RSC Advances最新文献

{"title":"Tuning ZnO photocatalysts via C and Ce Co-doping: a comparative approach using hydrothermal and microwave synthesis†","authors":"Thi Viet Ha Luu, Thi Lieu Nguyen, Thi My Hien Bach, Nguyen Trung Dung, Nguyen Nhat Huy and Huu Phuc Dang","doi":"10.1039/D5RA03520A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5RA03520A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >In this study, C- and Ce-doped ZnO materials were synthesized by two methods: hydrothermal method (CCZ-HT) and microwave method (CCZ-MA), both using the same starting materials. The different heating stages of the methods produce distinct morphologies, doping concentrations, and some other characteristics. CCZ-HT consists of nanoellipsoids, while CCZ-MA consists of nanoflakes. The doping concentrations of cerium and carbon in CCZ-MA are higher than those in CCZ-HT. The types of crystal defects in the doped materials are different, leading to differences in their absorption and emission properties. The band gap energy of CCZ-MA is 2.85 eV, which is lower than that of CCZ-HT (2.92 eV). While CCZ-HT does not exhibit near-infrared emissions, CCZ-MA exhibits relatively strong emissions. CCZ-HT and CCZ-MA had a degradation capacity for ofloxacin (Ofx) under visible light that was 2.63 and 3.38 times superior to that of pure ZnO, respectively. The addition of Ce and C improved the band structure by slightly moving the conduction band and reducing the band gap, which allowed for better light absorption in the visible range and helped separate charge carriers. These enhancements immediately facilitated enhanced photocatalytic efficacy in the breakdown of ofloxacin. The CCZ-MA material exhibited superior photocatalytic activity due to its advantageous shape, increased surface area, and enhanced charge trapping capability associated with flaws. The functions of photo oxidized fragments and reaction intermediates were also examined. This study postulated a photodegradation mechanism for Ofx.</p>","PeriodicalId":102,"journal":{"name":"RSC Advances","volume":" 32","pages":" 26552-26566"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/ra/d5ra03520a?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144695680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of UV irradiation on the structural and optical properties of epoxy/dysprosium nanocomposite sheets for possible UV dosimetry and optoelectronic applications†","authors":"Shittu Abdullahi, Ahmed Alshahrie, Aznan Fazli Ismail and Numan Salah","doi":"10.1039/D5RA01677K","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5RA01677K","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The exceptional properties of epoxy polymers are well-known because of their insulating properties, chemical resistance, and mechanical strength. Positioning them as favorable polymers compared to other polymers. But, despite these exceptional properties, epoxy materials have disadvantages, including brittleness and susceptibility to oxygen and UV light. To minimize these limitations and test the potential applications of epoxy polymers in UV sensing, we incorporated dysprosium ions (Dy<small>³⁺</small>) into the epoxy matrix using a simple chemical route by employing ethanol as a suitable solvent for both materials. The sheets were characterized using multiple techniques, including SEM, XRD, Raman, and PL. Using this technique, we achieved a PL emission enhancement up to 17 times that of pure epoxy and improved UV stability. Epoxy/Dy nanocomposite sheets showed sharp PL peaks with increasing Dy<small>³⁺</small> ion concentrations, besides minor shifts in the PL emission peak centers, indicating possible tuning of the optical properties of the epoxy. The epoxy sheets containing 1% of Dy<small>³⁺</small> ions were further exposed to UV light for different exposure times. The PL emission intensities of the irradiated sheets exhibited changes, including variations in peak position and FWHM of the spectra, with increasing UV exposure time. Additionally, the UV sensitivity in the nanocomposite sheets was found to be significantly improved. The linearity of these sheets' response was investigated using linear regression analysis, yielding a high adjusted <em>R</em><small>²</small> of greater than 98%. This high <em>R</em><small>²</small> confirmed their excellent linearity response, as well as their long-term PL intensity stability, retaining over 50% of the PL intensities after one month of irradiation. Therefore, the drastic increase in PL emissions due to the presence of Dy<small>³⁺</small> ions in epoxy sheets, the linearity of the response, and the long-term stability of PL intensity, in addition to the reproducibility of the signals over a long time, validate the potential of these sheets for UV sensing and other optoelectronic device applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":102,"journal":{"name":"RSC Advances","volume":" 33","pages":" 26567-26582"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/ra/d5ra01677k?