AWWA water science最新文献

{"title":"Lead Solubility in Drinking Water: A Comparison of Experimental Lead Solubility and Geochemical Modeling Predictions","authors":"Emory Hayden-Kaplan,&nbsp;Madeline Larsen,&nbsp;David Cornwell,&nbsp;Nancy McTigue,&nbsp;Jean-Claude Bonzongo,&nbsp;Benjamin Swaringen","doi":"10.1002/aws2.70020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aws2.70020","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Geochemical solubility modeling is a cost-effective method to estimate equilibrium lead (Pb) concentrations in drinking water under specific environmental conditions. Laboratory Pb-solubility studies (sometimes called coupon studies) are also economical and can generate comparative Pb solubility data for different water qualities. Both methods are widely used by utilities in screening corrosion control treatment, and both methods are assumed to provide insights on CCT for Pb without the influence of years of built-up scale. No research has compared the two methods to see if they give similar results for the same water. While these techniques have limitations and do not always represent Pb levels in service lines and premise plumbing, they are valuable for predicting Pb solubility trends under controlled conditions. In this study, Pb coupons immersed in chemically diverse waters provided experimental data on Pb solubility, which was then compared to predictions from two widely used geochemical models, MINEQL+ and LEADSOL. In tests without orthophosphate (PO₄³⁻), experimental Pb concentrations increased as pH decreased, consistent with model predictions. Between pH 7.5 and 8.5, Pb levels slightly declined as predicted by the model but were less dependent on dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) than model predictions. However, at pH 8.5–10, Pb concentrations remained constant experimentally, whereas the model predicted significant reductions in Pb. Neither MINEQL+ nor LEADSOL models and experimental data were statistically the same using the built-in constants. Adjusting Log K_<i>sp</i> for hydrocerussite allowed the data and models to be statistically the same. In waters with PO₄³⁻, high DIC (50 mg/L as C) experimental results matched model predictions. At low DIC (3 mg/L as C), Pb concentrations varied less than modeled, and higher PO₄³⁻ doses were needed to reduce Pb levels compared to low-DIC waters. Overall, geochemical modeling and Pb solubility studies provide critical insights into Pb control strategies, and either or both methods can help screen the impact of possible water quality changes on Pb levels. Solubility testing is preferred, as site-specific solubility constants are generally unknown. Using the solubility models' adjustments to Log <i>K</i>_<i>sp</i> described in this paper is recommended if the site-specific Log <i>K</i>_<i>sp</i> is unknown.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":101301,"journal":{"name":"AWWA water science","volume":"7 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143770004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Door Hangers and Incentives Induced Little Participation in Lead Water Pipe Inspections","authors":"Ludovica Gazze,&nbsp;Heather Klemick,&nbsp;Bryan Parthum,&nbsp;Ann Wolverton","doi":"10.1002/aws2.70019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aws2.70019","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The Environmental Protection Agency has finalized regulations to require water systems to replace millions of lead pipes with safer alternatives for carrying drinking water into U.S. homes. Before replacing them, water systems must identify where these lead service lines are located due to incomplete inventories. We conducted a randomized controlled trial to evaluate an intervention that targeted properties with unknown pipe material in Trenton, New Jersey—a community with older housing stock and a high concentration of people of color, renters, and households experiencing poverty. The intervention included two treatments: door hangers with information about a self-inspection process that allowed residents to submit a photo of their service line, and similar door hangers offering gift card incentives upon submission of a self-inspection. These treatments had null or small effects on residents' participation in self-inspection. Under 1% of treated addresses participated in a self-inspection, including those offered the highest incentive of $100.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":101301,"journal":{"name":"AWWA water science","volume":"7 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143698844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interlaboratory Performance Study of Cyanobacteria DNA Reference Materials Using a qPCR Format for Monitoring Cyanobacterial Blooms","authors":"Leonardo B. Pinheiro,&nbsp;Mark Van Asten,&nbsp;Luminita Antin,&nbsp;Hunter Adams,&nbsp;Judy Y. Qiu,&nbsp;Mary Robinson,&nbsp;Suzane DeLorenzo,&nbsp;Robert Holmes,&nbsp;Megan Hurd,&nbsp;Rueyjing Tang,&nbsp;Kale Clausen,&nbsp;Kristin Greenwood,&nbsp;Rahana Sudhi,&nbsp;Paul Wright,&nbsp;Konstanze Steiner,&nbsp;Anne Gérard,&nbsp;Somanath Bhat,&nbsp;Anna Baoutina,&nbsp;Kerry Emslie","doi":"10.1002/aws2.70018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aws2.70018","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Digital PCR (dPCR) has increasingly been used as a primary measurement method for the characterization of nucleic acid reference materials. Nucleic acid reference materials are particularly useful when used for the validation and calibration of quantitative PCR (qPCR). In this study, we describe the development and characterization of Cyanobacteria DNA reference materials (RM) using dPCR. An international interlaboratory study involving 14 laboratories was conducted using the Cyanobacteria DNA RM in combination with a lyophilized PCR reagent designed for the monitoring of Cyanobacteria bloom events. Of the 55 scored study results obtained using qPCR-based techniques, 62% were within the 8% relative expanded uncertainty based on dPCR measurements, while 100% of the study results returned satisfactory <i>z</i> scores calculated using a set performance coefficient of variation equivalent to one Ct value. The study participants' results indicate that the cyanobacteria DNA RM is fit for the purpose of method validation and quality control of the qPCR format used for monitoring toxic cyanobacteria algae bloom events. Most importantly, the study results demonstrated that the use of standardized reagents combined with highly characterized nucleic acid RMs allows qPCR-based DNA quantification technology to reach levels of accuracy and reproducibility comparable to those achieved with digital PCR technology.