AWWA water science最新文献_第2页

Impact of flocculated and softened particles on UV254 inactivation of indigenous spores

AWWA water science Pub Date : 2024-12-22 DOI: 10.1002/aws2.70010

Judith Straathof, Zuzana Bohrerova, Natalie M. Hull

{"title":"Impact of flocculated and softened particles on UV254 inactivation of indigenous spores","authors":"Judith Straathof, Zuzana Bohrerova, Natalie M. Hull","doi":"10.1002/aws2.70010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aws2.70010","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <p>US regulatory ultraviolet (UV) disinfection credit is typically granted when turbidity is ≤1 NTU. However, studies show turbidity does not always correlate well with UV dose responses. This study examined the impact of worst-case high turbidity scenarios at drinking water treatment plants on UV<sub>254</sub> inactivation of indigenous spores from unfiltered source water and unsettled flocculation and softening steps. Flocculated water (turbidity = 6.49–164 NTU) had the lowest dose response with a significantly lower Geeraerd-tail maximum inactivation rate (<i>k</i><sub>max</sub> = 0.021 cm<sup>2</sup>/mJ) and higher residual population density (<i>N</i><sub>res</sub> = 7.081 SFU/mL). Raw source water (<i>k</i><sub>max</sub> = 0.027 cm<sup>2</sup>/mJ, <i>N</i><sub>res</sub> = 1.168 SFU/mL, turbidity = 0.978–215 NTU) and softened water (<i>k</i><sub>max</sub> = 0.030 cm<sup>2</sup>/mJ, <i>N</i><sub>res</sub> = 0.216 SFU/mL, turbidity = 318–495 NTU) had similar dose responses despite significantly different water quality. Particle size and the degree of particle-associated spores best explained the differences in dose responses. Almost all spores were associated with flocculated particles instead of free-floating, which increased tailing and negatively impacted UV inactivation. Based on regulatory reduction equivalent dose bias factors and UV sensitivities of spiked <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> spores, <i>Cryptosporidium</i> would be 4-log inactivated in these raw, flocculated, or softened waters if UV transmission were ≥65%, 90%, or 80%, respectively, even though turbidity was grossly >1 NTU. Depending on particle characteristics, partial inactivation credit when turbidity is >1 NTU should be considered to avoid high-tier violations while still protecting public health.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":101301,"journal":{"name":"AWWA water science","volume":"6 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/aws2.70010","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143118150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Lithium in drinking water: Review of chemistry, analytical methods, and treatment technologies 饮用水中的锂：化学、分析方法和处理技术综述

AWWA water science Pub Date : 2024-12-17 DOI: 10.1002/aws2.70009

Julie A. Korak, Philip J. Brandhuber, Joseph E. Goodwill

{"title":"Lithium in drinking water: Review of chemistry, analytical methods, and treatment technologies","authors":"Julie A. Korak, Philip J. Brandhuber, Joseph E. Goodwill","doi":"10.1002/aws2.70009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aws2.70009","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Lithium was included in the fifth Unregulated Contaminants Monitoring Rule, signaling the Environmental Protection Agency's interest in regulating lithium. Many questions regarding occurrence, health effects, and treatability of lithium exist. This review primarily focuses on the relationship between lithium chemistry and treatability. Sampling indicates nationwide lithium occurrence in drinking water. Yet, lithium is not included in the Integrated Risk Information System, reflecting a lack of censuses regarding its health effects. Aqueous lithium is a monovalent cation with size, charge density, and solubility properties that present treatment challenges. Lithium's growing economic value is stimulating new extraction and isolation technologies, but these may not be transferable to drinking water treatment. Currently, reverse osmosis is the only full-scale drinking water treatment technology that can reliably remove significant levels (>50%) of lithium. Focusing future research efforts on electrodialysis and inorganic ion sieves may yield significant gains in effectiveness and readiness for the drinking water industry.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":101301,"journal":{"name":"AWWA water science","volume":"6 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142861636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A pilot-scale study of potable reuse impacts on surface water treatment 饮用水回用对地表水处理影响的中试研究

AWWA water science Pub Date : 2024-12-04 DOI: 10.1002/aws2.70008

Hari Seshan, Michael J. Adelman, Paige J. Russell, Joseph Quicho, Daniel Daft, Thomas Watson