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144695681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reduced graphene oxide/ bismuth tungstate-based photocatalysts for enhanced dye photodegradation and photoelectrochemical water splitting†","authors":"Amr Awad Ibrahim, Doaa A. Kospa, Salah Orabi, Salma M. Abo Kamar, Ahmed A. Salah, E. A. El-Sharkawy, S. A. El-Hakam and Awad I. Ahmed","doi":"10.1039/D5RA04049C","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5RA04049C","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Semiconductor-based heterogeneous photocatalysis generates highly reactive charge carriers under solar illumination, making it a successful approach for wastewater purification and energy production applications. Herein, a simple solvothermal approach was used to generate a promising nanocomposite photocatalyst, reduced graphene oxide/bismuth tungstate (rGO/Bi<small>₂</small>WO<small>₆</small>). Various analytical tools were utilized to characterize the as-prepared catalysts. The oxidation of methylene blue (MB) and rhodamine B (RhB) dyes in the presence of solar light was performed to assess the photocatalytic activity of the rGO/Bi<small>₂</small>WO<small>₆</small> combination. Also, photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting as an efficient and cost-effective way of producing hydrogen from water using solar energy is tested. The effect of the calcination temperature of Bi<small>₂</small>WO<small>₆</small> and the amounts of graphene oxide on the catalytic activity was studied. After 30 minutes of exposure, the synthesised 10rGBW calcined at 700 °C (10rGBW-IV) showed good photodegradation percentages of 100.0% and 87.6% for MB and RhB dyes, respectively. Also, the larger photocurrent response intensity and lower arc radius of the electrochemical impedance of rGO/Bi<small>₂</small>WO<small>₆</small> compared to Bi<small>₂</small>WO<small>₆</small> revealed the synergistic effect on Bi<small>₂</small>WO<small>₆</small> visible light responsiveness. According to the Mott–Schottky curve, 10rGBW-IV demonstrates a larger negative shift of the Fermi level (FB = −0.08 V <em>versus</em> RHE), indicating a stronger oxidation potential for water splitting.</p>","PeriodicalId":102,"journal":{"name":"RSC Advances","volume":" 33","pages":" 26608-26622"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/ra/d5ra04049c?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144705122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Packed-nanofiber solid phase extraction for daidzein, genistein, glycitein in human urine and their simultaneous detection†","authors":"Yuqi Dai, Lanmei Zhang, Yuemeng Wang, Anni Fu, Lanling Chu and Lei Zhao","doi":"10.1039/D5RA03046C","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5RA03046C","url":null,"abstract":"<p >In this work, an integrated method based on the novel packed-fiber solid-phase extraction (PFSPE) combined with high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detector (HPLC-UV) detection system was proposed for the detection of daidzein, genistein and glycitein in human urine. To efficiently adsorb three kinds of isoflavones in biological fluid, polystyrene-based nanofibers were prepared and used as adsorbents in customized solid phase extraction devices. The composition of the nanofibers, the amount of different salt ions added, the type of eluent, and the interaction of eluent volume, the amounts of nanofibers added, and the extraction time were analyzed to find the optimal adsorption conditions, respectively. The method of optimal extraction conditions for the analysis of three soy isoflavones exhibited low limits of detection (LOD) and limits of quantitation (LOQ) of 1.68–2.74 μg L<small>⁻¹</small> and 5.09–8.3 μg L<small>⁻¹</small>, respectively, and spiked recovery of 95.2–107.1%, and has been successfully applied to human urine samples. This study demonstrated the potential of PFSPE as methods for the adsorption and detection of daidzein, genistein, glycitein in biological fluid concurrently, providing a valuable tool for pharmacokinetic studies and investigations into the metabolism and bioavailability of isoflavones.</p>","PeriodicalId":102,"journal":{"name":"RSC Advances","volume":" 33","pages":" 26601-26607"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/ra/d5ra03046c?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144695671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Precision nanomaterials in colorectal cancer: advancing photodynamic and photothermal therapy","authors":"Yuhan Chen and Dong Tang","doi":"10.1039/D5RA03996G","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5RA03996G","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Nanomaterials, due to their unique size, excellent targeting ability, and good biocompatibility, have gradually gained attention in oncologic medical treatments. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT), known for their low side effects and minimal trauma, are widely used in immunotherapy for malignant tumors. However, limitations such as low light penetration depth, poor targeting, and localized thermal effects restrict the application scope of photothermal dynamic therapy. Clinical studies have found that nano-mediated targeted drug carriers exhibit low toxicity and good biocompatibility. Furthermore, the superior photothermal conversion performance of nanomaterials can significantly enhance the efficacy of photothermal dynamic therapy in colorectal cancer treatment. Nanomaterials, which have been involved in various cancer treatment processes, represent an emerging medical biomaterial. This review systematically explores the types of nanomaterials currently commonly applied in medicine, with a particular focus on their breakthroughs and cutting-edge research in photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT) for colorectal cancer. It also discusses the future prospects and improvement strategies of nanomaterials in precision medicine.</p>","PeriodicalId":102,"journal":{"name":"RSC Advances","volume":" 33","pages":" 26583-26600"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/ra/d5ra03996g?