AWWA water science最新文献_第3页

Estimating the impact of the proposed Lead and Copper Rule Improvements 估算铅铜规则改进提案的影响

AWWA water science Pub Date : 2024-10-17 DOI: 10.1002/aws2.70004

Carleigh C. Samson, Sheldon V. Masters, Christian Ley Mathews, Chad J. Seidel

{"title":"Estimating the impact of the proposed Lead and Copper Rule Improvements","authors":"Carleigh C. Samson, Sheldon V. Masters, Christian Ley Mathews, Chad J. Seidel","doi":"10.1002/aws2.70004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aws2.70004","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Lead in drinking water can lead to serious health effects, including neurodevelopmental issues and heart disease. In December 2023, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) proposed the Lead and Copper Rule Improvements (LCRI), which lower the Lead and Copper Rule's (LCR's) lead action level (AL) from 15 parts per billion (ppb) to 10 ppb and require both first- and fifth-liter sampling and 90th percentile compliance calculations based on the highest lead levels at sites with lead service lines. A methodology for estimating the likelihood a system will have an AL exceedance (ALE) under the LCRI was developed using Michigan LCR compliance data and applied to national LCR compliance data. Findings were compared to EPA's estimates, indicating EPA may have underestimated the percent of smaller systems (serving <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>≤</mo>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation>$$ le $$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> 3300) with ALEs and overestimated the percent of larger systems (serving > 10,000), thus underestimating costs and overestimating the benefits of this rulemaking.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":101301,"journal":{"name":"AWWA water science","volume":"6 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/aws2.70004","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142451256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The use of lead isotopes for determining sources of lead in drinking water 利用铅同位素确定饮用水中铅的来源

AWWA water science Pub Date : 2024-10-14 DOI: 10.1002/aws2.70002

David A. Cornwell, George Kamenov, Nancy E. McTigue

引用次数: 0

Repeated conventional flushing to improve water quality in a full-scale distribution system 重复常规冲洗以改善全规模输水系统的水质

AWWA water science Pub Date : 2024-10-10 DOI: 10.1002/aws2.70001

Matthew Vedrin, Joseph N. S. Eisenberg, Sarah Page, Rebecca Lahr, Brian Steglitz, Rebecca Hardin, Lutgarde Raskin

{"title":"Repeated conventional flushing to improve water quality in a full-scale distribution system","authors":"Matthew Vedrin, Joseph N. S. Eisenberg, Sarah Page, Rebecca Lahr, Brian Steglitz, Rebecca Hardin, Lutgarde Raskin","doi":"10.1002/aws2.70001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aws2.70001","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <p>One of the primary ways utilities prevent and address water quality concerns in distribution systems is via regular hydrant flushing, yet rigorous research to evaluate the impact of full-scale flushing programs is limited. This study employed time-series and correlation analyses to evaluate the efficacy of a utility's five-month repeated conventional flushing program to reduce nitrification and improve disinfectant residual concentrations in the distribution system. Short-term water quality improvements during flushes were common across the 16 locations flushed, but lasting improvements were inconsistent as demonstrated by continued nitrification and heterogeneous water quality changes. Flushing frequencies and flow rates may need to be tailored to individual sites, even when similar water quality challenges exist. Water quality monitoring data and related analyses helped to prioritize flush sites, maximize efficiency during and between flushes, and inform decisions to implement additional interventions.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":101301,"journal":{"name":"AWWA water science","volume":"6 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/aws2.70001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142404530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Rejection of low-molecular weight neutral organics is highly sensitive to reverse osmosis system design and operation 低分子量中性有机物的去除对反渗透系统的设计和运行非常敏感

AWWA water science Pub Date : 2024-09-30 DOI: 10.1002/aws2.70000

Kerry J. Howe, Jose P. Hernandez-Quintero, Carson O. Lee

{"title":"Rejection of low-molecular weight neutral organics is highly sensitive to reverse osmosis system design and operation","authors":"Kerry J. Howe, Jose P. Hernandez-Quintero, Carson O. Lee","doi":"10.1002/aws2.70000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aws2.70000","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A computational model was developed to investigate the significance of system design and operating conditions on the rejection of neutral, low-MW organics by reverse osmosis for potable reuse. The model demonstrated that the decrease in local rejection as net driving pressure decreases is substantially greater for moderately rejected compounds than for highly rejected compounds. At recovery values less than 70%, the local permeate concentration can exceed the pressure vessel feed concentration for moderately rejected compounds. System-level rejection of moderately rejected compounds is likewise substantially more sensitive to operating conditions than highly rejected compounds. The findings highlight a drawback of relying on rejection results from bench-scale testing that operates at low recovery, which invariably has higher rejection than full-scale systems operating at similar pressure. The analysis demonstrates a trade-off in which the low-pressure, high-recovery operation desired for potable reuse systems can be detrimental to the removal of low-MW neutral organics. The removal of low-MW neutral organics can be improved if organics rejection is explicitly evaluated during the design process.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":101301,"journal":{"name":"AWWA water science","volume":"6 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142360017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Examining how media age affects organic matter removal in activated carbon filtration 研究介质龄期对活性炭过滤去除有机物的影响

