RSC Advances最新文献

{"title":"Green synthesis of copper oxide using <i>Litchi chinensis</i> leaf extract and nanocomposite formation with MXene for antimicrobial and antinematicidal activity.","authors":"Rida Zameer, Wajid Rehman, Liaqat Rasheed, Thoraya A Farghaly, Muhammad Shakeel, Muhammed Sajid, Abdullah Y A Alzahrani","doi":"10.1039/d6ra08195a","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d6ra08195a","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to develop an eco-friendly CuO-loaded Ti₃C₂T _<i>x</i> MXene nanocomposite using <i>Litchi chinensis</i> leaf extract and evaluate its potential for antimicrobial and antinematicidal applications. The objective was to employ a green synthesis strategy in which the leaf extract served as a natural reducing, stabilizing, and capping agent for CuO nanoparticle formation, while Ti₃C₂T _<i>x</i> MXene was prepared from Ti₃AlC₂ through chemical etching. The CuO/MXene nanocomposite was fabricated by dispersing CuO nanoparticles with MXene to obtain a hybrid material with improved physicochemical and biological performance. FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of plant-derived functional groups and Cu-O bonding, indicating the successful formation and surface stabilization of CuO nanoparticles. XRD confirmed the crystalline nature of CuO; SEM showed CuO nanoparticles ranging from 82.82-147.53 nm, MXene sheets around 696.04-740.39 nm, and CuO/MXene particles between 118.03 and 134.37 nm. TGA showed high thermal stability with residues of 88.7% for CuO, 93.5% for MXene, and 85.22% for CuO/MXene. Antibacterial results showed inhibition zones of 11 mm for CuO against <i>S. aureus</i> and 8 mm against <i>E. coli</i>, while CuO/MXene showed 8 mm and 7 mm, respectively. Antinematicidal activity against <i>C. elegans</i> reached 45.67% for CuO, 67.67% for MXene, and 63% for CuO/MXene at 100 µg µl^-1. Overall, the study revealed that the synthesized nanocomposites may serve as promising future bioagents.</p>","PeriodicalId":102,"journal":{"name":"RSC Advances","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13678502/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149223033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthesis and diversification of SuFEx-active 2<i>H</i>-indazoles from azobenzenes and ethenesulfonyl fluoride.","authors":"Lingayya Rajaka, Hyosik Woo, Myunghwa Jung, Chanhee Jang, Seungwan Kim, Jihyo Lee, Saegun Kim, Sangil Han, Han Yong Bae, Sang Hoon Han","doi":"10.1039/d6ra09632h","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d6ra09632h","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A direct approach to SuFEx-active 2<i>H</i>-indazoles from azobenzenes and ethenesulfonyl fluoride was developed through Rh(iii)-catalyzed tandem C-H activation and annulation. The transformation provided a range of SO₂F-containing 2<i>H</i>-indazoles with good functional group tolerance while preserving the synthetically valuable sulfonyl fluoride functionality. The practicality of the method was demonstrated by gram-scale synthesis and subsequent SuFEx conjugation with representative biologically relevant molecules. This strategy provides efficient access to functionalized 2<i>H</i>-indazoles bearing a versatile SuFEx handle for further molecular diversification in medicinal chemistry and chemical biology.</p>","PeriodicalId":102,"journal":{"name":"RSC Advances","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13678690/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149222856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Construction of multifunctional cerium-containing nanozyme hydrogel and its component-level functions in skin wound healing.","authors":"Xin Bao, Qiyao Tang, Chen Dong, Mingsheng Xu, Xiao Xu","doi":"10.1039/d6ra05052b","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d6ra05052b","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A multifunctional hydrogel composite incorporating cerium-based nanozymes is developed to modulate the wound microenvironment for skin regeneration. Cerium dioxide (CeO₂) nanoparticles are surface-modified with hyperbranched poly-l-lysine (HBPL), which improves their dispersion and yields a hydrated particle size of approximately 304 nm. These nanozymes are combined with glycyrrhizic acid (GA) and gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) and crosslinked using visible light to form a CeO₂-HBPL/GA/GelMA hydrogel. The resulting material exhibits tissue adhesion, skin-like mechanical properties, and an irregular porous