RSC Advances最新文献

{"title":"Synthesis, characterization and bioactivity of chalcone-based polybenzoxazine/copper oxide nanocomposites","authors":"Hamada S. A. Mandour, Ahmed Rehab, Mohamed Elnahrawy and Nehal Salahuddin","doi":"10.1039/D5RA04893A","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D5RA04893A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >In the current work, a chalcone-based benzoxazine monomer was synthesized by Mannich condensation reaction using octadecylamine, paraformaldehyde, and a hydroxylated chalcone in a co-solvent of toluene/ethanol. The resulting benzoxazine monomer was mixed with nanoparticles of copper oxide at different ratios to obtain polybenzoxazine/copper oxide nanocomposites. The structure of the benzoxazine monomer was verified using FTIR and <small>¹</small>H NMR, while the structure of polybenzoxazine/copper oxide nanocomposites was investigated using FTIR and XRD. The morphology of the resultant composites was examined using SEM and TEM. The thermal properties of polybenzoxazine/copper oxide nanocomposites were studied using TGA. The resulting composites were tested for antibacterial activity against some bacteria such as <em>E. coli</em>, <em>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em>, <em>S. aureus</em>, and <em>Bacillus subtilis</em>. Also, the cytotoxic activity of the resulting materials was tested against some human cells like Mammary gland breast cancer (MCF-7), hepatocellular carcinoma (HEPG-2), human prostate cancer (PC-3), and colorectal carcinoma colon cancer (HCT-116). The incorporation of nanoparticles of copper oxide into the polybenzoxazine matrix enhanced the thermal stability, increased the char yield, and improved the bioactivity of benzoxazines. The bio-efficiency of these materials increased as the ratio of copper oxide in the composites was increased.</p>","PeriodicalId":102,"journal":{"name":"RSC Advances","volume":" 44","pages":" 37263-37272"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12501606/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145249031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"LiCl-driven direct synthesis of mono-protected esters from long-chain dicarboxylic fatty acids","authors":"Yulong Kuang, Xiaohui Yang, Tianhong Qin, Jigui Wang, Paul Guo and Chaozhe Jiang","doi":"10.1039/D5RA04970A","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D5RA04970A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >A one-step mono-esterification method for long-chain dicarboxylic fatty acids [HO<small>₂</small>C(CH<small>₂</small>)<small>_<em>n</em></small>CO<small>₂</small>H; <em>n</em> ≥ 14] was developed using TFAA (trifluoroacetic anhydride) and LiCl as esterification reagents. This approach was particularly effective for synthesizing mono <em>tert</em>-butyl esters, which are key intermediates in the production of segments of semaglutide and tirzepatide—two blockbuster drugs with their 2024 sales valued in billions of dollars. The addition of LiCl critically enhanced the monoester selectivity over diester formation. Mechanistic studies suggest that this selectivity originates from a shielding effect, where LiCl interacts with one terminal carboxylic acid group.</p>","PeriodicalId":102,"journal":{"name":"RSC Advances","volume":" 44","pages":" 37209-37215"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12502634/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145249038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on the structural, optical, vibrational and dielectric properties of Cr2+-doped SnFe2O4 spinel ferrites","authors":"Abid Zaman, Asad Ali, Hifsa Shahid, Salhah Hamed Alrefaee, Salah Knani, Vineet Tirth, Ali Algahtani and Noureddine Elboughdiri","doi":"10.1039/D5RA05190H","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D5RA05190H","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Herein, we have examined the effects of Cr<small>²⁺</small> doping on the structural, optical, microstructural, and dielectric properties of SnFe<small>₂</small>O<small>₄</small> spinel ferrites prepared by the conventional solid-state route. X-ray diffractometry (XRD) analysis confirmed the formation of a single-phase cubic spinel structure with the space group <em>Pn</em><img>. A decrease in the lattice parameters and crystallite size was observed with increasing Cr<small>²⁺</small> content. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed a homogeneous and densely packed microstructure with a reduced grain size upon Cr<small>²⁺</small> doping. The optical band gap energies, as measured by UV-vis spectrometry, were observed to decrease from 2.58 eV to 2.32 eV. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometry revealed subtle modifications in the metal–oxygen (M–O) vibrational bands due to Cr<small>²⁺</small> doping. Frequency and concentration (<em>x</em>) also significantly influenced the dielectric properties of the synthesized samples. An improved resistive grain boundary behavior and less space charge polarization were indicated by a significant decrease in tan <em>δ</em> and an improvement in frequency stability, respectively, as the concentration of Cr<small>²⁺</small> increased. With increasing Cr<small>²⁺</small> content, a decrease in <em>σ</em><small>_ac</small> was observed, which in turn reduced both the leakage current and tangent loss. The observed reduction in modulus due to doping reflects enhanced charge transport and diminished polarization, making the material suitable for use in memory devices, sensors, and spintronic components.