AWWA water science Pub Date : 2024-08-05 DOI: 10.1002/aws2.1383

Daniel R. Bernstein, Graeme D. E. Glasgow, Mark C. Lay, Merilyn Manley-Harris

{"title":"Examining how media age affects organic matter removal in activated carbon filtration","authors":"Daniel R. Bernstein, Graeme D. E. Glasgow, Mark C. Lay, Merilyn Manley-Harris","doi":"10.1002/aws2.1383","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aws2.1383","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Water samples from Waiora Drinking Water Treatment Plant in New Zealand were analyzed using excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy (EEMS) and parallel factor (PARAFAC) analysis to evaluate organic matter removal across the plant. The assessment also included the individual granular activated carbon (GAC) filters since the filters had varying media ages due to partial media replacement over a 10-month period, presenting a unique assessment opportunity. PARAFAC analysis identified humic-like, tyrosine-protein-like, and tryptophan-protein-like components representing fluorescent dissolved organic matter groups. The humic-like component strongly correlated with total organic carbon (TOC) concentration and removal was significantly influenced by filter media age. However, protein-like components had minimal TOC correlation and were not effectively removed by the overall plant treatment irrespective of filter media age. These findings have implications for disinfection, taste and odor, and bacterial regrowth and require an improved media replacement strategy. Further study of the protein-like components is required.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":101301,"journal":{"name":"AWWA water science","volume":"6 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/aws2.1383","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141967340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Risks of stannous chloride without filtration for hexavalent chromium treatment 未经过滤的氯化亚锡处理六价铬的风险

AWWA water science Pub Date : 2024-08-04 DOI: 10.1002/aws2.1381

Anthony Kennedy, Brittany Gregory, Mathieu Medina, Douglas Whichard, Elaine Edjan, Tarrah Henrie, Chad Seidel, Craig Gorman

{"title":"Risks of stannous chloride without filtration for hexavalent chromium treatment","authors":"Anthony Kennedy, Brittany Gregory, Mathieu Medina, Douglas Whichard, Elaine Edjan, Tarrah Henrie, Chad Seidel, Craig Gorman","doi":"10.1002/aws2.1381","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aws2.1381","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <p>With increasing interest in using stannous chloride without filtration to achieve hexavalent chromium maximum contaminant level compliance in California, there is new urgency to quantify its effects on water quality and risks to public health manifested in distribution and premise plumbing systems. Accordingly, a 12-week groundwater pilot study was completed using ubiquitous premise plumbing materials under flowing (to waste) and stagnating conditions of hexavalent chromium-containing groundwater following stannous chloride addition without filtration. Results quantified the accumulation and release of chromium and tin, with total chromium concentrations exceeding regulatory or acceptable levels under stagnating conditions. Sediment with elevated chromium, tin, arsenic, and manganese concentrations was also observed. Given these observations would likely occur and worsen over time in distribution systems that cumulatively serve large populations, the use of stannous chloride without filtration represents an unacceptable risk to public health compared to other, more well-established, best available technologies.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":101301,"journal":{"name":"AWWA water science","volume":"6 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141966523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Plastic water supply connectors: Leaching, hydrocarbon contamination, and decontamination 塑料供水接头：沥滤、碳氢化合物污染和净化

AWWA water science Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1002/aws2.1382

Kristofer P. Isaacson, Halley Le, Akshat Verma, Jeffrey P. Youngblood, Amisha D. Shah, Andrew J. Whelton

{"title":"Plastic water supply connectors: Leaching, hydrocarbon contamination, and decontamination","authors":"Kristofer P. Isaacson, Halley Le, Akshat Verma, Jeffrey P. Youngblood, Amisha D. Shah, Andrew J. Whelton","doi":"10.1002/aws2.1382","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aws2.1382","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Disasters can prompt hydrocarbon contaminants to reach building water systems, and ultimately customer fixtures. Here, seven water supply connectors (e.g., ice-maker lines, faucet connectors, washing machine hoses) were exposed to contaminated water, and were subsequently decontaminated by water flushing. After a 24 h contamination period, water samples were collected after three consecutive 72 h exposure periods. Samples were characterized for volatile organic compound, semi-volatile organic compound, and total organic carbon concentrations. New, uncontaminated, PVC tubing leached phenol at concentrations that exceeded the health advisory. All materials sorbed more than 90% of hydrocarbon contaminants during the initial exposure period. All materials then released the contaminants into the water during decontamination, at times above health-based limits. The majority of sorbed mass remained in the plastics at the end of the decontamination effort, indicating the products posed continued leaching risks. Public health guidance considerations and research needs were identified.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":101301,"journal":{"name":"AWWA water science","volume":"6 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/aws2.1382","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141966516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Alcohol regeneration of anion exchange resin loaded with per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and organic contaminants 负载全氟和多氟烷基物质及有机污染物的阴离子交换树脂的酒精再生技术