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":101301,"journal":{"name":"AWWA water science","volume":"7 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143595056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Robustness and Related Concepts for Climate Adaptation in Drinking Water Treatment Systems","authors":"Kirti S. Nemani,&nbsp;Sigrid Peldszus,&nbsp;Peter M. Huck","doi":"10.1002/aws2.70017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aws2.70017","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Climate change intensifies extreme weather events, potentially posing significant challenges to the quality and quantity of surface water available for drinking water treatment. Quantifying and substantiating a treatment system's capacity and vulnerability in handling a range of raw water conditions is crucial for preparing for future climate scenarios. Concepts like resilience and reliability and related tools have been applied to drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs), but often fail to capture the operational boundaries of treatment processes. Robustness offers a complementary approach, focusing on the range of conditions a system can effectively manage, thereby laying the foundation for improving the system and thus bridging a critical gap in adaptation strategies. This review examines the interconnections between robustness, resilience, reliability, risk, and vulnerability, providing tailored definitions for DWTPs. It also introduces visual diagrams to further illustrate their link and collective role in climate adaptation planning.</p>","PeriodicalId":101301,"journal":{"name":"AWWA water science","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/aws2.70017","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143455813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lithium Removal From Drinking Water","authors":"Asher E. Keithley,&nbsp;Page Jordan,&nbsp;Christy Muhlen,&nbsp;Matthew Pinelli,&nbsp;Darren A. Lytle","doi":"10.1002/aws2.70016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aws2.70016","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Lithium (Li) is listed on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's fifth Contaminant Candidate List (CCL 5), and its occurrence in drinking water is being quantified under the fifth Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR5). Little information is available on its removal from drinking water. The current study evaluated 19 historical pilot- and full-scale studies and conducted sampling at 13 water treatment plants. The 32 sites included 3 surface water and 29 groundwater sources, and 8 treatment process categories. Conventional surface water treatment, adsorptive media, biological aerobic groundwater treatment, and manganese removal filters were not effective at removing Li. Cation exchange sometimes achieved Li removal, but removals were inconsistent. Lime softening often removed 11%–54% Li, but treated water Li typically was &gt; 10 μg/L. RO removed &gt; 90% of Li, although finished water concentrations depended on blending rates. This study fills a critical gap in evaluating Li treatability through the existing water treatment infrastructure.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":101301,"journal":{"name":"AWWA water science","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143380812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Automated Acquisition of Historical Water Distribution Pipe Repair Location Data","authors":"Charles Scawthorn,&nbsp;Joseph McGlinchy,&nbsp;Keith Porter","doi":"10.1002/aws2.70015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aws2.70015","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We report an innovative method of extracting water distribution network (WDN) historical repair location data from images of paper repair data maps, to provide usable geo-referenced digitally formatted data. For most water utilities, repair location data typically fall into two eras: pre- and post-GIS, approximately corresponding to pre- and post-2000. Automated conversion of pre-2000 paper maps to a geo-referenced digital format provides additional data to clarify trends in pipe repair causative factors, such as material defects, corrosive or creeping soils, and traffic. We applied the methodology to more than 3,000 maps of the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power WDN, thereby extending the record of repairs backward from 2000 to 1975, almost doubling the number of repair records. The methodology's value, when using the resulting data for analysis, lies in the following: (a) large volumes of hard copy data can now be acquired in an automated manner, saving significant time and effort, (b) specific repair locations are accurately captured, resulting in (c) more reliable, confident, analyses, and results, (d) ongoing problem areas, due to corrosive or creeping soils for example, can be more specifically understood.