Liam A. McNeil, Guannan Chen, Wenting Hu, Evangelos I. Papaioannou, Ian S. Metcalfe and Greg A. Mutch
{"title":"Metallic sealants increase flux and change selectivity in supported molten-salt membranes","authors":"Liam A. McNeil, Guannan Chen, Wenting Hu, Evangelos I. Papaioannou, Ian S. Metcalfe and Greg A. Mutch","doi":"10.1039/D4RE00449C","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4RE00449C","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Metallic sealants are widely used with high-temperature membranes. Here we show that their use in supported molten-salt membranes results in order-of-magnitude differences in CO<small><sub>2</sub></small> flux and introduces O<small><sub>2</sub></small> co-permeation. The ‘short-circuiting’ effect they introduce has important implications for the design of future experiments, and the interpretation of past work.</p>","PeriodicalId":101,"journal":{"name":"Reaction Chemistry & Engineering","volume":" 2","pages":" 294-299"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11632589/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142826747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xun Gao, Divya Prasad, Mahadeo A. Mahadik and Greeshma Gadikota
{"title":"Enhanced H2 recovery by coupling the water–gas shift reaction with in situ CO2 capture and mineralization using earth abundant Ca- and Mg-silicates and hydroxides†","authors":"Xun Gao, Divya Prasad, Mahadeo A. Mahadik and Greeshma Gadikota","doi":"10.1039/D4RE00480A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4RE00480A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Decarbonization of clean energy carriers such as H<small><sub>2</sub></small> by coherent integration of multiphase chemical pathways with inherent carbon mineralization is a thermodynamically downhill pathway designed for a sustainable climate, energy, and environmental future. In this effort, a low-temperature water–gas shift reaction (WGSR) with Pt/Al<small><sub>2</sub></small>O<small><sub>3</sub></small> catalysts is integrated with <em>in situ</em> carbon mineralization in a multiphase reaction environment. The hypothesis that Pt-based catalysts favor selective formation of H<small><sub>2</sub></small> over CH<small><sub>4</sub></small> has been investigated. H<small><sub>2</sub></small> yields increased by 30.8%, 9.5%, 8.3%, and 1.7% in the presence of Ca(OH)<small><sub>2</sub></small>, Mg(OH)<small><sub>2</sub></small>, Mg<small><sub>2</sub></small>SiO<small><sub>4</sub></small>, and CaSiO<small><sub>3</sub></small> relative to the blank experiment without the sorbent at constant experimental conditions of 250 °C and reaction time of 12 hours in the presence of Pt/Al<small><sub>2</sub></small>O<small><sub>3</sub></small> catalyst with initial CO and N<small><sub>2</sub></small> pressures of 8 bar and 12 bar, respectively. These studies unlock the feasibility of advancing single-step multiphase pathways for enhancing H<small><sub>2</sub></small> yields with inherent CO<small><sub>2</sub></small> capture and mineralization for a low carbon and sustainable energy and resource future.</p>","PeriodicalId":101,"journal":{"name":"Reaction Chemistry & Engineering","volume":" 3","pages":" 576-592"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/re/d4re00480a?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143489366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Microscopic chemical reaction mechanism of carbon contaminants on the surface of pulse-compressed gratings cleaned by low-pressure plasma","authors":"Yuhai Li, Tianran Zheng, Qiang Yuan, Laixi Sun, Hao Liu, Xiaodong Yuan and Xin Zhang","doi":"10.1039/D4RE00382A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4RE00382A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Removing carbon contaminants from the surfaces of pulse-compressed gratings is a critical aspect of maintaining the functionality and efficiency of a chirped pulse amplification system. In this study, a method of <em>in situ</em> cleaning pulse-compressed gratings by low-pressure plasma is proposed and delves into the microscopic chemical reaction mechanism involved in eliminating carbon contaminants. Firstly, the surface contamination state and formation mechanism of the grating were analyzed, and the influence of the contaminants on the morphology and diffraction efficiency was discussed. The diffraction efficiency of the grating post-contamination can decrease by one-third. After a 5.5 hour low-pressure air plasma cleaning, carbon contaminants on the grating surface were completely removed, restoring both the diffraction efficiency and the surface morphology of the grating. Reactive molecular dynamics simulations were executed to model the intricate reaction mechanisms of eliminating carbon contaminants using low-pressure plasma. The cleaning efficiency, particularly on pulse-compressed gratings, was studied under low-pressure plasma conditions to elucidate the underlying mechanisms responsible for carbon contaminant removal. The research revealed a detailed pathway of chemical reactions initiated by the interaction of carbon contaminants with the plasma cleaning. Notably, the study identified key stages in the process, including the breakdown of carbon chains, the formation of new chemical bonds, and the evolution of molecular structures on the grating surface. Insights gained from this study provide valuable information for optimizing plasma cleaning processes tailored to pulse-compressed gratings, paving the way for improved maintenance strategies in optical applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":101,"journal":{"name":"Reaction Chemistry & Engineering","volume":" 3","pages":" 646-655"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143489380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Amirhossein Javdani, Gleb Ivanushkin, Aron Deneyer and Michiel Dusselier
