RSC Advances最新文献

{"title":"Iron oxide nano-adsorbent doped with nickel and palladium for phosphorus removal from water†","authors":"Pamela Sepúlveda, Jonathan Suazo-Hernández, Lizethly Cáceres-Jensen, María de la Luz Mora, Juliano Denardin, Alejandra García-García, Pablo Cornejo and Binoy Sarkar","doi":"10.1039/D5RA02256H","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5RA02256H","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Excessive phosphorus (P) in surface and ground water can cause serious environmental issues. This study aims to synthesize and characterize novel iron oxides (Fe<small>_<em>x</em></small>O<small>_<em>y</em></small>) nanoparticles (NPs) with and without Ni and Ni–Pd doping and unravel the NPs' performance and mechanism for P removal from water. X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results confirmed successful doping of Ni and Ni–Pd on Fe<small>_<em>x</em></small>O<small>_<em>y</em></small> NPs. Fe<small>_<em>x</em></small>O<small>_<em>y</em></small>–Ni NPs exhibited a higher specific surface area and isoelectric point than Fe<small>_<em>x</em></small>O<small>_<em>y</em></small> and Fe<small>_<em>x</em></small>O<small>_<em>y</em></small>–Ni–Pd NPs. The kinetic data for P adsorption on Fe<small>_<em>x</em></small>O<small>_<em>y</em></small> NPs fitted to the pseudo-first order model and Fe<small>_<em>x</em></small>O<small>_<em>y</em></small>–Ni and Fe<small>_<em>x</em></small>O<small>_<em>y</em></small>–Ni–Pd NPs fitted to the pseudo-second order model. Adsorption isotherm data for Fe<small>_<em>x</em></small>O<small>_<em>y</em></small> NPs fitted to the Freundlich model and Fe<small>_<em>x</em></small>O<small>_<em>y</em></small>–Ni and Fe<small>_<em>x</em></small>O<small>_<em>y</em></small>–Ni–Pd NPs fitted to the Langmuir model. The maximum P adsorption capacity was the highest for Fe<small>_<em>x</em></small>O<small>_<em>y</em></small>–Ni (35.66 mg g<small>⁻¹</small>) followed by Fe<small>_<em>x</em></small>O<small>_<em>y</em></small>–Ni–Pd (30.73 mg g<small>⁻¹</small>) and Fe<small>_<em>x</em></small>O<small>_<em>y</em></small> NPs (21.97 mg g<small>⁻¹</small>), which was opposite to the P desorption order of these adsorbents. The adsorption and characterization analysis suggested that inner-sphere complexes and co-precipitation were the key mechanisms for P adsorption on Fe<small>_<em>x</em></small>O<small>_<em>y</em></small>–Ni and Fe<small>_<em>x</em></small>O<small>_<em>y</em></small>–Ni–Pd NPs. Therefore, Fe<small>_<em>x</em></small>O<small>_<em>y</em></small>–Ni NPs were a highly effective adsorbent for removing P from water.</p>","PeriodicalId":102,"journal":{"name":"RSC Advances","volume":" 32","pages":" 26321-26337"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/ra/d5ra02256h?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144680934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Selective heterofunctionalization of kynurenic acid derivatives†","authors":"Levente Törteli, Péter Simon, Róbert Berkecz and István Szatmári","doi":"10.1039/D5RA04301H","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5RA04301H","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The latest findings in the literature show that kynurenic acid and its analogues are potent drug candidates against numerous neurological diseases. In this article, kynurenic acid derivatives were treated with NaOCl and NaOBr solutions and yielded the corresponding 3-halogeno compounds. The reaction is fast and conducted under mild conditions, and the yields are efficient just like the previous methods available for the same transformation. These newly synthesized halogeno compounds can serve as starting materials for the synthesis of 3-aminokynurenic acid analogues by treating the 3-bromokynurenic acid analogue with NaN<small>₃</small>. The solvent effect of this reaction was also examined. These reactions are suitable for the synthesis of 3-heterosubstituted kynurenic acid analogues.</p>","PeriodicalId":102,"journal":{"name":"RSC Advances","volume":" 32","pages":" 26420-26427"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/ra/d5ra04301h?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144680953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preparation and properties of a UV-curable coating containing rare earth CeO2","authors":"Yihua Sun, Guoyao Li and Rong Zhong","doi":"10.1039/D5RA02778K","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5RA02778K","url":null,"abstract":"<p >A UV-curable coating with UV and blue light protection was prepared by incorporating modified rare earth nano cerium dioxide (CeO<small>₂</small>) treated with the silane coupling agent KH570. The structures of the modified CeO<small>₂</small> and the resulting UV-curable coating were characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. UV spectral analysis was conducted to evaluate the UV shielding performance of the coating. The results demonstrated that the nano-CeO<small>₂</small> was uniformly distributed within the polymer matrix of the cured coating. The coating exhibited UV shielding capabilities ranging from 58% to 98% in the UVB region (280–315 nm), as well as effective protection against blue light (400–450 nm), and the visible light transmittance is maintained at about 90%. The UV-cured coating also displayed excellent mechanical properties, indicating its potential application in electronic products.