AWWA water science Pub Date : 2024-07-18 DOI: 10.1002/aws2.1380

Cole Graham, Christian Kassar, Treavor H. Boyer

{"title":"Alcohol regeneration of anion exchange resin loaded with per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and organic contaminants","authors":"Cole Graham, Christian Kassar, Treavor H. Boyer","doi":"10.1002/aws2.1380","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aws2.1380","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Hydrophobic ionizable organic compounds (HIOCs) like per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), pharmaceuticals, and surfactants have been detected in water supplies. Anion exchange is an effective process for the removal of HIOCs from water. Regeneration solution comprising methanol (ca. 75% v/v) and brine is used to effectively desorb HIOCs from resins to overcome the combination of electrostatic and non-electrostatic interactions. This research investigated different mono- and polyhydroxy alcohol cosolvents with brine to regenerate resins saturated with HIOCs to understand the effects of cosolvent properties on regeneration. For PFAS desorption using 25% v/v alcohol in 5% NaCl solution, regeneration efficiency increased in the order methanol < ethanol < 1-propanol. Experiments with the pharmaceutical diclofenac and surfactant dodecylbenzene sulfonate showed similar regeneration efficiency using 75% v/v methanol in 5% NaCl solution and 25% v/v 1-propanol in 5% NaCl solution and higher regeneration efficiency using 1-propanol than ethanol or methanol at the same volume fraction.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":101301,"journal":{"name":"AWWA water science","volume":"6 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141730295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Evaluation of distribution system water quality during a free chlorine conversion 无氯转换期间配水系统水质评价

AWWA water science Pub Date : 2024-06-20 DOI: 10.1002/aws2.1377

Matthew T. Alexander, Peyton Woodruff, Jatin H. Mistry, Helen Y. Buse, Christy Muhlen, Darren A. Lytle, Jonathan G. Pressman, David G. Wahman

{"title":"Evaluation of distribution system water quality during a free chlorine conversion","authors":"Matthew T. Alexander, Peyton Woodruff, Jatin H. Mistry, Helen Y. Buse, Christy Muhlen, Darren A. Lytle, Jonathan G. Pressman, David G. Wahman","doi":"10.1002/aws2.1377","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aws2.1377","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Chloraminated drinking water systems commonly use free chlorine conversions (FCCs) to prevent or control nitrification, but unintended water quality changes may occur, including increased disinfection by-product and metal concentrations. This study evaluated water quality in a chloraminated drinking water system and residential locations before, during, and after their annual, planned FCC. Water quality alternated between relatively consistent and variable periods when switching disinfectants. During the FCC, regulated four trihalomethane and five haloacetic acid concentrations increased by four and seven times, respectively, and exceeded corresponding maximum contaminant levels. Implications of disinfection by-product sampling during an FCC were assessed, and an approach to account for increased FCC disinfection by-product concentrations was proposed. For metals, the FCC had minor impacts on distribution system concentrations and did not appear to impact residential concentrations. Overall, observed variable water quality appeared primarily associated with switching disinfectants and depended on distribution system hydraulics.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":101301,"journal":{"name":"AWWA water science","volume":"6 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141439488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Impacts of setting a numeric minimum disinfectant residual for public water system distribution systems 为公共供水系统设定最低消毒剂残留量数值的影响

AWWA water science Pub Date : 2024-06-20 DOI: 10.1002/aws2.1379

Carleigh Samson, Chad Seidel, Sheldon Masters

{"title":"Impacts of setting a numeric minimum disinfectant residual for public water system distribution systems","authors":"Carleigh Samson, Chad Seidel, Sheldon Masters","doi":"10.1002/aws2.1379","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aws2.1379","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <p>US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) requires public water systems (PWSs) that disinfect to maintain a detectable disinfectant residual throughout the distribution system (DS) to protect consumers against risks from microbial pathogens. The EPA is tasked with proposing revisions to the Microbial, Disinfectant, and Disinfection Byproduct rules by July 2025. Potential revisions could include a numeric minimum disinfectant residual level in place of the “detectable” requirement. Twenty-three states have defined a required DS numeric minimum disinfectant residual level. Only three such states, Louisiana, Colorado, and Pennsylvania, have made recent changes and have sufficient data available to assess implications. These states were used as case studies to assess the impact this regulatory change had on disinfectant residual levels and microbial and disinfection byproduct (DBP) occurrence in PWS DSs. Results included increases in disinfectant residual levels, decreases in total coliform positive occurrences and violations, and temporary increases in DBP occurrence and violations.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":101301,"journal":{"name":"AWWA water science","volume":"6 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141439487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0