{"title":"Monitoring and controlling zeolite synthesis via reactor-based solutions: a fed-batch strategy†","authors":"Amirhossein Javdani, Gleb Ivanushkin, Aron Deneyer and Michiel Dusselier","doi":"10.1039/D4RE00440J","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4RE00440J","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Most conventional zeolite synthesis takes place in closed batch autoclaves that cannot be monitored or controlled during the process. Moreover, the study of time-dependent parameters of the synthesis with the conventional “cooling-opening” procedure not only reduces accuracy as a series of reactors (never 100% identical) needs to be started in parallel (and stopped at different times), it is also labor intense. Furthermore, the classic batch concept does not permit the intermediate addition of species without disrupting synthesis and the cooling-reheating effects. In this study, we developed a technique for zeolite synthesis monitoring in one-pot experiments using the sampling feature of fed-batch (FB) reactors. These one-pot syntheses can save time and ingredients instead of performing plenty of classic batch experiments. In addition, we could control and manipulate the zeolite synthesis by using the feeding function of the FB reactor and the intermediate addition of precursors at operational temperatures and pressures. Stannosilicate and zincosilicate syntheses were carried out <em>via</em> the FB reactor to investigate the intermediate timed-addition and the possibility of optimizing feeding rates of heteroatoms opposed to a classic synthesis, which faces challenges when a high amount of heteroatom precursor presents at the start. Finally, a modified FB platform was further developed to be able to monitor essential kinetic and synthetic parameters on-line (<em>T</em>, <em>P</em>, and also pH) on-line without intervention. For instance, pH profiles can allow one to estimate key events in zeolite synthesis, but in the art, these profiles are always measured <em>ex situ</em> (including cooling effects <em>etc.</em>).</p>","PeriodicalId":101,"journal":{"name":"Reaction Chemistry & Engineering","volume":" 2","pages":" 379-391"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11603306/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142764910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jingjie Li, Lin Wang, Yanfeng Pu, Yong Liu, Xiying Li, Renren Sun and Yahui Xiao
{"title":"Modulating the crystal phase of Zr-based solid acid catalysts to boost the synthesis of 9,9-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)fluorene†","authors":"Jingjie Li, Lin Wang, Yanfeng Pu, Yong Liu, Xiying Li, Renren Sun and Yahui Xiao","doi":"10.1039/D4RE00457D","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4RE00457D","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The crystal phase of Zr-based solid acid catalysts was modulated by a two-step precipitation method for strongly bonding with sulfate groups. The catalytic performance of these catalysts was subsequently evaluated for condensation of 9-fluorenone with phenol. The results revealed that the catalytic activity of the catalysts was positively correlated with the acidity of the catalysts. Specifically, the SZr@Zr-2 catalyst exhibited the best catalytic performance with a 9-fluorenone conversion of 99.92% and 9,9-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)fluorene (BHPF) selectivity of 99.86% under the optimized reaction conditions of 110 °C, 3 h and phenol to 9-fluorenone mole ratio of 6. It was demonstrated that the Zr(OH)<small><sub>4</sub></small>@Zr(OH)<small><sub>4</sub></small>-2 substrate prepared by two-step precipitation inherited rich Zr(OH)<small><sub>4</sub></small> species, which could be easily bonded with more sulfate groups. After calcination, these species were subsequently transformed into tetragonal ZrO<small><sub>2</sub></small> species induced by sufficient interaction with sulfate groups. The coordination between sulfate groups and tetragonal ZrO<small><sub>2</sub></small> enhanced the acidity of the SZr@Zr-2 catalyst and then boosted the condensation of 9-fluorenone with phenol for BHPF synthesis.</p>","PeriodicalId":101,"journal":{"name":"Reaction Chemistry & Engineering","volume":" 2","pages":" 440-452"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143107570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Marten Niklas Gey, Carl Schneider and Uwe Schröder
