RSC Advances最新文献

{"title":"Visible-light-driven Z-scheme tungsten oxide/ silver phosphate/ coffee bean biochar photocatalyst for simultaneous degradation of ciprofloxacin and chlorpyrifos†","authors":"Debasis Nanda, Chirasmayee Mohanty, Amrita Priyadarsini, Nigamananda Das, Manjusri Misra, Amar K. Mohanty and Ajaya K. Behera","doi":"10.1039/D5RA04526F","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5RA04526F","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The integration of biochar as a solid-state electron mediator in Z-scheme photocatalytic systems represents a promising approach for the efficient degradation of organic contaminants. In this study, a novel magnetic Z-scheme photocatalyst, silver phosphate–tungsten oxide (Ag<small>₃</small>PO<small>₄</small>–WO<small>₃</small>)/coffee bean biochar composite (ABW-10), was synthesized <em>via</em> a hydrothermal method. Ag<small>₃</small>PO<small>₄</small> and WO<small>₃</small> were immobilized onto biochar layers to facilitate charge separation and enhance electron transfer under visible light irradiation. Morphological analysis confirmed a uniformly decorated biochar surface with well-dispersed nanoparticles, supporting efficient photocatalytic performance. Mott–Schottky plots revealed improved charge carrier dynamics and conductivity. Radical scavenging experiments validated the Z-scheme charge transfer mechanism, confirming the generation of reactive oxygen species. ABW-10 exhibited exceptional photocatalytic activity, achieving nearly 100% mineralization of ciprofloxacin (50 ppm) and chlorpyrifos (20 ppm) within 60 minutes under ambient conditions at a catalyst dosage of 0.1 g. LC-MS analysis elucidated the degradation pathways of both pollutants. Additionally, the composite demonstrated excellent reusability and a fivefold increase in antimicrobial activity against both <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> and <em>Escherichia coli</em> compared to the individual components.</p>","PeriodicalId":102,"journal":{"name":"RSC Advances","volume":" 33","pages":" 26787-26799"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/ra/d5ra04526f?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144716445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Environmental profiling of endocrine disrupting chemicals in ground water sources: an African perspective","authors":"Esther A. Nnamani, Ajibola A. Bayode, Oluwaferanmi B. Otitoju, Moses O. Alfred and Martins O. Omorogie","doi":"10.1039/D5RA04114G","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5RA04114G","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Emerging evidence substantiates that African groundwater is contaminated by a mixture of endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs). Groundwater pollution due to EDCs is a serious public health concern, particularly in regions with limited water resource management. To amplify this growing concern, the number of studies on EDCs in groundwater is significantly less than that on surface or wastewater discharge (influent and effluent). A systematic search of the major indexed databases was employed in extracting relevant literature for this study. The review discussed the state of the art of EDCs in African groundwater regarding their occurrence, sources, environmental fate, environmental health, and efficacy of predominant treatment technologies like adsorption and photocatalysis, as well as their drawbacks. Our analysis of the dataset covering multiple countries and years reveals frequent detections of pesticides, phenolics, steroid hormones, parabens, and phthalates. In many cases, detected concentrations in groundwater systems exceed international safety benchmarks up to mg L<small>⁻¹</small> in some locations. These exceedances, along with detections of unregulated or banned EDCs such as bisphenol A and some organochlorine pesticides, may imply potential human and ecological risks. Additionally, the data reveals spatial patterns: shallow urban wells and low-cost rural areas tend to have higher contamination, reflecting local sanitation and land-use influences. This study also reveals the widespread contamination of EDCs in the African groundwater systems and the dearth of data in sustainable treatment plans. Consequently, there is a need to navigate research focus on both the environmental profiling and treatment/remediation in this pivotal source of drinking water supply on the continent.</p>","PeriodicalId":102,"journal":{"name":"RSC Advances","volume":" 33","pages":" 26673-26692"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/ra/d5ra04114g?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144714659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanochemical synthesis of Sb3+-doped Cs2ZrCl6 double perovskites for excitation-wavelength-responsive trimodal luminescence and high-level anti-counterfeiting†","authors":"Qiaochu Chen, Xuehan Ma, Guifu Dong and Hongbin Yan","doi":"10.1039/D5RA03637B","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5RA03637B","url":null,"abstract":"<p >All-inorganic lead-free halide perovskites have shown great promise in the field of optoelectronics. However, the room-temperature, low-cost, and large-scale synthesis of such materials remains challenging. Here, we report a rapid mechanochemical synthesis strategy based on ethanol-assisted ball milling to successfully prepare Cs<small>₂</small>ZrCl<small>₆</small> double perovskite with Sb<small>³⁺</small> doping, which exhibits tricolor luminescence with