{"title":"A pilot-scale study of potable reuse impacts on surface water treatment","authors":"Hari Seshan, Michael J. Adelman, Paige J. Russell, Joseph Quicho, Daniel Daft, Thomas Watson","doi":"10.1002/aws2.70008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aws2.70008","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Interest is growing in direct potable reuse where advanced-treated water and raw water are blended and fed directly to a water treatment plant (WTP). However, the impacts of raw water augmentation on treatability at drinking water treatment plants have not been studied extensively. A pilot-scale treatment system, consisting of coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, and filtration, was set up at a WTP to treat potential future blends of advanced-treated water and current raw water. The pilot plant was run with blends from 20% to 100% advanced-treated water at a range of filtration rates (2–9 gpm/sf) and coagulant doses. Under all conditions, filterable water was produced, achieving acceptable turbidity removal. Turbidity removal by sedimentation was variable (30%–90%). Filtration performance was more consistent, exceeding 90% turbidity reduction under all conditions and achieving lower headloss accumulation rates at higher advanced-treated water share. These results are optimistic for potable reuse schemes featuring raw water augmentation.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":101301,"journal":{"name":"AWWA water science","volume":"6 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142860013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

2015 United States Public Health Service optimal fluoride level adherence and operation among adjusting water systems in 40 states: 2016–2021 2015年美国公共卫生服务在40个州调整水系统中的最佳氟化物水平坚持和运行：2016-2021

AWWA water science Pub Date : 2024-12-02 DOI: 10.1002/aws2.70007

Theresa J. Boehmer, Erin K. Hamilton, Srdjan Lesaja, Bertram Thomas, Lorena Espinoza, Rachel Kaufmann, Chandresh N. Ladva

{"title":"2015 United States Public Health Service optimal fluoride level adherence and operation among adjusting water systems in 40 states: 2016–2021","authors":"Theresa J. Boehmer, Erin K. Hamilton, Srdjan Lesaja, Bertram Thomas, Lorena Espinoza, Rachel Kaufmann, Chandresh N. Ladva","doi":"10.1002/aws2.70007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aws2.70007","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In 2015, the United States Public Health Service (USPHS) set a target fluoride level for drinking water at 0.7 mg/L to maximize oral health benefits while minimizing any potential harms. Using water fluoridation operational data reported by water systems to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Water Fluoridation Reporting System (WFRS) during 2016–2021, this study assesses how water systems performed around this target. The authors summarize completeness of data reporting, assess the distribution of monthly average fluoride readings (MAFR) values, and evaluate precision in maintaining fluoride levels. About 69% of adjusting systems provided data, with an average completeness of 63.8% among them. MAFR mean was 0.71 mg/L (SD: 0.20 mg/L), indicating that water systems have primarily adopted the USPHS target. About 76% of MAFRs fell ± 0.1 mg/L around the reporting system point's mean, indicating feasibility in maintaining precision around a target. State programs and water systems could work together to improve data quality and educate operators on best practices.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":101301,"journal":{"name":"AWWA water science","volume":"6 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142764152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Drinking water buffer intensity simulator (BIS): Development and practical simulations 饮用水缓冲强度模拟器（BIS）：开发和实际模拟

AWWA water science Pub Date : 2024-11-13 DOI: 10.1002/aws2.70006

David G. Wahman, Michael R. Schock, Darren A. Lytle

{"title":"Drinking water buffer intensity simulator (BIS): Development and practical simulations","authors":"David G. Wahman, Michael R. Schock, Darren A. Lytle","doi":"10.1002/aws2.70006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aws2.70006","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <p>An established body of research over many decades has identified the importance of both bulk-water and pipe scale surface microenvironment buffering to meet distribution system pH targets and reduce corrosivity toward metallic piping and components. Buffer intensity quantifies the ability of water to resist pH changes, and the greater the buffer intensity, the more resistant the water is to pH changes. To provide a practical tool for exploring buffer intensity, a buffer intensity simulator (BIS) was implemented in open-source R code, incorporating typical chemical species (e.g., carbonate and orthophosphate) that contribute to drinking water buffer intensity along with temperature and ionic strength impacts. The BIS was verified against a parallel spreadsheet implementation and is publicly available at https://github.com/USEPA/BIS. Simulations were conducted to illustrate impacts related to buffer intensity using three practical scenarios: carbonate buffering in drinking waters, temperature impacts, and free ammonia presence from chloramine use and/or source water presence.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":101301,"journal":{"name":"AWWA water science","volume":"6 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142641996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The role of genus Bacillus in biodegradation of microcystins: Implications for the removal of cyanotoxins from tropical freshwaters 芽孢杆菌属在微囊藻毒素生物降解中的作用：对清除热带淡水中蓝藻毒素的影响

AWWA water science Pub Date : 2024-11-11 DOI: 10.1002/aws2.70005

Madhuni Madhushika Wijesooriya, Kanaji Masakorala, Widana Gamage Shirani Manel Kumari