architecture. <i>In vitro</i>, the hydrogel efficiently scavenges reactive oxygen species (ROS), protects fibroblasts from oxidative damage, and inhibits <i>Escherichia coli</i> (<i>E. coli</i>) growth. It also promotes the polarization of macrophages from a pro-inflammatory (M1) to a pro-healing (M2) phenotype and enhances fibroblast proliferation. In a mouse full-thickness skin defect model, application of the hydrogel promotes wound closure, reduces scarring, and promotes complete epidermal regeneration. Histological analysis reveals decreased inflammatory infiltration and dense, organized collagen deposition resembling healthy skin. This multifunctional dressing integrates antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial activities, providing a proof-of-concept strategy for acute cutaneous wound repair.</p>","PeriodicalId":102,"journal":{"name":"RSC Advances","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13678500/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149222933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrothermally tailored high-basalt geopolymer for strength development and indigo carmine removal.","authors":"Musa A Said, Alaa Mohsen, Mostafa A Sayed, Fatma M Helmy, Mai M Khalaf, Kawther Al-Amer, Hany M Abd El-Lateef, Saad Shaaban, Nagih M Shaalan, M Ramadan","doi":"10.1039/d6ra07821d","DOIUrl":"10.1039/d6ra07821d","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The development of sustainable multifunctional construction materials capable of simultaneously providing structural performance and environmental remediation has attracted considerable research interest. In this study, a low-carbon alkali-activated geopolymer was synthesized using an equal proportion of ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBFS) and Egyptian natural basalt as aluminosilicate precursors. The influence of NaOH concentration (5 and 10 wt%) and curing regime (ambient curing and hydrothermal treatment at 150 °C for 3-24 h) on the fresh, mechanical, phase, morphological, and textural characteristics of the developed composites was systematically investigated. Hydrothermal curing markedly enhanced geopolymerization, promoted pore refinement, and induced the formation of crystalline calcium aluminosilicate hydrate and zeolitic phases, resulting in a maximum compressive strength of 53.3 MPa for the Geo-BT5/H composite after 12 h of autoclaving. Owing to its superior mechanical integrity, well-developed meso-porosity, and low production cost, Geo-BT5/H was selected as an adsorbent for Indigo Carmine (IC) removal from aqueous solutions. Adsorption was strongly pH-dependent, exhibiting maximum performance under acidic conditions (pH ≈ 2), while adsorption capacity increased with both initial dye concentration and temperature. The BET analysis confirmed the transformation of the pore structure from a Type III to a Type IV/H3 mesoporous network with a specific surface area of 30.91 m² g^-1, which increased to 39.7 m² g^-1 following acid activation. Thermodynamic analysis demonstrated that IC adsorption is an endothermic, entropy-driven, and spontaneous process at elevated temperatures. Nonlinear equilibrium analysis showed that the Redlich-Peterson model provided the best fit to the experimental data, while kinetic modeling indicated that IC adsorption proceeds through a multistage process involving surface adsorption and intraparticle diffusion. Interference studies demonstrated the influence of coexisting species on IC removal, providing additional insight into the adsorption behavior of Geo-BT5/H under more complex aqueous conditions. Furthermore, the geopolymer maintained excellent structural stability and adsorption performance after repeated adsorption-desorption cycles, as confirmed by FTIR and XRD analyses. These findings demonstrate that hydrothermally cured slag-basalt geopolymers represent promising multifunctional materials that integrate high mechanical performance with efficient and reusable dye adsorption for sustainable wastewater treatment applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":102,"journal":{"name":"RSC Advances","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13674459/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149214795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Solution-plasma-derived Fe-N-C/NiFe-LDH composite for bifunctional oxygen electrocatalysis: effects of surface modification and LDH growth.","authors":"Kentaro Ogihara, Kouki Yamamoto, Hayato Takada, Takahiro