excitation wavelength-dependent characteristics. The material emits blue (450 nm, [ZrCl<small>₆</small>]<small>²⁻</small> self-trapped exciton emission), warm white (450/610 nm dual peaks), and red (610 nm, Sb<small>^{3+ 3}</small>P<small>₁</small> → <small>¹</small>S<small>₀</small> transition) light under 254, 310, and 365 nm ultraviolet excitation, respectively, with a photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) stably exceeding 30%. When the Cs<small>₂</small>ZrCl<small>₆</small>:Sb<small>³⁺</small> samples are fabricated into anti-counterfeiting patterns, they emit blue, warm white, and red light under 254, 310, and 365 nm ultraviolet lamp excitation, respectively, demonstrating excellent application prospects in the field of anti-counterfeiting encryption. This study provides a new idea for the development of efficient and environmentally friendly synthesis of multi-modal anti-counterfeiting materials.</p>","PeriodicalId":102,"journal":{"name":"RSC Advances","volume":" 33","pages":" 26800-26806"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/ra/d5ra03637b?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144714667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"DFT and TD-DFT calculations to estimate the photovoltaic parameters of some metal-free dyes based on triphenylamine: the influence of inserting an auxiliary electron-withdrawing group on DSSC's performance†","authors":"A. Khadiri, Abhinay Thakur, I. Warad, H. Zarrok, H. Oudda, M. Beraich, L. Bazzi and A. Zarrouk","doi":"10.1039/D5RA04785D","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5RA04785D","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Using density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT), the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of a series of novel designed D-π-Aa-A metal-free dyes with different auxiliary electron-withdrawing groups is predicted and discussed. The effect of incorporating an auxiliary electron-withdrawing group (Ap) between the π-bridge and anchoring group (A) on the photovoltaic properties is investigated and discussed. The key optoelectronic parameters that can be used for estimating PCE of the investigated dyes in DSSCs like FMOs and gap energies, light harvesting efficiency (LHE), the energy of the conduction band of the adsorbed dye cluster, electron, hole, and total reorganization energies, driving energy of electron injection and regeneration, natural bond orbital charge (NBO), dipole moment, and the chemical reactive parameters are determined and discussed. The predicted PCE of 7.15% shows a good agreement with the experimental results of 7.3%, confirming our methodology's credibility and validity. In addition, the predicted PCEs of our designed organic compounds are 8.52, 9.50, 10.77, 11.62, and 12.45%, indicating that the present work can provide new clues for synthesizing efficient organic compounds for DSSCs.</p>","PeriodicalId":102,"journal":{"name":"RSC Advances","volume":" 33","pages":" 26807-26829"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/ra/d5ra04785d?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144714668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chemical effect of silver (Ag) and yttrium (Y) co-doping on silicon-based fullerene (Ag@Si59Y) sensor nanostructures: a computational adsorption study of cyanogenic halide gases†","authors":"Idongesit J. Mbonu, Gideon E. Mathias, Emily O. Udowa, Zainab Abbas Abd Alhassan and Thamer A. A. M. Alalwani","doi":"10.1039/D5RA03374H","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5RA03374H","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Cyanogenic gases, such as hydrogen cyanide and cyanogen, are highly toxic and pose serious risks to both human health and the environment. Effective adsorption strategies are essential to mitigate these hazards. In this study, the adsorption potential of a silver-decorated and yttrium-doped silicon nanocluster (Ag@Si<small>₅₉</small>Y) toward cyanogenic gases—BrCN, ClCN, and FCN—was investigated using density functional theory (DFT) at the ωB97XD/GenECP/LanL2DZ/Def2SVP level of theory. Adsorption was explored in two orientations for each gas molecule. The computed adsorption energies indicated favorable interaction, particularly for BrCN, with values of −30.121, −17.571, −17.571, −16.943, −16.316, and −16.316 kcal mol<small>⁻¹</small> for BrCN–Br–, BrCN–N–, ClCN–Cl–, ClCN–N–, FCN–F–, and FCN–N–Ag@Si<small>₅₉</small>Y complexes, respectively. BrCN showed the strongest affinity, suggesting preferential adsorption on the Ag@Si<small>₅₉</small>Y surface. Noncovalent interaction (NCI) analysis and recovery time calculations confirmed the presence of strong chemisorptive interactions, especially for BrCN, characterized by significant charge transfer and bonding stability. The frontier molecular orbital (FMO) analysis revealed a notable reduction in the energy gap upon gas adsorption, highlighting the enhanced reactivity of the surface. High dipole moment values across all adsorbed complexes indicate substantial charge separation, which is advantageous for sensor-based applications. Furthermore, the Electron Localization Function (ELF) analysis provided visual insight into the nature of bonding interactions. ELF maps exhibited moderate to high localization around the adsorption regions, particularly in BrCN–Br–Ag@Si<small>₅₉</small>Y and FCN–N–Ag@Si<small>₅₉</small>Y, suggesting mixed covalent and noncovalent bonding characteristics. These observations corroborate findings from QTAIM and NBO analyses, validating the interaction types and reinforcing the reliability of the proposed adsorption mechanisms. Thus, Ag@Si<small>₅₉</small>Y demonstrates strong and selective adsorption properties toward cyanogenic gases, making it a promising candidate for use in gas sensing and environmental detoxification technologies.