</p>","PeriodicalId":102,"journal":{"name":"RSC Advances","volume":" 32","pages":" 26266-26275"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/ra/d5ra02778k?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144680930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Low-temperature H2S detection using Fe-doped SnO2/rGO nanocomposite sensor","authors":"N. B. Thakare, D. N. Bhoyar, U. P. Gawai, V. S. Kalyamwar, K. B. Raulkar, P. S. Bodkhe and G. T. Lamdhade","doi":"10.1039/D5RA01664A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5RA01664A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >A low-temperature H<small>₂</small>S gas sensor was designed using 3% Fe-doped SnO<small>₂</small>/rGO nanocomposite as the sensing material. Fe-doped SnO<small>₂</small> quantum dots (QDs) were prepared using a sol–gel combustion method, subsequently leading to the formation of the Fe–SnO<small>₂</small>/rGO nanocomposite through a simple sonication process. To evaluate the performance of the sensor material, the sample underwent comprehensive characterization using XRD, FE-SEM, HRTEM, Raman shift, XPS and BET surface area analysis based on nitrogen (N<small>₂</small>) adsorption–desorption. The XRD pattern HR-TEM confirmed the formation of a well-defined tetragonal crystal phase of SnO<small>₂</small>, indicating high structural integrity. Meanwhile, the BET analysis revealed a specific surface area of 72.7 m<small>²</small> g<small>⁻¹</small> with pore size of 7.83 nm. Morphological analysis (HR-TEM) revealed that 3% Fe-doped SnO<small>₂</small> QDs was uniformly dispersed on the rGO surface, with an average particle size of 5.6 nm. Gas sensing performance of pristine SnO<small>₂</small> (S1), 3% Fe-doped SnO<small>₂</small> QDs (S2), and 3% Fe–SnO<small>₂</small>/rGO (S3) nanocomposite based sensors was evaluated at operating temperatures ranging from 25 °C to 175 °C. Incorporation of rGO significantly enhanced the sensitivity of the 3% Fe-doped SnO<small>₂</small>/rGO nanocomposite towards H<small>₂</small>S compared to pristine SnO<small>₂</small> and 3% Fe–SnO<small>₂</small> QDs. The 3% Fe–SnO<small>₂</small>/rGO (S3) based sensor demonstrated a significant response of about 42.4 to 10 ppm H<small>₂</small>S at a low operating temperature of 100 °C, with a rapid response time of 21 seconds. It also exhibited excellent selectivity for H<small>₂</small>S against interfering gases such as NH<small>₃</small>, LPG, and CO. The enhanced sensitivity and selectivity are attributed to the synergistic interaction between 3% Fe–SnO<small>₂</small> and rGO. A possible gas sensing mechanism underlying the improved performance of the nanocomposite is discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":102,"journal":{"name":"RSC Advances","volume":" 32","pages":" 26308-26320"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/ra/d5ra01664a?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144680933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating the binding mechanism of AML inhibitors based on panobinostat with HDAC3 proteins using Gaussian accelerated molecular dynamics†","authors":"Xia Yu, Hengzheng Yang, Baiji Xue, Tong Liu, Xue Zhang, Yang Xu, Xueliang Zhao and Xianwen Yue","doi":"10.1039/D5RA01129A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5RA01129A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Class I histone deacetylases (HDACs) play a crucial role in the transformation and survival of myeloid and lymphoid malignancies, with HDAC1, 2, and 3 (Class I HDACs) being potential molecular targets for acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) treatment. Among them, HDAC3 depletion or inhibition significantly reduces proliferation and promotes differentiation in leukemia, with inhibitors like Panobinostat and compound <strong>13a</strong> showing promise in suppressing its activity. In this study, we utilized Gaussian accelerated molecular dynamics (GaMD) simulations to compare the inhibitory potency of <strong>13a</strong> and Panobinostat against HDAC3. Our findings suggest that the superior inhibitory activity of <strong>13a</strong> may be attributed to its stronger interactions with HDAC3. Distance analysis demonstrated that <strong>13a</strong> maintains a closer and more consistent coordination with the zinc ion in the catalytic pocket, resulting in a more stable interaction compared to Panobinostat. Additionally, interaction analysis revealed that <strong>13a</strong> forms more π-alkyl interactions, along with additional attractive charge and metal–acceptor interactions with HDAC3. Principal component analysis (PCA) further showed that the binding of <strong>13a</strong> stabilizes HDAC3 in multiple distinct conformational states, suggesting that a more substantial conformational rearrangement is required upon <strong>13a</strong> binding. This structural complexity may explain why <strong>13a</strong> behaves as a slow-on/slow-off inhibitor and exhibits a superior IC<small>₅₀</small> compared to Panobinostat. Alanine scanning identified residues such as PRO23, HIS125, and PHE144 as potential sites for inhibitor binding, making significant contributions to binding affinity. These combined findings suggest that <strong>13a</strong> not only has a higher inhibitory potency but also holds potential for further optimization, making it a promising candidate for targeted cancer therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":102,"journal":{"name":"RSC Advances","volume":" 32","pages":" 26240-26252"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/ra/d5ra01129a?