Ishizaki","doi":"10.1039/d6ra07919a","DOIUrl":"10.1039/d6ra07919a","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Herein, a noble-metal-free bifunctional electrocatalyst was synthesized by growing NiFe layered double hydroxide (NiFe-LDH) nanosheets <i>via</i> a hydrothermal method on a solution-plasma-derived Fe-N-C substrate for rechargeable air-battery applications. Nitric acid modification increased the amount of oxygen-containing surface groups, including O-C[double bond, length as m-dash]O species, which can serve as anchoring sites for subsequent LDH nucleation. However, acid treatment also decreased the surface N content and the N 1s component assigned to Fe-N coordination, resulting in a trade-off between surface functionalization and preservation of ORR-active structures. SEM/EDS and XRD supported the formation of a NiFe-LDH phase on the Fe-N-C-based support, while the approximately +0.3 eV Ni 2p binding-energy shift observed by XPS indicated a change in the local chemical/electronic environment upon composite formation. The present data, however, do not directly establish an atomically intimate heterointerface or the direction and rate of interfacial charge transfer. Under the measurement conditions used in this study, Fe-N-C@NiFe-LDH exhibited an ORR half-wave potential (<i>E</i> _1/2) of 0.849 V <i>vs.</i> RHE and an OER potential at 10 mA cm^-2 (<i>E</i> _<i>j</i>=10) of 1.61 V, corresponding to an overall potential gap (Δ<i>E</i>) of 0.76 V. In a short-term ORR durability test, the composite retained 81.7% of its current after 10 000 s and showed a 23 mV negative shift in <i>E</i> _1/2. In contrast, during OER durability testing, <i>E</i> _<i>j</i>=10 shifted positively by 95 mV after 1000 potential cycles, indicating that the initial OER enhancement was not fully maintained. These results highlight the need to balance surface functionalization, preservation of ORR-active structures, NiFe-LDH loading and coverage, and structural durability in the design of Fe-N-C/NiFe-LDH bifunctional oxygen electrocatalysts.</p>","PeriodicalId":102,"journal":{"name":"RSC Advances","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13673662/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149214807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of keratinocyte viability on polyvinyl alcohol/sodium alginate/(hydroxyapatite/dysprosium oxide) scaffolds.","authors":"S Ruiz-Salgado, D Salado-Leza, M Morales-Sánchez, D Sánchez-Campos, E Rubio-Rosas, S López Ortiz, V Rodríguez-Lugo","doi":"10.1039/d6ra02214f","DOIUrl":"10.1039/d6ra02214f","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this work, biomimetic scaffolds designed to mimic the microstructure of human skin were fabricated by electrospinning using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), sodium alginate (SA), and hydroxyapatite-dysprosium oxide (Hap/Dy₂O₃). Hap was synthesized by a hydrothermal method with Dy₂O₃ contents of 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 wt%. The resulting electrospun PVA/SA scaffolds incorporating Dy₂O₃-decorated Hap exhibited hydrophilic behavior and structural stability through ionic crosslinking. Morphological analysis by scanning electron microscopy revealed mean fibre diameters ranging from 0.43 to 1.47 µm across the scaffold formulations. Structural and compositional analyses using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis confirmed the preservation of the characteristic phosphate bands of Hap and the structural stability of the scaffold components. Cytocompatibility was evaluated in human keratinocytes using calcein AM and ethidium homodimer staining. Quantitative analysis indicated that all formulations maintained cell viability above the ISO 10993-5 threshold. These results demonstrate that the developed electrospun scaffolds provide a suitable microenvironment for keratinocyte growth while preserving the multifunctional characteristics associated with Dy₂O₃-containing biomaterials.