RSC Advances最新文献

{"title":"Catalytic reduction of nitrophenols and dyes by HKUST-1/hydrogel composite","authors":"Atipong Nachaichot, Orrawin Kenvised, Sirikanlaya Choram, Supinya Nijpanich and Surangkhana Budsombat","doi":"10.1039/D5RA00081E","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5RA00081E","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The effective removal of nitrophenols from wastewater is crucial due to their high carcinogenic risk. This research presents the development of a copper-based metal–organic framework (HKUST-1) integrated into a chitosan-<em>graft</em>-poly(acrylic acid) hydrogel. The hydrogel composite was evaluated as a catalyst for reducing nitrophenols and dyes using sodium borohydride (NaBH<small>₄</small>) as a reducing agent. Various conditions were investigated for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) to the less harmful 4-aminophenol (4-AP), including catalyst dosage, NaBH<small>₄</small> concentration, initial 4-NP concentration, temperature, and pH. The catalyst was able to completely reduce 4-NP within 25 minutes at a dosage of 3 g L<small>⁻¹</small> and a NaBH<small>₄</small> concentration of 300 mM. The reduction rate increased with higher temperatures, with an Arrhenius activation energy of 54.4 kJ mol<small>⁻¹</small>. Common anions found in surface water, such as Cl<small>⁻</small>, NO<small>₃</small><small>⁻</small>, SO<small>₄</small><small>²⁻</small>, and HCO<small>₃</small><small>⁻</small>, had a slight impact on the reduction rate of 4-NP. When tested in real water environments, the reduction rate decreased, but complete conversion was still achieved. Additionally, the composite successfully reduced 100% of 2-nitrophenol, 100% of methyl orange, and 69% of Congo red. Overall, the hydrogel composite has shown significant potential as a catalyst for reducing various organic pollutants with high efficiency and easy separation through filtration.</p>","PeriodicalId":102,"journal":{"name":"RSC Advances","volume":" 9","pages":" 6974-6983"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/ra/d5ra00081e?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143535704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ultrasonic-assisted europium decorated cuprous oxide nanoparticles: exploring their photothermal capabilities and antioxidant properties for biomedical applications†","authors":"Sarmistha Mazumder, Tiasa Das and Raviraj Vankayala","doi":"10.1039/D4RA08914F","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4RA08914F","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Metal oxide nanoparticles offer capabilities for cancer therapeutics, but their applicability is often jeopardized due to toxicity hurdles. To tackle this problem, in this study, we have synthesized europium decorated cuprous oxide nanoparticles (Eu–Cu<small>₂</small>O NPs) <em>via</em> a facile ultrasonic-assisted method. Surface decoration of nanoparticles is an effective strategy to tailor their physicochemical and biological properties. The decorated nanoparticles were found to possess improved stability, superior biocompatibility and enhanced photothermal properties than the undecorated pristine nanoparticles (Cu<small>₂</small>O NPs). <em>In vitro</em> studies validated the capacity of the decorated nanoparticles to regulate the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and in turn combat the inherent toxicity of cuprous nanoparticles. By controlling the ROS dynamics and decreasing inadvertent toxic effects minimize possibilities of higher toxicity enabling this innovative strategy to potentially transform into an effective platform for drug delivery systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":102,"journal":{"name":"RSC Advances","volume":" 9","pages":" 6984-6993"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/ra/d4ra08914f?