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144680926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent advances in electrochemical monitoring for the detection of the chemical oilfield tracer carmine","authors":"Nuerbiya Yalikun, Tianyi Huo, Hongzhou Gong, Buayixiemu Musa and Guangzhi Hu","doi":"10.1039/D5RA03456F","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5RA03456F","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Accurate and efficient detection of chemical oilfield tracers is essential for enhanced oilfield geological analyses. We report the development of an electrochemical sensor for detecting carmine (CM) using coal tar pitch secondary residue (CTPSI) as a carbon precursor. Porous carbon materials derived from CTPSI (CTPSI-PC) were synthesized through high-temperature carbonization and strong-alkali activation. The CTPSI-PC material had high specific surface area, excellent conductivity, and a dense porous structure. Under optimized conditions, the constructed sensor demonstrated good electrochemical performance for CM detection, with a wide linear range of 10–200 μM, high sensitivity of 5.7324 A L cm<small>²</small> mol<small>⁻¹</small>, and a low limit of detection of 0.017 μM (S/N = 3). In real oilfield water samples, the recovery rate was 99.4% and 103.2%, showing excellent reproducibility, stability, and selectivity against common interfering ions. These findings highlight the potential of CTPSI-PC-based electrochemical sensors as efficient and reliable tools for quantitative detection of oilfield tracers, and lays a foundation for practical applications in oilfield monitoring.</p>","PeriodicalId":102,"journal":{"name":"RSC Advances","volume":" 32","pages":" 26412-26419"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/ra/d5ra03456f?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144680952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reductive faceted photocatalytic nanocoating for uranium extraction from seawater†","authors":"Chen Xie, Yizhi Zeng, Bohao Zhao, Ning Lv and Guiming Chen","doi":"10.1039/D5RA02388B","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5RA02388B","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Photocatalytic technology, as an emerging method for uranium extraction from seawater, has garnered significant attention due to its potential for high efficiency, low cost, and environmental sustainability. However, most existing photocatalytic materials are in powder form, which not only limits their effective recovery in natural seawater environments but also indicates that their reductive performance still has considerable room for improvement. To address these challenges, this study proposes a strategy to construct photocatalytic coatings on organic plastic films, enabling material recyclability. Additionally, through crystal facet engineering, the specific facets of the photocatalyst were exposed, forming electron-rich surfaces that enhance the tendency of atomic nuclei to lose electrons. This modification significantly strengthened the generation of reductive species, thereby improving the efficiency of photocatalytic reduction to tetravalent uranium species at the interface. Consequently, the uranium extraction performance from seawater was enhanced. Compared to existing P25-based recyclable materials, this method achieved approximately 1.64 times higher uranium extraction efficiency and maintained over 85% extraction efficiency after seven cycles of reuse. This study provides a simple and efficient new approach for uranium extraction from seawater, demonstrating considerable potential for practical applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":102,"journal":{"name":"RSC Advances","volume":" 32","pages":" 26497-26505"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/ra/d5ra02388b?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144687841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Architecture of ytterbium selenite nanorods: unlocking structural, optical, magnetic and electrochemical behaviour with boosting performance for supercapacitors","authors":"S. Shanmugha Soundare, S. Ariponnammal, M. Arivanandhan and R. Jayavel","doi":"10.1039/D5RA03410H","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5RA03410H","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Ytterbium selenite (Yb<small>₂</small>Se<small>₃</small>O<small>₉</small>) was successfully synthesized using a simple coprecipitation technique, resulting in bamboo-like nanorods approximately 110 nm in size. The compound crystallizes in a monoclinic structure and exhibits promising features for optoelectronic applications and UV filtering. Spectroscopic analysis reveals native point defects as well as Schottky and Frankel surface defects, which facilitate radiative electron–hole recombination making it a potential material for display technologies. Ytterbium is embedded within an oxide matrix in the sample, and a distinct magnetic phase transition occurs between 20 K and 30 K under an applied magnetic field. At room temperature 300 K, the M–H curve indicates weak ferromagnetic behaviour. Electrochemical evaluation of Yb<small>₂</small>Se<small>₃</small>O<small>₉</small> based electrodes in both symmetric and asymmetric supercapacitor configurations revealed impressive performance. The symmetric device exhibited a specific capacitance of 142.51 F g<small>⁻¹</small>, an energy density of 11.98 W h kg<small>⁻¹</small>, and a power density of 550 W kg<small>⁻¹</small> at 1 A g<small>⁻¹</small>, with 78.09% capacitance retention after 10 000 cycles. Remarkably, the asymmetric supercapacitor achieved a higher specific capacitance of 169.86 F g<small>⁻¹</small>, an energy density of 60.39 W h kg<small>⁻¹</small>, and a power density of 800 W kg<small>⁻¹</small> within a 1.60 V potential window, retaining 85% of its capacitance after 10 000 cycles. Impedance spectroscopy confirmed the material's double-layer capacitive behaviour. Overall, the asymmetric configuration demonstrated superior performance, making Yb<small>₂</small>Se<small>₃</small>O<small>₉</small> a promising candidate for energy storage and conversion technologies.