</p>","PeriodicalId":102,"journal":{"name":"RSC Advances","volume":" 44","pages":" 37050-37061"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12501840/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145249071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthesis and characterization of fluorescent magnetic nanoparticles: a dual-function platform for DNA separation and real-time visualization","authors":"Md. Shamiull Alim Munna, Md. Mazharul Islam, Mohammad Ahasanur Rabbi, O. Thompson Mefford, Alexander Malaj, Md. Shahidul Islam, Hasan Ahmad and Md. Mahbubor Rahman","doi":"10.1039/D5RA04563K","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D5RA04563K","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Multifunctional magnetic nanoparticles have become the subject of significant attention in biomedical applications recently, especially for their applications in the separation and detection of biomolecules. This study focuses on the preparation of dual-functional iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles (Fe<small>₃</small>O<small>₄</small> MNPs) conjugated with a fluorescent dye for facilitating real-time tracing and visualization of DNA molecules during a separation process. The fluorescent Fe<small>₃</small>O<small>₄</small>@SiO<small>₂</small>@FITC nanoparticles were used both for the separation of DNA molecules from a solution by applying an external magnetic field and for quantification by analyzing the fluorescence properties of the nanoparticles upon DNA binding. The pH of the solution was optimized to achieve the best adsorption efficiency using the proposed method. Approximately 91% adsorption efficiency was achieved using fluorescent Fe<small>₃</small>O<small>₄</small>@SiO<small>₂</small>@FITC MNPs at a pH of 4.44 with a recovery of ∼50% at the same pH, while amine functionalized Fe<small>₃</small>O<small>₄</small>@SiO<small>₂</small>-NH<small>₂</small> MNPs exhibited lower adsorption efficiencies at every pH of the medium (maximum ∼89% at a pH of 4.44 and minimum ∼52% at a pH of 11.01). The ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) and fluorescence emission spectra showed that the increasing number of DNA molecules adsorbed on the Fe<small>₃</small>O<small>₄</small>@SiO<small>₂</small>@FITC MNPs led to a gradual decrease in the absorption and fluorescence emission intensity, indicating the presence of DNA molecules. This study highlights the potential of fluorescent MNPs as a dual-function platform, combining magnetic separation and fluorescence-based real time monitoring of DNA.</p>","PeriodicalId":102,"journal":{"name":"RSC Advances","volume":" 44","pages":" 37226-37244"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12501608/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145249085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Novel prolyl endopeptidase inhibitor from Myricaria germanica alleviates steatohepatitis","authors":"Khair Ullah, Tasneef Azam, Abdul Sammad, Tanveer Ahmed, Abdul Wadood, Muhammad Fawad Ali, Ghulam M. Mushraf, Bina Shaheen Siddiqui and Yin-xiong Li","doi":"10.1039/D5RA03146J","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D5RA03146J","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Prolyl endopeptidase (PREP), a serine protease, plays a critical role in the progression of hepatic steatosis and thereby contributes to metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). Its inhibition has been shown to reverse disease progression. This study aimed to identify effective PREP inhibitors derived from <em>Myricaria germanica</em>, a deciduous shrub widely used in folk and traditional Chinese medicine, and to assess their potential therapeutic role in steatohepatitis. A bioassay-guided approach was employed to isolate PREP inhibitors from <em>M. germanica</em> crude extracts. The most active inhibitor was assessed through kinetic and computational studies. Moreover, its protective effects were evaluated using palmitic acid (PA) induced lipotoxicity in HepG2 cells and a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced steatohepatitis mice model. We identified and isolated a novel PREP inhibitor, (±)-2-pentacosylcyclohexanol (PREPi), with an IC<small>₅₀</small> value of 20.05 ± 1.6 μM. Kinetic and computational studies confirmed that PREPi acts as a competitive inhibitor. Furthermore, PREPi protected against PA-induced lipotoxicity and oxidative stress in HepG2 cells. In HFD-induced steatohepatitis mice, PREPi administration revealed improved liver function conditions (ALT, AST and ALP), quantitative scoring of steatosis and inflammation, and serum lipid profile, as well as the efficacy in weight gain and glucose tolerance. Mechanistically, PREP inhibition disrupts cascades linked to lipid accumulation and oxidative damage, suppresses lipogenic genes (SREBP-1c/FASN), and enhanced antioxidant defences positioning a novel natural PREPi as a potential candidate for steatosis and steatohepatitis treatment. These results also validate <em>M. germanica</em> as a bioactive source for intervening metabolic disorder and MAFLD.