{"title":"The role of genus Bacillus in biodegradation of microcystins: Implications for the removal of cyanotoxins from tropical freshwaters","authors":"Madhuni Madhushika Wijesooriya, Kanaji Masakorala, Widana Gamage Shirani Manel Kumari","doi":"10.1002/aws2.70005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aws2.70005","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The proliferation of harmful cyanobacterial blooms poses a threat to the ecosystem and human health. Microcystins (MCs) are the most frequently detected cyanotoxin released by cyanobacteria, including <i>Microcystis</i> sp. Our study aimed to isolate potential MC-degrading bacteria in Sri Lankan freshwater and determine their possible MC-degradation pathways. Twenty-two morphologically distinct bacterial strains from 13 freshwater bodies were isolated following the enrichment assay. MC-biodegradation assays further confirmed the MC-degradation potential of 21 strains, with <i>Bacillus</i> being the predominant genus. The strain <i>Bacillus altitudinis</i> BL1, isolated from Beira Lake, showed the highest efficiency in <i>Microcystis</i> sp. cell lysis (80%) and MC-degradation (87%). PCR assay results confirmed the absence of <i>mlr</i>ABCD genes in all strains, indicating the presence of uncharacterized alternative MC-degradation mechanisms that require further exploration. The dual functions of <i>Microcystis</i> sp. cell lysis and MC-degradation in 21 strains support developing efficient bacteria-mediated strategies to remediate microcystins and eradicate <i>Microcystis</i>-blooms in tropical freshwaters.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":101301,"journal":{"name":"AWWA water science","volume":"6 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142641691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Chlorine conversion impact on activated carbon block filters: Water quality and nitrification risk in chloraminated water 氯转化对活性炭块过滤器的影响：氯化水的水质和硝化风险

AWWA water science Pub Date : 2024-10-27 DOI: 10.1002/aws2.70003

Horace Jakpa, Katherine Alfredo

引用次数: 0

Estimating the impact of the proposed Lead and Copper Rule Improvements 估算铅铜规则改进提案的影响

AWWA water science Pub Date : 2024-10-17 DOI: 10.1002/aws2.70004

Carleigh C. Samson, Sheldon V. Masters, Christian Ley Mathews, Chad J. Seidel

{"title":"Estimating the impact of the proposed Lead and Copper Rule Improvements","authors":"Carleigh C. Samson, Sheldon V. Masters, Christian Ley Mathews, Chad J. Seidel","doi":"10.1002/aws2.70004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aws2.70004","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Lead in drinking water can lead to serious health effects, including neurodevelopmental issues and heart disease. In December 2023, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) proposed the Lead and Copper Rule Improvements (LCRI), which lower the Lead and Copper Rule's (LCR's) lead action level (AL) from 15 parts per billion (ppb) to 10 ppb and require both first- and fifth-liter sampling and 90th percentile compliance calculations based on the highest lead levels at sites with lead service lines. A methodology for estimating the likelihood a system will have an AL exceedance (ALE) under the LCRI was developed using Michigan LCR compliance data and applied to national LCR compliance data. Findings were compared to EPA's estimates, indicating EPA may have underestimated the percent of smaller systems (serving <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>≤</mo>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation>$$ le $$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> 3300) with ALEs and overestimated the percent of larger systems (serving > 10,000), thus underestimating costs and overestimating the benefits of this rulemaking.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":101301,"journal":{"name":"AWWA water science","volume":"6 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/aws2.70004","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142451256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The use of lead isotopes for determining sources of lead in drinking water 利用铅同位素确定饮用水中铅的来源

AWWA water science Pub Date : 2024-10-14 DOI: 10.1002/aws2.70002

David A. Cornwell, George Kamenov, Nancy E. McTigue

引用次数: 0

Repeated conventional flushing to improve water quality in a full-scale distribution system 重复常规冲洗以改善全规模输水系统的水质

AWWA water science Pub Date : 2024-10-10 DOI: 10.1002/aws2.70001

Matthew Vedrin, Joseph N. S. Eisenberg, Sarah Page, Rebecca Lahr, Brian Steglitz, Rebecca Hardin, Lutgarde Raskin

{"title":"Repeated conventional flushing to improve water quality in a full-scale distribution system","authors":"Matthew Vedrin, Joseph N. S. Eisenberg, Sarah Page, Rebecca Lahr, Brian Steglitz, Rebecca Hardin, Lutgarde Raskin","doi":"10.1002/aws2.70001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aws2.70001","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <p>One of the primary ways utilities prevent and address water quality concerns in distribution systems is via regular hydrant flushing, yet rigorous research to evaluate the impact of full-scale flushing programs is limited. This study employed time-series and correlation analyses to evaluate the efficacy of a utility's five-month repeated conventional flushing program to reduce nitrification and improve disinfectant residual concentrations in the distribution system. Short-term water quality improvements during flushes were common across the 16 locations flushed, but lasting improvements were inconsistent as demonstrated by continued nitrification and heterogeneous water quality changes. Flushing frequencies and flow rates may need to be tailored to individual sites, even when similar water quality challenges exist. Water quality monitoring data and related analyses helped to prioritize flush sites, maximize efficiency during and between flushes, and inform decisions to implement additional interventions.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":101301,"journal":{"name":"AWWA water science","volume":"6 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/aws2.70001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142404530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0