</p>","PeriodicalId":102,"journal":{"name":"RSC Advances","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13673665/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149214762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sugarcane bagasse-MnFe₂O₄ magnetic biochar composite for ammonium removal: isotherms, kinetics, RSM optimization and machine learning prediction.","authors":"Thuy-Tien Do, Phuong-Anh Nguyen, Huu-Tap Van","doi":"10.1039/d6ra04526j","DOIUrl":"10.1039/d6ra04526j","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ammonium (NH₄ ⁺) pollution in wastewater poses severe ecological and health risks. This study introduces a magnetic biochar composite (SB@MFO) synthesized from sugarcane bagasse and MnFe₂O₄ for efficient NH₄ ⁺ removal. The composite exhibits a mesoporous structure (BET surface area: 56.58 m² g^-1; average pore diameter: 11.26 nm) and contains abundant oxygen-containing functional groups that facilitate adsorption. Response surface methodology based on the Box-Behnken design was employed to optimize the adsorption conditions. Under the optimum conditions (MFO : SB = 1 : 3, pH = 7, contact time = 20 min, and adsorbent dosage = 0.03 g·50 mL^-1), the experimentally determined adsorption capacity reached 46.66 mg g^-1. Equilibrium adsorption was satisfactorily described by both the Langmuir and Temkin isotherm models. The Langmuir model yielded the highest coefficient of determination (<i>R</i> ² = 0.9812) and a maximum adsorption capacity of 47.80 ± 1.72 mg g^-1, while the Temkin model exhibited the lowest RMSE, <i>χ</i> ², SSE, and AIC values among the evaluated models. The adsorption kinetics were adequately described by the pseudo-second-order (<i>R</i> ² = 0.9564) and Elovich (<i>R</i> ² = 0.9052) models, suggesting the involvement of surface-controlled adsorption processes. Combined characterization and adsorption-modelling results suggested that NH₄ ⁺ uptake by SB@MFO may involve the contribution of electrostatic attraction, ion exchange, surface-mediated interactions involving oxygen-containing functional groups, and physical adsorption within the mesoporous structure. Three machine-learning models were developed to explore the adsorption capacity, with the support vector machine (SVM) model showing the best performance within the investigated dataset (<i>R</i> ² = 0.994 and RMSE = 1.558). Feature-importance analysis identified the initial NH₄ ⁺ concentration and adsorbent dosage as the most influential predictive variables. The SB@MFO composite retained 75.8% of its initial adsorption capacity after five adsorption-desorption cycles, demonstrating acceptable reusability. Owing to its adsorption performance, magnetic recoverability, and agricultural waste origin, SB@MFO shows promising potential for ammonium removal from aqueous systems. Further studies using real wastewater matrices and continuous-flow conditions are recommended to evaluate its practical applicability.</p>","PeriodicalId":102,"journal":{"name":"RSC Advances","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13673666/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149214947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A lectin-directed antibody-recruiting molecule against Tn antigen for cancer immunotherapy.","authors":"Bingyu Yan, Haofei Hong, Huiting Li, Jiaxin Peng, Wenxian Cao, Zhimeng Wu","doi":"10.1039/d6ra07572j","DOIUrl":"10.1039/d6ra07572j","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Tn antigen, an abnormally glycosylated structure on the cell surface, is a key target for cancer immunotherapy. However, the intrinsically weak immunogenicity of glycans and the resulting complex immune tolerance constitute the primary challenges in the clinical translation of Tn-targeted immunotherapies. Native human macrophage galactose lectin (MGL) exhibits a strong binding preference for Tn antigen. Here, we report a Tn-targeting, bifunctional antibody-like molecule ZZ-MGL comprised of an antibody-recruiting domain and a lectin domain. It was demonstrated that ZZ-MGL can target the Tn antigen with high avidity while potently recruiting circulating IgGs <i>in situ</i>. Furthermore, ZZ-MGL could effectively enhance anti-tumor immune responses, by triggering Fc-mediated effector pathways, ultimately translating into significant tumor growth inhibition in a colorectal cancer xenograft mouse model. This chimera platform can potentially be adapted to target other tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens by simply substituting with suitable lectins, highlighting its wide application in cancer immunotherapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":102,"journal":{"name":"RSC Advances","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13674564/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149214824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Valorization of coconut waste and <i>Lawsonia inermis</i> for the synthesis of NH₄CoPO₄·H₂O/graphene oxide nanocomposite sensor material for ultrasensitive dopamine detection.","authors":"V Kavitha, G Lakshmi Priya","doi":"10.1039/d6ra09550j","DOIUrl":"10.1039/d6ra09550j","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A