{"title":"Usage of CoOOH electrodes in a flow channel reactor for the non-alkaline oxidation of 5-(hydroxymethyl)-furfural: an upscaling study†","authors":"Marten Niklas Gey, Carl Schneider and Uwe Schröder","doi":"10.1039/D4RE00511B","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4RE00511B","url":null,"abstract":"<p >A major barrier for the upscaling of electrosynthetic methods is the transfer of the usually potential-controlled batch experiments to an operation in industry-typical cell designs (<em>i.e.</em> two-electrode flow reactors). To cross this bridge, we here present the implementation of our recently published method for the non-alkaline oxidation of 5-(hydroxymethyl)-furfural (HMF) to 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) in a flow channel reactor, powered by a standard laboratory power supply under cell-voltage/current control. For this purpose, the coating method for the used CoOOH catalyst was adapted to enable an electrochemical deposition in the flow channels devoid of a standard three-electrode setup. HMF oxidations were carried out in an acetate buffer (pH 5) at a current density of 1.0 mA cm<small><sup>−2</sup></small> and a temperature range between room temperature and 80 °C to provide a direct comparison with the previous batch experiments. The higher electrode surface area of the flow cell thereby allowed a significant reduction of the reaction time while operating under similar (albeit lower) Coulomb efficiencies. Under optimized conditions, the reactor operated at a cell voltage of <em>ca.</em> 2.4 V and yielded 77.1% FDCA at a Coulomb efficiency of 21.0%. Maleic acid was obtained as a side product at a yield of 9.2%.</p>","PeriodicalId":101,"journal":{"name":"Reaction Chemistry & Engineering","volume":" 2","pages":" 417-427"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/re/d4re00511b?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143107568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ricki Chairil, Allison P. Forsberg, Richard L. Brutchey and Noah Malmstadt
{"title":"High-throughput reaction discovery for Cs–Pb–Br nanocrystal synthesis†","authors":"Ricki Chairil, Allison P. Forsberg, Richard L. Brutchey and Noah Malmstadt","doi":"10.1039/D4RE00491D","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4RE00491D","url":null,"abstract":"<p >High-throughput reaction discovery is necessary to understand complex reaction spaces for inorganic nanocrystal synthesis. Here, we implemented a high-throughput continuous flow millifluidic reactor to perform reaction discovery for Cs–Pb–Br nanocrystal synthesis using a ligand assisted reprecipitation (LARP)-type approach. 3D-printed flow resistors enable the screening of up to 16 different mixing ratios within a single 90 s run, allowing for >270 different precursor concentration ratios to be quickly tested to explore the phase space that results in CsPbBr<small><sub>3</sub></small>, Cs<small><sub>4</sub></small>PbBr<small><sub>6</sub></small>, a biphasic mixture, or no product. To construct a full phase map from these high-throughput experiments, a neural network was trained and validated to predict the product composition (∼500 000 points in precursor concentration space). The phase map predicts product composition/phase as a function of Cs–Pb–Br feed ratio. This approach demonstrates how high-throughput flow chemistry can be used in tandem with machine learning to rapidly explore nanocrystal reaction spaces in flow.</p>","PeriodicalId":101,"journal":{"name":"Reaction Chemistry & Engineering","volume":" 2","pages":" 398-406"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143107566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zhiwei Huang, Yaxin Yuan, Xinyi Li, Yiyang Li, Min Wang and Zhuqing Wang
{"title":"Carboxymethyl cellulose–poly-m-phenylenediamine composite membrane for gold recovery from e-waste†","authors":"Zhiwei Huang, Yaxin Yuan, Xinyi Li, Yiyang Li, Min Wang and Zhuqing Wang","doi":"10.1039/D4RE00395K","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4RE00395K","url":null,"abstract":"<p >E-waste contains a variety of non-renewable precious metal resources, and the amount is significantly higher than the abundance of precious metals in the corresponding ores. Therefore, it is of great significance to recover and reuse precious metals in e-waste. In this study, we successively used a simple one-step oxidation method and physical cross-linking to prepare a poly-<em>m</em>-phenylenediamine composite membrane material (CMC–PmPD composite membrane) containing a large number of recycling groups. The prepared CMC–PmPD composite membrane has high adsorption capacity and adsorption efficiency for Au(<small>III</small>), and the maximum adsorption capacity for Au(<small>III</small>) reaches 421.1 mg g<small><sup>−1</sup></small>. The adsorption follows a second-order kinetic process and a Langmuir isotherm model, indicating that the adsorption mechanism is a monolayer chemisorption. The regeneration of the composite membrane material can be realized after a simple thiourea solution immersion, and 89.5% adsorption efficiency is maintained after five regeneration cycles. In addition, when the CMC–PmPD composite membrane was applied to the treatment of mixed heavy metal ion solutions with different concentrations and compositions, the CMC–PmPD composite membrane was always able to selectively adsorb more than 95% of Au(<small>III</small>) from the simulated solution or e-waste leachate, which was highly selective and applicable. The CMC–PmPD composite membrane has a broad application prospect in metallurgy and fine chemical industry.