</p>","PeriodicalId":102,"journal":{"name":"RSC Advances","volume":" 44","pages":" 37245-37262"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12501607/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145249019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring weak noncovalent interactions in a few halo-substituted quinolones","authors":"Satyanand Kumar, Ravi Kumar, Rakesh K. Mishra and Satish Kumar Awasthi","doi":"10.1039/D5RA03605D","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D5RA03605D","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Crystal engineering utilizing weak interactions provides a real solution to increase the potential of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). Quinolone derivatives represent one of the most widely used molecules, having potential applications in medical fields as antibacterials and antimalarials. This study addresses a few systematically designed and crystallographically characterized chloro- and fluoroquinolones in order to investigate the weak interactions leading to the formation of supramolecular assemblies. The interactions in crystal packing are discussed in terms of N–H⋯X, C–H⋯X (X = F, Cl), π⋯π, C–H⋯π, and lone pair (lp)⋯π interactions, along with unique homo- and hetero-halogen bonding, <em>viz.</em> F⋯F, F⋯Cl, Cl⋯O, and C–F⋯π, as well as C–H⋯H–C interactions. <em>N</em>-Ethyl derivatives exhibited the co-crystallization of solvent molecules, <em>viz.</em>, water and chloroform, creating unique supramolecular structures. Fingerprint plots generated directly from the Hirshfeld surface further supported the noncovalent interactions. The DFT studies also supported the importance of weak interactions in crystal packing. This report shows how merely switching different alkyl groups may lead to various supramolecular transformations that are valuable for designing crystals, particularly quinolone-based active pharmaceutical ingredients.</p>","PeriodicalId":102,"journal":{"name":"RSC Advances","volume":" 44","pages":" 37216-37225"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12502904/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145249062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Photochemical valorization of hydrogen sulfide: a study of UV-induced decomposition pathways","authors":"Hassnain Abbas Khan, Ali Elkhazraji, Mohammad Abou-Daher, Damian P. San Roman Alerigi, Khalid Hazazi and Aamir Farooq","doi":"10.1039/D5RA04250J","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D5RA04250J","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Hydrogen sulfide (H<small>₂</small>S) is a toxic and environmentally hazardous gas, yet it also represents a potential source of valuable hydrogen. This study investigates the direct gas-phase decomposition of H<small>₂</small>S into hydrogen (H<small>₂</small>) and elemental sulfur (S<small>_<em>x</em></small>) using UV-C light sources through both photolytic and photocatalytic pathways. Experiments were conducted using a 220 nm UV laser and a 254 nm mercury (Hg) lamp in distinct reactor configurations. Photolysis of 5% H<small>₂</small>S/N<small>₂</small> achieved conversion efficiencies of up to 44% and 52% within 60 minutes using the laser and Hg lamp, respectively. In flow experiments (space velocity ∼15 h<small>⁻¹</small>), conversion decreased to 13–16%. In both static and flow modes, sulfur deposition on optical surfaces hindered UV transmission, thereby reducing overall efficiency. Incorporating a CuS photocatalyst significantly enhanced H<small>₂</small>S decomposition, reaching 66% conversion under UV-C illumination. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) confirmed the presence of mixed Cu<small>⁺</small>/Cu<small>^1+δ</small> valence states in CuS, enabling localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) that promotes charge separation and catalytic activity. These findings underscore the promise of UV-C-driven H<small>₂</small>S splitting as a sustainable approach for hydrogen and sulfur co-production, offering a cleaner alternative to conventional treatment methods.</p>","PeriodicalId":102,"journal":{"name":"RSC Advances","volume":" 44","pages":" 37299-37308"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12501960/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145249016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metal–organic framework-immobilized track-etched membrane with PVC nanofiber mats for carbon dioxide capture","authors":"Aigerim Kh. Shakayeva, Dias D. Omertassov, Zhanna K. Zhatkanbayeva, Rafael I. Shakirzyanov, Ainash T. Zhumazhanova, Olgun Güven and Ilya V. Korolkov","doi":"10.1039/D5RA04733A","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D5RA04733A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The increasing concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is a major cause of climate change, necessitating the development of efficient adsorbents for CO<small>₂</small> capture. Traditional methods, such as adsorption using amines and cryogenic separation, are constrained by high energy consumption, equipment corrosion, and solvent degradation. Membrane technology can help overcome some of the problems associated with these traditional methods. Track-etched membranes (TeMs), with their unique properties, have been used as substrates for the preparation of composite membranes to capture CO<small>₂</small>. In this study, we synthesized HKUST-1 metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) by the solvothermal method and incorporated them into PVC nanofibers by electrospinning. The nanofibers were then deposited on PET TeMs. The secondary decoration of HKUST-1 was performed to increase the MOF concentration. The integration of MOFs improved adsorption capacity due to their high surface area and porosity. The obtained membranes were characterised by FTIR, XRD, SEM-EDX, BET, TGA, and contact angle measurements. The composite membrane exhibited a BET surface area of 135.26 m<small>²</small> g<small>⁻¹</small>. The contact angle of the membrane was 95° ± 9°, indicating a hydrophobic nature. The PVC/HKUST-1(SD)@PET TeM was shown to have a CO<small>₂</small> adsorption capacity of 1.48 mmol g<small>⁻¹</small> at 25 °C, with efficient regeneration properties. The CO<small>₂</small> capturing capacity retains 94% of the initial value after 12 adsorption–desorption cycles. These results demonstrate the potential of the obtained membrane as an efficient, regenerable and adsorptive membrane for CO<small>₂</small> capture.