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143535705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Catalytic solid derived from residual bean husk biomass applied to sustainable biodiesel production: preparation, characterization, and regeneration study","authors":"Izadora de Araújo Sobrinho, Thaíssa Saraiva Ribeiro, Ane Caroline Dias e Silva, Matheus Arrais Gonçalves, Geraldo Narciso da Rocha Filho and Leyvison Rafael Vieira da Conceição","doi":"10.1039/D5RA01195G","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5RA01195G","url":null,"abstract":"<p >This study investigates the use of bean husks as a precursor for the synthesis of an efficient and regenerable catalyst, with the aim of offering an economical and sustainable alternative for biodiesel production. Residual bean shell biomass (RBBH) was calcined at different temperatures (350–500 °C) and times (1–4 h) to determine the optimum synthesis conditions. The catalyst obtained was characterized by various methods, such as X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TG/DTG). The results showed that the catalyst contains metal oxides and carbonates as active sites. In addition, the influence of reaction conditions was evaluated in the ranges of temperature (60–120 °C), time (0.5–2.5 h), MeOH : oil molar ratio (12 : 1–28 : 1) and catalyst concentration (2–10% by weight). The maximum ester content (97.6%) was achieved at 120 °C, 2 h, a MeOH : oil molar ratio of 20 : 1 and 8% catalyst. After partial deactivation of the solid catalyst, it was regenerated with KOH, yielding biodiesels with an ester content of over 75% in three consecutive cycles, demonstrating its efficiency and potential for continuous use.</p>","PeriodicalId":102,"journal":{"name":"RSC Advances","volume":" 9","pages":" 7050-7068"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/ra/d5ra01195g?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143553611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Discovery of novel theophylline derivatives bearing tetrazole scaffold for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease†","authors":"Nguyen Viet Hung, Le Quoc Tien, Vu Ngoc Hai Linh, Hoang Tran, Tiep K. Nguyen, Duc-Vinh Pham, Van-Hai Hoang, Tran Thi Thu Hien, Thanh Xuan Nguyen, Quynh Mai Thai, Trung Hai Nguyen, Son Tung Ngo and Phuong-Thao Tran","doi":"10.1039/D5RA00488H","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5RA00488H","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with AChE and BACE1 enzymes. Designing inhibitors for preventing these enzymes can be benefit for AD treatment. In this context, theophylline derivatives were generated to prevent the biological activity of AChE and BACE1. In particular, the potential inhibitory of these compounds was rapidly and accurately estimated <em>via</em> knowledge-methods. The <em>in vitro</em> tests were then performed to validate the artificial intelligent approach. Among these, compound <strong>12</strong> exhibited the most potent AChE inhibition with an IC<small>₅₀</small> of 15.68 μM, while showing limited activity against BACE1. In addition, six compounds were indicated that are able to inhibit AChE, however, the theophylline derivatives play poor performance over the BACE1 target. Atomistic simulations were finally applied to clarify the ligand-binding mechanism to the biological target. The outcomes disclose that theophylline derivatives rigidly form van der Waals interactions to AChE <em>via</em> π-stacking and SC contacts. Overall, the theophylline derivatives may offer a potential scaffold for novel anti-AD agents.</p>","PeriodicalId":102,"journal":{"name":"RSC Advances","volume":" 9","pages":" 6994-7003"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/ra/d5ra00488h?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143535706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Supradecoration induced homogenous electrochemical sensing: development of Ru(ii) half sandwich complex as isoniazid and rifampicin dual sensor†","authors":"Mohd Mustafa, Tabee Jan, Mehdi Rohullah, Mubashir Hussain Masoodi, Noor U. Din Reshi and Masood Ahmad Rizvi","doi":"10.1039/D4RA07773C","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4RA07773C","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Homogenous electrochemical sensing using unmodified electrodes remove electrode fabrication challenges and prove effective for detecting sensitive bio-analytes without chances of surface degradation. This work envisages design and optimization of a ruthenium(<small>II</small>) half-sandwich complex as supradecorated homogeneous electrochemical sensor for simultaneous detection of rifampicin (RIF) and isoniazid (INH) as first-line anti-tuberculosis drugs in aqueous environments. The electrochemical profile of GCE/ruthenium(<small>II</small>) half-sandwich complex sensor was analyzed using cyclic voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The results indicate significant electrochemical parameters corroborating enhanced sensing propensity of GCE/ruthenium(<small>II</small>) half-sandwich complex over bare GCE for simultaneous estimation of RIF and INH