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144695677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fabrication of robust polyimide-coated solid phase microextraction fibers for efficient extraction of fifteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from environmental water†","authors":"Aiying Song, Rong Liu, Xinghe He and Linlin Wei","doi":"10.1039/D5RA00390C","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5RA00390C","url":null,"abstract":"<p >A novel supporting material was developed by pulling melted glass onto stainless steel, providing a mechanically robust and chemically stable substrate. A polyimide-coated fiber for solid-phase microextraction (SPME) was then fabricated using a simple dipping method. The strong interactions between the polyimide coating and analytes, attributed to abundant unshared electron pairs in the p orbitals of O and N atoms, as well as π electrons in the C<img>O bond and benzene ring, contributed to the high extraction efficiency for sixteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The developed polyimide-coated fiber-based SPME method, coupled with gas chromatography-flame ionization detection, exhibited low limits of detection (0.11–1.23 μg L<small>⁻¹</small>) and a wide linear range (1–500 μg L<small>⁻¹</small>) for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water samples. The method demonstrated excellent repeatability, with single-fiber repeatability ranging from 2.9% to 6.9% and fiber-to-fiber reproducibility between 3.9% and 11.5%. The recoveries of the analytes were between 82.7% and 107.2%. Additionally, the fiber exhibited outstanding durability, maintaining its extraction performance after more than 150 uses. The developed method was successfully applied for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in river, pond, and sewage water samples, highlighting its potential as a sensitive, reliable, and cost-effective tool for environmental analysis.</p>","PeriodicalId":102,"journal":{"name":"RSC Advances","volume":" 15","pages":" 11826-11834"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/ra/d5ra00390c?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144695678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"First-principles investigation and photovoltaic assessment of Cs2SnZ6 (Z = Cl, Br, I) lead-free perovskites for future solar technologies","authors":"Md. Ferdous Rahman, Abu Saiyed, Md. Faruk Hossain, Latha Marasamy, Tanvir Al Galib, Mahabur Rahman and Mutasem Z. Bani-Fwaz","doi":"10.1039/D5RA03487F","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5RA03487F","url":null,"abstract":"<p >This study presents a comprehensive first-principles and device-level investigation into the structural, electronic, optical, and photovoltaic properties of vacancy-ordered lead-free perovskites Cs<small>₂</small>SnZ<small>₆</small> (Z = Cl, Br, I) for next-generation solar energy conversion. Using density functional theory (DFT), we examined the structural stability, band structure, density of states, and optical response of Cs<small>₂</small>SnCl<small>₆</small>, Cs<small>₂</small>SnBr<small>₆</small>, and Cs<small>₂</small>SnI<small>₆</small>. The calculated direct bandgaps are 2.652 eV for Cs<small>₂</small>SnCl<small>₆</small>, 1.358 eV for Cs<small>₂</small>SnBr<small>₆</small>, and 0.228 eV for Cs<small>₂</small>SnI<small>₆</small>, demonstrating significant tunability through halide substitution. Optical analyses reveal strong absorption in the visible spectrum, with a redshift in absorption onset from Cl to I, enhancing light-harvesting capabilities. To assess device performance, SCAPS-1D simulations were employed with four different electron transport layers (ETLs): CdS, IGZO, SnS<small>₂</small>, and ZnS. The Cs<small>₂</small>SnBr<small>₆</small>-based PSC with IGZO ETL achieved the highest power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 26.22%, driven by optimal band alignment and balanced charge transport. Meanwhile, Cs<small>₂</small>SnI<small>₆</small>, despite exhibiting ultrahigh short-circuit current densities (<em>J</em><small>_SC</small> &gt; 70 mA cm<small>⁻²</small>) due to its narrow bandgap, showed poor performance with ZnS ETL due to mismatched energy levels. These results highlight the potential of Cs<small>₂</small>SnZ<small>₆</small> perovskites as promising lead-free absorber materials and emphasize the critical role of ETL compatibility and absorber optimization in achieving high-efficiency solar cells.</p>","PeriodicalId":102,"journal":{"name":"RSC Advances","volume":" 32","pages":" 26515-26536"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/ra/d5ra03487f?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144687843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"One-pot production of bio-based 2-methyltetrahydrofuran and 2,5-dimethyltetrahydrofuran: a review of heterogeneous catalytic approaches","authors":"Ngan Nguyen Le, Ngan Tuan Nguyen, Hoang Long Ngo, Thanh Tung Nguyen and Cong Chien Truong","doi":"10.1039/D5RA03460D","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5RA03460D","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The valorisation of biomass into value-added products plays an important role in the establishment of sustainable chemistry and a circular economy. Leveraged as renewable feedstocks, furfural (FF), 5-hydroxymethyl furfural (5-HMF), carbohydrates, and lignocellulose can be transformed into bio-based 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (2-MTHF) and 2,5-dimethyltetrahydrofuran (2,5-DMTHF) under specific conditions. This article presents a comprehensive discussion of the one-pot manufacture of renewable 2-MTHF and 2,5-DMTHF through the heterogeneous catalytic cascade of hydrodeoxygenation–hydrogenation and hydrodeoxygenation-transfer hydrogenation using H<small>₂</small> and alcohols as green reductants. Particularly, this review provides a thorough understanding of catalyst design, reaction optimization, operation mode (batchwise <em>vs.