</p>","PeriodicalId":102,"journal":{"name":"RSC Advances","volume":" 44","pages":" 37348-37360"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12502905/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145249046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Femtosecond laser-structured wastepaper as a biodegradable flexible current collector for supercapacitor applications","authors":"Muhammad Qasim, Abdul Kareem, Oussama M. El-Kadri and Ali S. Alnaser","doi":"10.1039/D5RA06223C","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D5RA06223C","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Flexible electronics have emerged as a transformative technological trend in recent years, driven by their versatile and compelling applications in display screens, wearable sensors, and implantable medical devices. To power up these devices, considerable research efforts have been directed towards developing advanced flexible supercapacitors, owing to their potential as a reliable and efficient energy storage solution. The performance of supercapacitors is highly dependent on the design of their integral components, including the current collector, which facilitates charge transfer by connecting the active material to the external terminals. Herein, we report a high-performance, low-cost, and biodegradable flexible current collector for supercapacitors, offering a sustainable solution for energy storage applications. Wastepaper was transformed into a current collector through the incorporation of Fe<small>³⁺</small> ions into the wastepaper fibers <em>via</em> chemical crosslinking and performing femtosecond laser structuring in air or inside a dilute aqueous solution of FeCl<small>₃</small>. Among the different treatments, the current collector structured in air demonstrated the highest performance. This was attributed to its superior electrical conductivity, lower charge transfer resistance, and distinct superhydrophilicity, surpassing both the unstructured counterpart and the sample structured in the FeCl<small>₃</small> solution. Furthermore, the femtosecond laser-induced surface structures significantly contributed to improved ion diffusion and charge storage capability by increasing the electrochemically active area. The calculated areal capacitance for a sample prepared in air at 5 mV s<small>⁻¹</small> scan rate was 43.6 mF cm<small>⁻²</small>. In addition, the current collector exhibited high areal-specific capacitance retention, which was 82% of its initial capacitance after 5000 galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD) cycles. These results significantly outperform unstructured paper and highlight the pivotal role of laser-induced surface morphology in maximizing ion diffusion and charge storage. Our findings establish a simple yet powerful strategy for converting waste into a valuable component for sustainable energy storage applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":102,"journal":{"name":"RSC Advances","volume":" 44","pages":" 37152-37165"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12501962/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145249090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Polyacrylamide functionalized polysaccharide based nanocomposite semi-interpenetrating polymeric network hydrogel for pH-responsive controlled release of a model neuroprotective drug","authors":"Nada H. Aljarba, Mohd Afzal, Mariam Abdulaziz Alkhateeb and Saad Alkahtani","doi":"10.1039/D5RA06115F","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D5RA06115F","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The development of advanced drug delivery systems with enhanced stability, controlled release, and biocompatibility is critical for effective neuroprotective therapies. Here, we report a polyacrylamide-functionalized polysaccharide-based nanocomposite semi-interpenetrating polymer network (semi-IPN) hydrogel designed for pH-responsive delivery of the neuroprotective agent citicoline. The semi-IPN structure provides enhanced mechanical strength and tunable swelling, enabling precise and sustained pH-responsive drug release while minimizing burst effects. SEM analysis revealed a porous microstructure that facilitates efficient drug loading and diffusion, and XRD confirmed a semi-crystalline architecture contributing to mechanical stability. Cytotoxicity studies using 3T3 fibroblasts demonstrated excellent biocompatibility, with proliferation comparable to the control. Collectively, these results demonstrate that the developed hydrogel combines robust mechanical properties, tunable swelling, and controlled drug release, representing a promising platform for targeted and effective neuroprotective therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":102,"journal":{"name":"RSC Advances","volume":" 44","pages":" 37027-37038"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12498329/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145243299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}