binary mixture. The RIF and INZ analytical figure of merit has been corroborated with their relative supra interactional propensity. Supra interactional propensity has also been predicted to be the plausible mechanism of RIF and INZ electrochemical sensing. Under optimized conditions GCE/ruthenium(<small>II</small>) half-sandwich complex sensor depicted INH detection limits of 1.2 μM, and RIF detection limit of 32 nM. The comparative study of RIF and INZ analytes individually depicted high sensitivity of 24.57 μA μM<small>⁻¹</small> cm<small>⁻²</small> and 1.69 μA μM<small>⁻¹</small> cm<small>⁻²</small> under a linear response in the range of 0.29–3.72 μM and 4.9–82.22 μM for RIF and INH respectively. The analytical figure of merit of homogenous sensor has been compared to other GCE modified electrodes for RIF and INZ analytes. A significant antibiotic contaminant recovery of RIF and INZ drugs in pharmaceutical formulations, municipal water supplies and Dal lake water under spiked as well as unspiked conditions was observed portraying real time sensing application propensity. The homogenous GCE/ruthenium(<small>II</small>) half-sandwich complex expresses excellent stability and reproducibility. The GCE/ruthenium(<small>II</small>) half-sandwich complex in the presence of potential redox active biological interfering agents confirmed selectivity towards RIF and INZ analytes.</p>","PeriodicalId":102,"journal":{"name":"RSC Advances","volume":" 9","pages":" 7004-7017"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/ra/d4ra07773c?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143535715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Insights into the fungal secretomes and their roles in the formation and stabilization of the biogenic silver nanoparticles†","authors":"Thyerre Santana da Costa, Gonzalo García Delgado, Carolyne Brustolin Braga and Ljubica Tasic","doi":"10.1039/D4RA07962K","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4RA07962K","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using biological systems has emerged as a promising alternative to traditional chemical methods, providing eco-friendly solutions in nanotechnology. This study investigates the secretomes of two strains of <em>Fusarium oxysporum</em> (VR039 and 07SD) to synthesize AgNPs (AgNP@Fo VR039 and AgNP@Fo 07SD), characterized by similar sizes of 35.4 ± 12.4 nm and 28.6 ± 9.5 nm, respectively. We conducted proteomic analysis <em>via</em> mass spectrometry on both secretomes and nanoparticles, identifying proteins involved in the biosynthesis, stabilization, and antimicrobial activity of the nanoparticles. Our results indicate notable similarities in the proteomes of both nanoparticles and their respective secretomes, correlating with similar antimicrobial efficacy against <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> and <em>Escherichia coli</em>, as demonstrated through bacterial growth inhibition assays. The presence of redox proteins, such as glyceraldehyde reductase and FAD-oxidoreductase, suggests a potential mechanism for the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress in bacterial cells, further validated by fluorescence microscopy to differentiate viable from non-viable cells. Unlike previous studies that have focused separately on metal ion reduction or nanoparticle stabilization, our findings reveal a coordinated biosynthetic process where the same proteins mediate both functions. This overlap between the secretome and nanoparticle proteome provides new insights into fungal-mediated nanoparticle synthesis, highlighting the multifunctionality of fungal proteins in bionanotechnology. By demonstrating how secreted enzymes directly contribute to nanoparticle formation, this study paves the way for more efficient, scalable, and environmentally sustainable approaches to biogenic nanoparticle production.</p>","PeriodicalId":102,"journal":{"name":"RSC Advances","volume":" 9","pages":" 6938-6951"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/ra/d4ra07962k?