</em> continuous flow), catalyst reusability, and mechanistic pathways to access the target products. Furthermore, an elaborate analysis of the outlook and constraints related to these straightforward and eco-friendly approaches is also presented.</p>","PeriodicalId":102,"journal":{"name":"RSC Advances","volume":" 32","pages":" 26537-26551"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/ra/d5ra03460d?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144695679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In situ growth of carbon nanotubes on MXenes for high-performance electromagnetic wave absorption†","authors":"Zhichao Mu, Lanzhi Wang, Benhui Fan, Zuojuan Du, Jianling Yue, Yu Liu and Xiaozhong Huang","doi":"10.1039/D5RA03991F","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5RA03991F","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Two-dimensional transition metal carbides and nitrides (MXenes), especially titanium carbide, are ideal materials for high-performance microwave absorbers. Nonetheless, their characteristics of being prone to stacking and agglomeration seriously affect their application. Moreover, their elevated electrical conductivity results in the reflection of electromagnetic waves (EMW) rather than their absorption. This study proposes a simple strategy to grow CNTs on the surface of MXenes by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) technology, and introduces a SiO<small>₂</small> intermediate layer to uniformly distribute CNTs on the substrate surface. Controlling the growth of CNTs by adjusting the reaction time to regulate the microstructure and electromagnetic parameters of the composite materials, the wave absorption performance under low filling amount was significantly improved. MXene@SiO<small>₂</small>–CNTs exhibit a minimum reflection loss of −48.38 dB at a thickness of 2.1 mm, with an effective absorption bandwidth extending to 5.47 GHz (from 12.53 GHz to 18 GHz). The radar cross-section values of MXene@SiO<small>₂</small>–15CNTs are all below −15 dBm<small>²</small>, significantly diminishing the likelihood of radar detection of the target.</p>","PeriodicalId":102,"journal":{"name":"RSC Advances","volume":" 32","pages":" 26506-26514"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/ra/d5ra03991f?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144687842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrogel particle-based protein display enabled by particle-templated emulsification†","authors":"Han Wu, Jiayao Fang, Jiao Chen, Yaoqi Wang and Bo Zheng","doi":"10.1039/D5RA03622D","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5RA03622D","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Protein display technology enables high-throughput screening and plays an important role in protein discovery and engineering. Conventional <em>in vivo</em> display methods face challenges such as inefficient gene transformation and complex cell proliferation dynamics, while <em>in vitro</em> display methods are often limited to affinity-based selection and suffer from expression bias due to homogeneous reaction conditions. Here, we present a hydrogel particle-based protein display method enabled by particle-templated emulsification. This approach uses functionalized polyacrylamide hydrogel particles as isolated microreactors, incorporating DNA primers for genotype immobilization and Ni-NTA groups for capturing histidine-tagged protein phenotypes. Displayed proteins are synthesized <em>via</em> cell-free protein expression within isolated droplets, overcoming the limitations of <em>in vivo</em> cell culture and enabling compartmentalized screening, which is challenging in conventional homogeneous <em>in vitro</em> systems. Using particle-templated emulsification, single hydrogel particles can be rapidly encapsulated with individual DNA templates into isolated water-in-oil droplets within 30 seconds, without the need for specialized instrumentation. Up to 10<small>⁹</small> particles can be emulsified in a standard 50 ml conical tube. Compared to conventional droplet microfluidics, particle-templated emulsification achieves higher single-particle encapsulation and improved one-to-one particle–DNA pairing efficiency, reducing reagent consumption and minimizing DNA library loss caused by improper pairing. Digital PCR and cell-free protein expression are sequentially performed within droplets, with both the amplified DNA and the expressed protein immobilized on the same particle, thereby establishing a stable genotype–phenotype linkage. This method eliminates the need for cell handling, enables compartmentalized functional screening, and provides a fast, scalable, and user-friendly workflow for protein display, offering strong potential in directed evolution and protein engineering.</p>","PeriodicalId":102,"journal":{"name":"RSC Advances","volume":" 32","pages":" 26362-26370"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/ra/d5ra03622d?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144680948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}