AWWA water science最新文献

{"title":"Why CODMn Is Not Suitable for Assessing NOM Concentration in Source Waters","authors":"Jana Naceradska,&nbsp;Eva Tobolkova,&nbsp;Jan Haild,&nbsp;Lenka Pivokonska,&nbsp;Martin Pivokonsky","doi":"10.1002/aws2.70026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aws2.70026","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Total organic carbon (TOC) and permanganate chemical oxygen demand (COD_Mn) are the most commonly employed methods to determine the amount of natural organic matter (NOM) in raw and drinking water. However, the usage of COD_Mn is questionable due to its variable degrees of oxidation for different types of organics. Our study investigates the ratio of COD_Mn to TOC in source waters with diverse NOM compositions characterized by specific UV absorbance (SUVA) and total organic nitrogen (TON). Herein, mountainous water sources with high amounts of humic substances (high SUVA, low TON) exhibit approximately 1.8–2.5 times higher COD_Mn values than lowland algae-laden sources (low SUVA, high TON) despite having the same TOC values. The determination of COD_Mn, therefore, can give misleading information about the amount of organics in waters with different NOM character and underestimate the NOM concentration in lowland algae-laden water sources, which could have implications for drinking water quality.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":101301,"journal":{"name":"AWWA water science","volume":"7 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144666223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of Data-Driven Models in Predicting Energy Intensity for Water Sources Allocation","authors":"Hung Q. Nguyen,&nbsp;Rehnuma Salsavil,&nbsp;Hui Wang,&nbsp;Tirusew Asefa,&nbsp;Qiong Zhang","doi":"10.1002/aws2.70025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aws2.70025","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study explores data-driven models to predict energy intensity and optimize production allocation in Tampa Bay Water's system in Florida, which utilizes desalinated seawater, surface water, and groundwater as main water supply sources. Analyzing extensive data on water quality, chemical usage, production, and energy consumption revealed significant energy intensity variations: desalination consumed the most (13,240–14,340 kWh/MG), followed by groundwater (616–2450 kWh/MG, with Morris Bridge wellfield at 1901–2078 kWh/MG) and surface water (593.9–596.7 kWh/MG). Production volume was the primary determinant of energy intensity across all sources, with additional influences from temperature, total dissolved solids, and chemicals. Multiple machine learning algorithms were evaluated, with random forest performing best for desalination and XGBoost and linear regression showing moderate accuracy for surface water and groundwater, respectively. Two optimization approaches were proposed, namely linear programming and an iterative machine learning method. Though achieving similar optimal solutions, the linear method proved more computationally efficient.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":101301,"journal":{"name":"AWWA water science","volume":"7 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144598503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Accumulation and Mobilization of Material Near Pipe Appurtenances in a Full-Scale Laboratory","authors":"Benjamin Anderson,&nbsp;Artur Sass Braga,&nbsp;Yves Filion,&nbsp;Sarah Jane Payne","doi":"10.1002/aws2.70024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aws2.70024","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper investigates the occurrence of enhanced material accumulation near pipe appurtenances in drinking water distribution systems and how pipe flushing strategies can have an impact on the mobilization of this material. The accumulation of sediments in fittings and appurtenances of different materials and ages is a well-known cause of water quality problems and a long-standing preoccupation of water utilities. A set of four experiments was completed in a full-scale laboratory pipe rig using iron oxide particles to simulate material dynamics in the system. Results showed that wye fittings located at the ends of the pipe loop favored the accumulation of particles, and changing flushing direction enhanced their mobilization. These results reinforce the findings of previous studies that suggested that common appurtenances in drinking water networks can favor material accumulation and provoke water quality issues. Foreknowledge of these hotspots and their sediments behavior upon mobilization during flushing might assist water utilities in improving flushing strategies. It is recommended that reverse flushing can be used to address high material accumulation near pipe appurtenances, especially in topologically simple areas of a network where flow paths are predictable and easily ascertained.</p>","PeriodicalId":101301,"journal":{"name":"AWWA water science","volume":"7 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/aws2.70024","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144598504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction to “Interlaboratory Performance Study of Cyanobacteria DNA Reference Materials Using a qPCR Format for Monitoring Cyanobacterial Blooms”","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/aws2.70023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aws2.70023","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Pinheiro, L. B., M. van Asten, L. Antin, et al. 2025. “Interlaboratory Performance Study of Cyanobacteria DNA Reference Materials Using a qPCR Format for Monitoring Cyanobacterial Blooms.” <i>AWWA Water Science</i> 7, no. 2: e70018. https://doi.org/10.1002/aws2.70018</p><p>The author, Kristin Greenwood, has been replaced by Justin Seikel, who was responsible for all lab work, data analysis, and manuscript review input. The author list has been changed in the original published article.