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143535701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydroxyl-modified chitosan nanofiber beads for sustainable boron removal and environmental applications†","authors":"Ho Hong Quyen, Hoang M. Nguyen, Vu Chi Mai Tran, Phuoc-Cuong Le, Masashi Kurashina, Mikito Yasuzawa and Yuki Hiraga","doi":"10.1039/D5RA00077G","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5RA00077G","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The removal of boron from wastewater is essential for protecting environmental health and supporting sustainable urbanization by preventing toxic accumulation in ecosystems. Existing adsorption technologies face challenges such as limited capacity, slow kinetics, high regeneration costs, and reduced efficiency due to adsorbent saturation. This study develops an eco-friendly adsorbent (CGCNF beads) by modifying chitosan nanofibers with <small>D</small>-(+)-glucono-1,5-lactone (GL) to enhance boron removal. The adsorbents were characterized by <small>¹</small>H NMR, Cosy NMR, SEM, BET, TGA, FTIR, and colloidal titration. Notably, the hydroxyl functional groups grafted onto chitosan nanofibers (49.5%) were found to be three times higher than those on chitosan flakes (16.4%). The CGCNF beads followed the Langmuir model and pseudo-second-order model with a maximum boron adsorption capacity of 6.05 mg g<small>⁻¹</small>, surpassing commercial Amberlite IRA-743 resin (5.73 mg g<small>⁻¹</small>). The adsorption process of CGCNF beads was much faster, reaching equilibrium in 120 minutes, compared to 720 minutes for adsorbent-based chitosan flakes. The adsorption capacity is significantly enhanced by either elevating the pH levels or introducing salts such as NaCl, KCl, CaCl<small>₂</small>, or MgCl<small>₂</small>. The beads showed robust regeneration, maintaining 65.1% of their adsorption capacity after 20 cycles. The developed CGCNF beads also demonstrate simultaneous high-efficiency removal of B(<small>III</small>) and As(<small>III</small>) ions from local wet flue gas desulfurization (FGD) wastewater at rates of 94.5% and 100%, respectively, providing a sustainable solution for wastewater contamination.</p>","PeriodicalId":102,"journal":{"name":"RSC Advances","volume":" 9","pages":" 7090-7102"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/ra/d5ra00077g?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143553616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High throughput microparticle production using microfabricated nozzle array†","authors":"Süleyman Çelik, Ümit Çelik, Ali Koşar and Abdulhalim Kılıç","doi":"10.1039/D4RA09032B","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4RA09032B","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Polymeric microparticles have triggered critical advancements in drug delivery systems, offering significant improvements in therapeutic efficacy by controlling the delivery while minimizing adverse side effects of the pharmaceuticals. However, conventional microparticle fabrication techniques face several limitations, such as particle size variability, early drug degradation, and production inefficiencies. In this study, we developed a microparticle production system (MPS) in which a precision spraying technology was integrated with a microfabricated nozzle array-based piezoelectric transducer. High-throughput microparticle production was achieved using Poly(<small>D</small>,<small>L</small>-lactide-<em>co</em>-glycolide) (PLGA) dissolved in dichloromethane (DCM) and dimethyl carbonate (DMC). The resulting PLGA microparticles exhibited remarkable consistency in size uniformity with an average diameter of 8.9 ± 1.7 μm. Detailed characterization through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and focused ion beam (FIB) analyses revealed distinct surface and internal structures and demonstrated the effect of solvent volatility on microparticle morphology. Chloramphenicol (CHL) was used as a model drug, and an encapsulation efficiency of 38.7% and a loading efficiency of 16.2% were achieved. The PLGA microparticles showed sustained CHL release and demonstrated effective antibacterial activity against <em>Escherichia coli</em> (<em>E. coli</em>), highlighting their potential for controlled therapeutic applications. This developed MPS system offers a scalable and efficient approach for producing PLGA-based microparticles with controlled drug release profiles, making it valuable in the industrial-scale production of advanced drug delivery technologies.</p>","PeriodicalId":102,"journal":{"name":"RSC Advances","volume":" 9","pages":" 6823-6832"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/ra/d4ra09032b?