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":101301,"journal":{"name":"AWWA water science","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143120514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding the Cost of Basic Drinking Water Services in the United States: A National Assessment","authors":"Sara Hughes,&nbsp;Christine J. Kirchhoff,&nbsp;Michelle Lee,&nbsp;David Switzer","doi":"10.1002/aws2.70014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aws2.70014","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The cost of basic drinking water services has implications for affordability, investment capacity, and public health. The fragmentation of drinking water services in the United States makes it difficult to reliably track and compare what customers pay for basic drinking water services. This paper uses a new, national dataset to examine the social, political, environmental, and institutional drivers of the cost of basic drinking water services, measured as the cost to households of 6000 gal of water per month. We find basic drinking water service costs vary widely across the United States. Costs are generally higher in smaller and more liberal cities and lower in places that rely on groundwater sources. Our findings provide a unique national perspective on variation in, and drivers of, the cost of basic water services and can inform efforts to improve the affordability, accessibility, and quality of drinking water services in the United States.</p>","PeriodicalId":101301,"journal":{"name":"AWWA water science","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/aws2.70014","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143118529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Method Development, Interlaboratory Comparison, and Occurrence Study for 19 Taste and Odor Compounds by Solid-Phase Microextraction Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry","authors":"Hunter Adams,&nbsp;Sam Reeder,&nbsp;Katie Kohoutek,&nbsp;Christiane Hoppe-Jones,&nbsp;Susheera Pochiraju,&nbsp;Mark Southard,&nbsp;Keisuke Ikehata,&nbsp;Carlos A. Espindola Jr,&nbsp;Andrea M. Dietrich,&nbsp;Gary A. Burlingame,&nbsp;Daniel K. Nix,&nbsp;Ruth Marfil-Vega,&nbsp;Terry Jeffers,&nbsp;I. H. (Mel) Suffet,&nbsp;Michelle Ashman,&nbsp;Kandé Duncan,&nbsp;Eduardo Morales,&nbsp;William C. Lipps","doi":"10.1002/aws2.70013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aws2.70013","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Public water systems (PWSs) need robust taste and odor (T&amp;O) methods for a diverse range of compounds to proactively monitor their systems from source to tap and make informed treatment decisions. In this study, Standard Method 6040D T&amp;O compounds by solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography–mass spectrometry was revised to include 19 T&amp;O compounds with various odor descriptors including earthy, musty, grassy, woody, fishy, septic, fruity, and sweet. An interlaboratory comparison was performed to determine method accuracy, precision, reproducibility, and ruggedness. Three laboratories achieved passing quality control (QC) acceptance criteria for all 19 compounds, and one laboratory achieved passing QC acceptance criteria for 14 compounds. In this article, occurrence data and method applications are also discussed, which will allow PWSs to monitor diverse classes of T&amp;O compounds and make informed, proactive treatment decisions to maintain high aesthetic quality for their customers.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":101301,"journal":{"name":"AWWA water science","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143112749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mixed Adsorbents: Synergic Effects Improve Problematic Compounds Removal During Drinking Water Treatment","authors":"Katerina Sichrova,&nbsp;Lenka Cermakova,&nbsp;Katerina Novotna,&nbsp;Lenka Pivokonska,&nbsp;Veronika Zustakova,&nbsp;Martin Pivokonsky","doi":"10.1002/aws2.70011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aws2.70011","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study investigated the adsorption using mixed adsorbents comprising different proportions of commercially available granular activated carbons (GACs) and compared their performance to single GACs for removing algal organic matter (AOM) and pesticides. In addition to diverse GAC ratios, the effects of adsorbent dosage and solution pH were investigated for AOM, pesticides, and an AOM-pesticide mixture. The mixed adsorbents can achieve overall higher removal of AOM and pesticides in a mixture. Surprisingly, even the removal of single adsorbates increased when mixed adsorbents were used. The AOM removal increased from 25%–29% using single GACs to 44% using a suitable adsorbent mixture; similarly, the pesticide removal increased from 52%–67% to 74%. The adsorbent ratio was the key influential factor. Additionally, the pH value also significantly affected the adsorption. Using a mixture of different adsorbents is a promising method for treating drinking water.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":101301,"journal":{"name":"AWWA water science","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143112750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pilot-Scale Analysis of Stagnation and Flushing in Premise Plumbing","authors":"Derek Hogue,&nbsp;McKenzie Steele,&nbsp;Treavor H. Boyer","doi":"10.1002/aws2.70012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aws2.70012","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Research has demonstrated that water quality degrades in commercial and institutional (C&amp;I) building premise plumbing leading to increased risk to consumers. This study aimed to bridge the gap between real premise plumbing systems and theory by using a pilot scale pipe rig representative of C&amp;I premise plumbing. The research examined changes in key water quality parameters, including chlorine, copper, trihalomethanes (THMs), and cellular ATP (cATP) across different flushing and stagnation conditions. Results indicated significant degradation during periods of stagnation found in real premise plumbing, with reductions in chlorine levels and increases in copper and THM concentrations. Conversely, flushing effectively renewed water quality, though the extent varied with system size and flow dynamics. Correlations were found between key water quality variables. The findings emphasize the need for strategic water management practices to mitigate risks associated with poor water quality in building plumbing systems.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":101301,"journal":{"name":"AWWA water science","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143112539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}