</p><p>We apologize for this error.</p>","PeriodicalId":101301,"journal":{"name":"AWWA water science","volume":"7 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/aws2.70023","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144503129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Selection and Use of GCM Projections in Planning for Future Water Supply","authors":"Helen Gerlach,&nbsp;Daria Deeds,&nbsp;Sabiha Tabassum,&nbsp;Richard Hoffpauir,&nbsp;Zong-Liang Yang,&nbsp;Paola Passalacqua,&nbsp;Geeta Persad,&nbsp;Dev Niyogi,&nbsp;Wen-Ying Wu,&nbsp;Marisa Flores Gonzalez","doi":"10.1002/aws2.70022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aws2.70022","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Austin Water (AW) is the municipal water utility for Austin, Texas, and performs future water supply planning through an integrated water resource planning process known as Water Forward. This article details Austin Water's methodology for incorporating climate projections from Global Circulation Models (GCMs) into their water supply planning process and offers a framework for other water utilities and planning organizations to incorporate similar analyses, enhancing their ability to address future uncertainties.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":101301,"journal":{"name":"AWWA water science","volume":"7 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144323660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estimating Potential for Nonvolatile PFAS Removal in Aeration Basins via Near-Surface Aerosol Capture","authors":"Charles E. Schaefer,&nbsp;Eden Novak,&nbsp;Dung Nguyen","doi":"10.1002/aws2.70021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aws2.70021","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) accumulation near the water surface was measured within a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) aeration basin. Three different sampling methods targeted near-surface samples (centimeters below the water surface), surface microlayer samples (millimeters below the water surface), and PFAS flux meters (centimeters above the water surface to capture aerosols) were used to interrogate PFAS enrichment as a function of proximity to the water surface. Sampling of stable foams was also employed in this investigation. Results showed that, for long-chained PFAS, substantial PFAS enrichment occurred only within millimeters of the surface, in aerosols, and in foams. Deployed PFAS flux meters showed increasing capture with decreasing height above the wastewater surface and with increasing PFAS surface activity. Using a screening-level model to extrapolate results of the field test, substantial (64%–92%) removal of long-chained PFAS from the bulk wastewater could be attained if near-surface (within centimeters of the water surface) aerosol capture to prevent redeposition of the PFAS-rich aerosols into the bulk wastewater was extended to the entire aeration basin.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":101301,"journal":{"name":"AWWA water science","volume":"7 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143831191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lead Solubility in Drinking Water: A Comparison of Experimental Lead Solubility and Geochemical Modeling Predictions","authors":"Emory Hayden-Kaplan,&nbsp;Madeline Larsen,&nbsp;David Cornwell,&nbsp;Nancy McTigue,&nbsp;Jean-Claude Bonzongo,&nbsp;Benjamin Swaringen","doi":"10.1002/aws2.70020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aws2.70020","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Geochemical solubility modeling is a cost-effective method to estimate equilibrium lead (Pb) concentrations in drinking water under specific environmental conditions. Laboratory Pb-solubility studies (sometimes called coupon studies) are also economical and can generate comparative Pb solubility data for different water qualities. Both methods are widely used by utilities in screening corrosion control treatment, and both methods are assumed to provide insights on CCT for Pb without the influence of years of built-up scale. No research has compared the two methods to see if they give similar results for the same water. While these techniques have limitations and do not always represent Pb levels in service lines and premise plumbing, they are valuable for predicting Pb solubility trends under controlled conditions. In this study, Pb coupons immersed in chemically diverse waters provided experimental data on Pb solubility, which was then compared to predictions from two widely used geochemical models, MINEQL+ and LEADSOL. In tests without orthophosphate (PO₄³⁻), experimental Pb concentrations increased as pH decreased, consistent with model predictions. Between pH 7.5 and 8.5, Pb levels slightly declined as predicted by the model but were less dependent on dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) than model predictions. However, at pH 8.5–10, Pb concentrations remained constant experimentally, whereas the model predicted significant reductions in Pb. Neither MINEQL+ nor LEADSOL models and experimental data were statistically the same using the built-in constants. Adjusting Log K_<i>sp</i> for hydrocerussite allowed the data and models to be statistically the same. In waters with PO₄³⁻, high DIC (50 mg/L as C) experimental results matched model predictions. At low DIC (3 mg/L as C), Pb concentrations varied less than modeled, and higher PO₄³⁻ doses were needed to reduce Pb levels compared to low-DIC waters. Overall, geochemical modeling and Pb solubility studies provide critical insights into Pb control strategies, and either or both methods can help screen the impact of possible water quality changes on Pb levels. Solubility testing is preferred, as site-specific solubility constants are generally unknown. Using the solubility models' adjustments to Log <i>K</i>_<i>sp</i> described in this paper is recommended if the site-specific Log <i>K</i>_<i>sp</i> is unknown.