</p>","PeriodicalId":102,"journal":{"name":"RSC Advances","volume":" 32","pages":" 26253-26265"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/ra/d5ra03410h?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144680929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fluorescent imaging of glutathione distribution in frozen tissue slices based on TLC tracing technology†","authors":"Tatsuya Nishihara, Koki Nishida, Rika Tsukame, Yumika Sugawara, Shunya Nagano and Kazuhito Tanabe","doi":"10.1039/D5RA03353E","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5RA03353E","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The distribution of glutathione (GSH) in liver tissue is an important indicator for disease assessment. GSH depletion increases the susceptibility to oxidative stress and is involved in many diseases. Although mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) is a powerful tool for analysing the distribution of metabolites, it is difficult to image the distribution of reactive metabolites, such as the GSH bearing thiol group. In addition, MSI needs high-end instruments and takes a long time. In this study, we aimed to construct a methodology to trace GSH in frozen tissue slices onto a thin layer chromatography (TLC) plate by labelling with a fluorescent dye <em>in situ</em>. When a frozen tissue slice was attached to the functional TLC plate, the thiol-specific fluorescence labelling agent for TLC imaging (<strong>tFLAT</strong>) immediately reacted with GSH in the frozen liver tissue slice to produce a high-polarity GSH adduct (<strong>tFLAT-GSH</strong>). After the separation of unreacted <strong>tFLAT</strong> on the TLC plate by expansion using a low-polarity solvent, fluorescence signals derived from <strong>tFLAT-GSH</strong> were observed <em>in situ</em>. We also monitored the decrease in GSH in liver tissue slices when mice were treated with acetaminophen (APAP), which causes acute liver inflammation. The present method successfully detected GSH in the mouse liver tissue slices. This study provides a rational strategy for tracing target metabolites within frozen tissue slices on TLC plates for the first time.</p>","PeriodicalId":102,"journal":{"name":"RSC Advances","volume":" 32","pages":" 26302-26307"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/ra/d5ra03353e?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144680932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acid vapor doping of polar polythiophenes for high electrical conductivity†","authors":"Yu Qiu, Fei Zhong, Zhen Xu, Jian Song, Ke Shen, Hui Li and Lidong Chen","doi":"10.1039/D5RA03453A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5RA03453A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >An ideal doping process should be highly efficient and avoid the disruption of molecular packing to achieve the synergistic optimization of carrier concentration and mobility. Herein, we synthesized two polythiophene derivatives with oligo ethylene glycol as side chains and thienothiophene (bithiophene) as unit, denoted Pg<small>₃</small>2T-TT (Pg<small>₃</small>2T-2T). A strong acid, trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (TfOH), was used as dopant to elucidate the effects of two doping methods, solution- and vapor-doping without ultrahigh vacuum, on the polar polythiophenes' electrical properties. Notably, the <em>σ</em> of vapor-doped films were two times higher than those of solution-doped counterparts. Specifically, TfOH vapor-doped Pg<small>₃</small>2T-TT achieved a remarkable <em>σ</em> value of up to 1173.9 S cm<small>⁻¹</small>, among the highest values of polar polythiophenes. The high <em>σ</em> of vapor-doped films was attributed to the increased carrier concentrations without degradation of mobilities, which indicates that vapor doping enables more effective doping reactions with maintained crystallinity, compared with solution doping, because acid vapor molecules directly diffuse into the polar side chains of pure polymers as confirmed by grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering. Moreover, TfOH-doped films exhibited exceptional air stability stored in air for over one month. This work demonstrates that TfOH vapor doping without ultrahigh vacuum conditions represents a promising approach for improving the electrical conductivity and stability of conductive polymers for flexible electronics.</p>","PeriodicalId":102,"journal":{"name":"RSC Advances","volume":" 32","pages":" 26347-26352"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/ra/d5ra03453a?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144680936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}