</p>","PeriodicalId":102,"journal":{"name":"RSC Advances","volume":" 33","pages":" 26693-26709"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/ra/d5ra03374h?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144714660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thiazole conjugated amino acid derivatives as potent cytotoxic agents†","authors":"Hieu Trong Le, Nguyen Thi Huong Nguyen, Quang Vinh Hong, Zhuang Qian, Thi Minh Bui, Linh Nhut Huynh, Saw Yu Yu Hnin, Zin Paing Htoo, An Pham Thuy Le, De Quang Tran, Hiroyuki Morita and Hue Thi Buu Bui","doi":"10.1039/D5RA04425A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5RA04425A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >In the search for anticancer agents, molecular hybridization has gained increasing attention due to its unique advantages like enhanced pharmacological activity, reduced toxicity, and circumvention of drug resistances. In this study, by incorporating amino acids into the thiazole heterocycle scaffold, thirty thiazole–amino acid hybrid derivatives have been successfully synthesized and tested for cytotoxicity against the three human cancer cell lines including lung cancer (A549), cervical cancer (HeLa), and breast cancer (MCF-7) cell lines. The results showed that most of the synthesized hybrid thiazole–amino acids exhibited moderate to good cytotoxicity towards the tested cancer cell lines. Notably, five compounds displayed good cytotoxicity with low IC<small>₅₀</small> values (2.07–8.51 μM) compared to the positive control 5-fluorouracil (IC<small>₅₀</small> = 3.49–8.74 μM). These novel thiazole conjugated amino acid derivatives could be considered as lead compounds that merit further optimization and development of anticancer agents.</p>","PeriodicalId":102,"journal":{"name":"RSC Advances","volume":" 33","pages":" 26860-26872"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/ra/d5ra04425a?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144716446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Designing parylene coating for implantable brain–machine interfaces†","authors":"Saman Ebrahimibasabi, Maryam Golshahi, Naghmeh Shahraki, Delaram Tamjid Shabestari, Mostafa Sajjadi, Seyedamin Hashemi, Austin Borchert, Ian Baker, Layla Khalifehzadeh and Hamed Arami","doi":"10.1039/D5RA04683A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5RA04683A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Parylene is widely recognized as an effective candidate for encapsulating implantable bioelectronics due to its outstanding chemical stability, conformity and biocompatibility. However, its weak adhesion to inorganic substrates remains a significant challenge. Here, we explored various pre- and post-deposition treatments to enhance adhesion and stability of parylene coating for implantable brain–machine interfaces (BMIs). We utilized 0%, 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5% (v/v) 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl-methacrylate as an adhesion promoter for substrate treatment prior to deposition. Deposited samples were subsequently subjected to post-heat treatments at various temperatures. Samples were exposed to an <em>in vitro</em> accelerated aging bath at 87 °C for 7 days to assess their post-implantation durability. Cytotoxicity and <em>in vivo</em> biocompatibility were also investigated to further evaluate biocompatibility and encapsulation efficiency of parylene coatings on commonly used rigid and flexible bioelectronic substrates. The emergence of carboxyl groups in FTIR and chlorine abstraction in EDS analyses, indicated that the as-deposited samples were degraded during aging. The chemical stability of these coatings was improved in heat-treated samples due to their higher crystallinity. Additionally, delamination and microcrack initiation/growth reduced due to post-heat treatments. We found the optimal heat treatment temperature to be 150 °C; any increase beyond this compromised coating quality by increasing delamination and defect formation. Increasing the concentration of adhesion promoter enhanced coating adhesion to the substrates in both as-deposited samples and the ones heat-treated at 150 °C. In contrast, the adhesion strength decreased when heat-treatment was performed at higher temperatures, even when the concentration of adhesion promoter was increased. Numerical analysis was used to assess the effect of parylene coating on the electrical performance of a typical implantable, wirelessly powered model device. The results demonstrated that the presence of the parylene layer not only preserved the wireless coupling between this device and the pickup probe, but also enhanced it. In addition to these favourable physiochemical improvements, parylene also promoted general <em>in vivo</em> brain compatibility and cell viability of the devices. This study revealed the synergistic effects of pre- and post-deposition treatments and systematically optimized adhesion and stability of parylene coatings for implantable BMIs for the first time.</p>","PeriodicalId":102,"journal":{"name":"RSC Advances","volume":" 33","pages":" 26660-26672"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/ra/d5ra04683a?