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":101301,"journal":{"name":"AWWA water science","volume":"7 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143770004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Door Hangers and Incentives Induced Little Participation in Lead Water Pipe Inspections","authors":"Ludovica Gazze,&nbsp;Heather Klemick,&nbsp;Bryan Parthum,&nbsp;Ann Wolverton","doi":"10.1002/aws2.70019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aws2.70019","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The Environmental Protection Agency has finalized regulations to require water systems to replace millions of lead pipes with safer alternatives for carrying drinking water into U.S. homes. Before replacing them, water systems must identify where these lead service lines are located due to incomplete inventories. We conducted a randomized controlled trial to evaluate an intervention that targeted properties with unknown pipe material in Trenton, New Jersey—a community with older housing stock and a high concentration of people of color, renters, and households experiencing poverty. The intervention included two treatments: door hangers with information about a self-inspection process that allowed residents to submit a photo of their service line, and similar door hangers offering gift card incentives upon submission of a self-inspection. These treatments had null or small effects on residents' participation in self-inspection. Under 1% of treated addresses participated in a self-inspection, including those offered the highest incentive of $100.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":101301,"journal":{"name":"AWWA water science","volume":"7 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143698844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interlaboratory Performance Study of Cyanobacteria DNA Reference Materials Using a qPCR Format for Monitoring Cyanobacterial Blooms","authors":"Leonardo B. Pinheiro,&nbsp;Mark Van Asten,&nbsp;Luminita Antin,&nbsp;Hunter Adams,&nbsp;Judy Y. Qiu,&nbsp;Mary Robinson,&nbsp;Suzane DeLorenzo,&nbsp;Robert Holmes,&nbsp;Megan Hurd,&nbsp;Rueyjing Tang,&nbsp;Kale Clausen,&nbsp;Kristin Greenwood,&nbsp;Rahana Sudhi,&nbsp;Paul Wright,&nbsp;Konstanze Steiner,&nbsp;Anne Gérard,&nbsp;Somanath Bhat,&nbsp;Anna Baoutina,&nbsp;Kerry Emslie","doi":"10.1002/aws2.70018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aws2.70018","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Digital PCR (dPCR) has increasingly been used as a primary measurement method for the characterization of nucleic acid reference materials. Nucleic acid reference materials are particularly useful when used for the validation and calibration of quantitative PCR (qPCR). In this study, we describe the development and characterization of Cyanobacteria DNA reference materials (RM) using dPCR. An international interlaboratory study involving 14 laboratories was conducted using the Cyanobacteria DNA RM in combination with a lyophilized PCR reagent designed for the monitoring of Cyanobacteria bloom events. Of the 55 scored study results obtained using qPCR-based techniques, 62% were within the 8% relative expanded uncertainty based on dPCR measurements, while 100% of the study results returned satisfactory <i>z</i> scores calculated using a set performance coefficient of variation equivalent to one Ct value. The study participants' results indicate that the cyanobacteria DNA RM is fit for the purpose of method validation and quality control of the qPCR format used for monitoring toxic cyanobacteria algae bloom events. Most importantly, the study results demonstrated that the use of standardized reagents combined with highly characterized nucleic acid RMs allows qPCR-based DNA quantification technology to reach levels of accuracy and reproducibility comparable to those achieved with digital PCR technology.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":101301,"journal":{"name":"AWWA water science","volume":"7 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143595056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Robustness and Related Concepts for Climate Adaptation in Drinking Water Treatment Systems","authors":"Kirti S. Nemani,&nbsp;Sigrid Peldszus,&nbsp;Peter M. Huck","doi":"10.1002/aws2.70017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aws2.70017","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Climate change intensifies extreme weather events, potentially posing significant challenges to the quality and quantity of surface water available for drinking water treatment. Quantifying and substantiating a treatment system's capacity and vulnerability in handling a range of raw water conditions is crucial for preparing for future climate scenarios. Concepts like resilience and reliability and related tools have been applied to drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs), but often fail to capture the operational boundaries of treatment processes. Robustness offers a complementary approach, focusing on the range of conditions a system can effectively manage, thereby laying the foundation for improving the system and thus bridging a critical gap in adaptation strategies. This review examines the interconnections between robustness, resilience, reliability, risk, and vulnerability, providing tailored definitions for DWTPs. It also introduces visual diagrams to further illustrate their link and collective role in climate adaptation planning.</p>","PeriodicalId":101301,"journal":{"name":"AWWA water science","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/aws2.70017","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143455813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}