green and environment-friendly approach to bio-inspired synthesis of ammonium cobalt phosphate hydrate/graphene oxide (NH₄CoPO₄·H₂O/GO(G)) nanocomposite was developed using the leaf extract of <i>Lawsonia inermis</i> as a natural reducing agent and stabilizer. To enhance the electrical conductivity and electrochemical functionality, graphene oxide (GO) was introduced into the composite, which was prepared using a modified Hummer's method from coconut shell waste. The XRD analysis confirmed the successful synthesis of the biomass-derived GO(G) and NH₄CoPO₄·H₂O/GO(G) nanocomposite. Comprehensive characterization using field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), XRD, UV-visible spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) provided information on the structural, morphological, optical, vibrational, and chemical-state characteristics of the synthesized material. The NH₄CoPO₄·H₂O/GO(G) nanocomposite was modified on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE), and its sensing performance was evaluated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) methods for electrochemical dopamine (DA) detection. The modified GCE exhibited higher electrocatalytic performance for DA oxidation, and this improvement was explained by the synergistic effect between NH₄CoPO₄·H₂O(G) and GO(G), which promotes electron transfer and thus increases the oxidation current. The sensor had a linear response to DA in the concentration range of 5-35 µM with a sensitivity of 34.097 µA µM^-1 cm^-2 and a detection limit of 0.28 µM under optimal conditions. The sensor also exhibited good stability, repeatability and selectivity, which further suggests the viability of green synthesized NH₄CoPO₄·H₂O/GO(G) nanocomposite as a green electrode material for electrochemical DA sensing applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":102,"journal":{"name":"RSC Advances","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13673524/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149214935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Crystal structure of the rhombohedral vacancy-ordered perovskite (CH₃NH₃)₂[SnCl₆] for deep-UV optoelectronic applications.","authors":"Imen Ibrahmi, Saber Nasri, Rima Mohammed Altalib, Wael Z El-Sayad, Sandy Auguste, Jean-François Bardeau, Gwenael Corbel, Abderrazek Oueslati","doi":"10.1039/d6ra08270j","DOIUrl":"10.1039/d6ra08270j","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Lead-free zero-dimensional (0D) hybrid halide perovskites A₂SnX₆ are promising candidates for stable deep-UV optoelectronics; however, the chloride end-members of the series remain underexplored. This study presents a comprehensive structural, optical, and electrical characterization of the vacancy-ordered hybrid hexachlorostannate, (CH₃NH₃)₂[SnCl₆], synthesized <i>via</i> controlled slow evaporation. Single crystal X-ray diffraction, combined with Raman spectroscopy, shows that this hybrid halide has a trigonal structure (space group <i>R</i>3̄<i>m</i>) composed of isolated [SnCl₆]^2- octahedra dynamically coupled to methylammonium cations <i>via</i> a robust N-H⋯Cl hydrogen-bonding network. Optical absorption analysis reveals behaviour characteristic of wide-bandgap semiconductor, dominated by ligand-to-metal charge-transfer (LMCT) transitions. Tauc and Urbach analyses yield a direct optical bandgap of ∼3.54 eV and an Urbach energy of 0.17 eV, highlighting the role of dynamic cation disorder in broadening the absorption edge. Furthermore, temperature-dependent impedance spectroscopy (323-413 K) demonstrates thermally activated small-polaron hopping. The AC conductivity is rigorously described by the Correlated Barrier Hopping (CBH) model (<i>W</i> _M = 0.201 eV, <i>E</i> _a = 0.30 eV). The frequency exponent decreases monotonically with temperature, confirming that charge transport is governed by coulombically correlated hopping between localized Sn-centered states, heavily modulated by grain boundary resistance and organic sublattice dynamics. These findings establish (CH₃NH₃)₂[SnCl₆] as a structurally robust, lead-free reference material, offering a tunable platform for deep-UV photodetection and wavelength-selective optoelectronic applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":102,"journal":{"name":"RSC Advances","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13673415/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149214759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}