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144714658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction: Accurate predictions of the electronic excited states of BODIPY based dye sensitizers using spin-component-scaled double-hybrid functionals: a TD-DFT benchmark study","authors":"Qabas Alkhatib, Wissam Helal and Ali Marashdeh","doi":"10.1039/D5RA90089A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5RA90089A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Correction for ‘Accurate predictions of the electronic excited states of BODIPY based dye sensitizers using spin-component-scaled double-hybrid functionals: a TD-DFT benchmark study’ by Qabas Alkhatib <em>et al.</em>, <em>RSC Adv.</em>, 2022, <strong>12</strong>, 1704–1717, https://doi.org/10.1039/D1RA08795A.</p>","PeriodicalId":102,"journal":{"name":"RSC Advances","volume":" 33","pages":" 26755-26755"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/ra/d5ra90089a?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144714664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancement of surface tribology, mechanical, and electrical properties of UHMWPE via graphene nanoplatelets coating and electron beam irradiation","authors":"Thitisorn Anekratmontre, Doonyapong Wongsawaeng, Grittima Kongprawes and Donruedee Toyen","doi":"10.1039/D5RA04349B","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5RA04349B","url":null,"abstract":"<p >This work aims to investigate the enhancement of tribological, mechanical, and electrical properties of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) through surface modification <em>via</em> graphene nanoplatelet (GNP) coating combined with electron beam (E-beam) irradiation. UHMWPE substrates were dip-coated with 1 wt% GNPs and subjected to E-beam irradiation at doses ranging from 0 to 500 kGy. Among the tested conditions, irradiation at 100 kGy yielded the most favorable outcomes, including a reduced coefficient of friction (0.1793), improved tensile strength (28.94 MPa), increased elongation at break (58.35%), and the highest surface hardness (68 Shore D). Furthermore, the surface resistivity decreased markedly to 2.15 × 10<small>⁸</small> Ω, indicating a significant improvement in surface conductivity. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) revealed the formation of carbonyl groups (C<img>O), attributed to oxidative processes initiated by irradiation-induced free radicals. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images confirm enhanced GNP adhesion and uniform dispersion at moderate irradiation levels. However, excessive irradiation doses, exceeding 100 kGy, led to the degradation of both structural and functional properties due to polymer chain scission. These findings demonstrate that the synergistic integration of graphene coating and optimally tuned E-beam irradiation, particularly at 100 kGy, offers a promising strategy for developing UHMWPE-based materials with superior multifunctional performance for advanced tribological, mechanical, and electrical applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":102,"journal":{"name":"RSC Advances","volume":" 33","pages":" 26756-26765"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/ra/d5ra04349b?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144714665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bis-urea anion receptors: influence of receptor structure and anion nature on binding affinity and stability†","authors":"Elsayed Hassan, Mickey Vinodh, Fatemeh H. Alipour and Talal F. Al-Azemi","doi":"10.1039/D5RA04446D","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5RA04446D","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Complexation behavior of bis-urea receptors bearing nitro substituent at different proximities from urea binding site was investigated using isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and <small>¹</small>H NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) titration experiments. Their binding interactions with fluoride (F<small>⁻</small>), acetate (OAc<small>⁻</small>), and dihydrogen phosphate (H<small>₂</small>PO<small>₄</small><small>⁻</small>) anions were examined to evaluate affinities, stoichiometries, and thermodynamic parameters. The nature of the anion and the position of the nitro substituent significantly influenced receptor binding ability. Receptors with <em>ortho</em>-nitro groups underwent decomposition upon interaction with F<small>⁻</small>, forming 2-benzimidazolinone cyclic urea as evidence from relatively large positive enthalpy (Δ<em>H</em>° = 13.78 kJ mol<small>⁻¹</small>) and entropy (Δ<em>TS</em>° = 30.90 kJ mol<small>⁻¹</small>). Furthermore, X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that the cyclic urea engages in complexation with the fluoride anion. This degradation was suppressed in <em>meta</em>-substituted analog. Notably, <em>meta</em>-nitro receptor exhibited high binding affinity toward acetate (Δ<em>H</em>° = −27.73 kJ mol<small>⁻¹</small>), while H<small>₂</small>PO<small>₄</small><small>⁻</small> binding for all receptors showed large entropic contributions, due to the geometry and size of the anion. These results offer insights into designing selective and stable anion receptors.</p>","PeriodicalId":102,"journal":{"name":"RSC Advances","volume":" 33","pages":" 26623-26631"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/ra/d5ra04446d?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144714655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}