</p>","PeriodicalId":101,"journal":{"name":"Reaction Chemistry & Engineering","volume":" 2","pages":" 407-416"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143107567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Umberto Iacobone, Andrea Gjetja, Nicola Usberti, Isabella Nova, Enrico Tronconi, Djamela Bounechada, Roberta Villamaina, Maria Pia Ruggeri, Andrew P. E. York, Loredana Mantarosie and Jillian Collier
{"title":"A simple redox model of low-T NO + CO adsorption onto Pd-CHA as effective passive NOx adsorbers†","authors":"Umberto Iacobone, Andrea Gjetja, Nicola Usberti, Isabella Nova, Enrico Tronconi, Djamela Bounechada, Roberta Villamaina, Maria Pia Ruggeri, Andrew P. E. York, Loredana Mantarosie and Jillian Collier","doi":"10.1039/D4RE00324A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4RE00324A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Pd-exchanged chabazite (Pd-CHA) catalysts show NO adsorption and desorption features which comply well with the requirements for low-<em>T</em> passive NOx adsorber (PNA) applications. An earlier work based on transient adsorption tests investigated the NO storage pathway on Pd-CHA, a still debated topic in the literature. Such research highlighted a Pd-redox mechanism (Pd<small><sup>2+</sup></small> ↔ Pd<small><sup>+</sup></small>) underlying the NO storage chemistry over these systems. CO and NO were capable of reducing Pd<small><sup>2+</sup></small> at low temperatures, and the newly formed Pd<small><sup>+</sup></small> acted as the main NO storage site. Increasing temperatures activated a Pd-oxidation process, which reduced the fraction of Pd<small><sup>+</sup></small> sites, and consequently the NO storage, but was inhibited by H<small><sub>2</sub></small>O. Herein we challenge quantitatively such a scheme relying on transient kinetic analysis. We show that a simple redox kinetic model of NO + CO storage on Pd-CHA, based on the above, reproduces the main features of the species evolution and of the NO storage observed under variable operating conditions over Pd-CHA samples with two Pd-loadings, thus lending support to the proposed Pd-redox chemistry.</p>","PeriodicalId":101,"journal":{"name":"Reaction Chemistry & Engineering","volume":" 3","pages":" 561-575"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/re/d4re00324a?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143489365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Julia Piotrowska, Christian Jordan, Kristof Stagel, Marco Annerl, Jakob Willner, Andreas Limbeck, Michael Harasek and Katharina Bica-Schröder
{"title":"Acid-functionalized PVA composite membranes for pervaporation-assisted esterification†","authors":"Julia Piotrowska, Christian Jordan, Kristof Stagel, Marco Annerl, Jakob Willner, Andreas Limbeck, Michael Harasek and Katharina Bica-Schröder","doi":"10.1039/D4RE00388H","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4RE00388H","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Composite flat-sheet membranes functionalized with imidazolium-based ionic liquids (ILs) grafted to poly(vinyl alcohol)/glutaraldehyde as a catalytic layer were developed to enhance the esterification between <em>n</em>-butanol and acetic acid. The functionalized membranes were produced <em>via</em> dip-coating commercial pervaporation membranes, and two distinct Brønsted-acidic ILs with an imidazolium-based cation and different (hydrogen sulfate [HSO<small><sub>4</sub></small>]<small><sup>−</sup></small> or bromide [Br]<small><sup>−</sup></small>) anions were compared. Compact, 12 μm-thick, defect-free catalytic layers were observed on top of the pervaporation membrane supports, and the determined penetration depth of the ILs confirmed their presence in the upper part of the coating. While both ILs could significantly promote the esterification of <em>n</em>-butanol and acetic acid, the [HSO<small><sub>4</sub></small>]<small><sup>−</sup></small> anion catalyzed the formation of butyl acetate more effectively than [Br]<small><sup>−</sup></small>-based species, resulting in yields of up to 50% over 15 h. Furthermore, the coated membranes exhibited enhanced water separation factors compared to the unfunctionalized one owing to the reduced swelling of the coated membranes accompanied with their diminished wettability.</p>","PeriodicalId":101,"journal":{"name":"Reaction Chemistry & Engineering","volume":" 2","pages":" 360-370"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11600398/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142764887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}