the mechanistic electrochemical studies provide fundamental insight into its potent electrocatalytic performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":102,"journal":{"name":"RSC Advances","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13741482/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149369713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tunable electronic, mechanical, magnetic, and thermomagnetic properties of Rb₂CoBCl₆ (B = Ag, Mo) double perovskites: a DFT and Monte Carlo study.","authors":"Saleh Abu-Rajouh, Hamzah Alkhalidi, Abdalla Obeidat","doi":"10.1039/d6ra06638k","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d6ra06638k","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The structural, mechanical, electronic, magnetic, and temperature-dependent magnetic properties of Rb&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CoAgCl&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt; and Rb&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CoMoCl&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt; double perovskites (space group &lt;i&gt;Fm&lt;/i&gt;3̄&lt;i&gt;m&lt;/i&gt;, No. 225) were investigated using density functional theory (DFT) and Monte Carlo simulations. The optimized lattice parameters were found to be 9.983 Å for Rb&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CoAgCl&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt; and 9.958 Å for Rb&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CoMoCl&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;, while phonon calculations confirmed the dynamical stability of both compounds. Formation energy calculations confirm that both compounds are thermodynamically stable relative to their constituent elements. The calculated elastic constants satisfied the Born stability criteria, confirming their mechanical stability. The mechanical properties, including the bulk modulus, shear modulus, and Young's modulus, were calculated for both materials, where Rb&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CoMoCl&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt; exhibited higher mechanical rigidity than Rb&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CoAgCl&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;. Electronic band structure calculations using both PBE and HSE06 functionals revealed spin-polarized semiconducting behavior for Rb&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CoMoCl&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt; and non-magnetic semiconducting behavior for Rb&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CoAgCl&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;. Rb&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CoAgCl&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt; was found to be a non-magnetic semiconductor with band gaps of 0.198 eV (PBE) and 2.10 eV (HSE06), suggesting potential applicability in optoelectronic and semiconducting devices. In contrast, Rb&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CoMoCl&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt; exhibited spin-polarized semiconducting behavior with finite band gaps in both spin channels of 0.87/0.58 eV using PBE and 2.49/2.13 eV using HSE06, indicating strong spin-dependent electronic characteristics. Importantly, both spin channels exhibit finite, non-zero band gaps, confirming that Rb&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CoMoCl&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt; is a spin-polarized semiconductor rather than a half-metal. The total magnetic moment of Rb&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CoMoCl&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt; was calculated to be 4.567 µB, which approaches the integer value of 5.000 µB expected for a fully spin-polarized semiconductor within the numerical accuracy of the DFT calculations, mainly originating from the Mo and Co atoms. The exchange interaction parameters for the Mo-Mo interaction were the strongest, confirming that the ferromagnetic ordering is mainly governed by the Mo sub-lattice. The exchange-coupling parameters were calculated using the Liechtenstein formalism within the SPRKKR multiple-scattering approach, which incorporates spin-orbit coupling self-consistently through the Dirac relativistic Hamiltonian. The Curie temperature obtained from Monte Carlo simulations was approximately 440 K, with an estimated uncertainty of ± 10 K based on Binder cumulant analysis, indicating excellent thermal stability above room temperature. These findings position Rb&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CoMoCl&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt; as a promising candidate for future spintronic and high-temperature magnetic devices, subject to further experimental v","PeriodicalId":102,"journal":{"name":"RSC Advances","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13741298/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149369714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent advances of 4CzIPN in visible-light-mediated ring-formation reactions towards <i>N</i>-heterocycles.","authors":"M Manod, Joyal Roy, Gadha H, Archana Vijayakumar, Chithra Mohan","doi":"10.1039/d6ra08547d","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d6ra08547d","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds are prevalent and play important roles across various fields, including medicine, natural products, agrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, and organometallic chemistry. The ongoing demand for novel techniques to synthesize these compounds has led to the growing popularity of ring-formation reactions, which enhance synthetic efficiency by enabling the simultaneous formation of multiple rings in a single transformation. Recently, visible-light-mediated photoredox catalysis has attracted attention for its clean and efficient approach, particularly in the context of green chemistry. Transition metal-free photoredox catalysis has emerged as a promising area, with the organophotocatalyst 4CzIPN standing out for its excellent redox potential, strong stability, and cost-effectiveness, which make it versatile for various applications. Despite the growing field of research on visible-light photoredox methods and the use of 4CzIPN, there is a lack of comprehensive analysis regarding its role in ring-formation reactions for synthesizing <i>N</i>-heterocycles. This review aims to fill that gap by summarizing recent advancements in 4CzIPN-catalyzed ring-formation reactions from 2020 to the present. It will provide a mechanistic overview, discuss the advantages and disadvantages of various synthetic protocols, and explore new opportunities for sustainable methods to create structurally diverse <i>N</i>-heterocycles. The review is organized into seven sections based on the structural formation of <i>N</i>-heterocycles, including the synthesis of oxindoles, quinolinones/quinolines/isoquinolines, quinazolinones/fused quinazolinones, phenanthridines, indoles/pyrrolo[1,2-<i>a</i>]indoles, indole[2,1-<i>a</i>]isoquinolinones/benzimidazo[2,1-<i>a</i>]isoquinolinones, and miscellaneous compounds.</p>","PeriodicalId":102,"journal":{"name":"RSC Advances","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13741300/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149369696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}