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143529903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"One step large-scale preparation of silicon-based efficient solar vapor generators†","authors":"D. W. Boukhvalov, B. Zhumabay, P. Kusherova, B. Rakymetov, K. B. Tynyshtykbayev, A. S. Serikkanov and N. V. Chuchvaga","doi":"10.1039/D5RA00703H","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5RA00703H","url":null,"abstract":"<p >In this work, the fabrication of the material for solar vapor generation using porous silicon treated by electrochemical etching, metal-assisted chemical etching, and electrochemical metal-assisted etching is reported. The proposed method does not require high-cost equipment and permits the production of centimeter-sized samples within minutes. Morphologies of the samples have been studied by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy, and the distribution of the impurities has been observed by dispersive X-ray analysis. First-principles modeling has been used to simulate the effect of nickel dopants on the electronic structure of the silicon matrix. Measurements of Raman spectra demonstrate a colossal increase in the signal intensity for all samples. The estimated vaporization performance of studied samples varies from 4.4 kg m<small>⁻²</small> h<small>⁻¹</small> up to 5.2 kg m<small>⁻²</small> h<small>⁻¹</small>, more than four times larger than previously reported for silicon-based SVG systems prepared by more sophisticated techniques. The results of the measurements demonstrate the tiny influence of low-concentration doping on vaporization performance. On the contrary, higher porosity and more significant numbers of defects increase the vaporizing efficiency of studied samples.</p>","PeriodicalId":102,"journal":{"name":"RSC Advances","volume":" 9","pages":" 6794-6802"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/ra/d5ra00703h?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143529910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced irreversible stabilisation of hexavalent chromium in field-scale industrial waste disposal","authors":"Atun Roy Choudhury, Neha Singh, Jitesh Lalwani, Saurabh Khodia, Mandakini Padhi, Susmit Chitransh, Sankar Ganesh Palani, Prasenjit Mondal and Hemapriya Srinivasan","doi":"10.1039/D4RA08092K","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4RA08092K","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Numerous industrial processes generate hazardous by-products, including persistent pollutants like chromium which pose a threat. Safe and cost-effective management of chromium is a major challenge in developing countries. This study investigates the selection and efficacy of chemical stabilizing agents for reducing hexavalent chromium (Cr(<small>VI</small>)) to trivalent chromium (Cr(<small>III</small>)) in contaminated soil from a mining region in India. Various combinations of stabilizing reagents—including ferrous sulphate (FeSO<small>₄</small>), sodium sulphide (Na<small>₂</small>S), sodium sulphite (Na<small>₂</small>SO<small>₃</small>), sodium metabisulphite (Na<small>₂</small>S<small>₂</small>O<small>₃</small>), and sodium thiosulphate (Na<small>₂</small>S<small>₂</small>O<small>₃</small>)—in conjunction with binding agents (fly ash and lime) were evaluated using response surface methodology. The optimized reagent combinations resulting from the response outcome were applied to the contaminated soil samples to assess for irreversibility, leachability, and longevity, ensuring adherence to landfill disposal standards. The study established sodium thiosulphate as the most potent stabilizing reagent, requiring a mere 3.00% (by weight) dosage for treating Cr(<small>VI</small>) contaminated soil by 99.56% while maintaining irreversibility. Analytical determinations using X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were performed to determine the crystallinity, surface morphology, and functional groups present in the stabilized material synthesized with Na<small>₂</small>S<small>₂</small>O<small>₃</small> to devise a stabilization reaction mechanism of Cr(<small>VI</small>) to Cr(<small>III</small>) transformation. Ultimately, an economic analysis comparison supported the establishment of a combination of Na<small>₂</small>S<small>₂</small>O<small>₃</small>, lime, and fly ash in the ratio of 3.00% : 35.00% : 29.00% as the most cost-effective solution, surpassing conventional reagents' expenses by up to 356.00%.</p>","PeriodicalId":102,"journal":{"name":"RSC Advances","volume":" 9","pages":" 6914-6930"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/ra/d4ra08092k?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143535690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}