AWWA water science最新文献

{"title":"Microelectrode investigation of iron and copper surfaces aged in presence of monochloramine","authors":"Beatriz C. Gonzalez,&nbsp;Jennifer E. Liggett,&nbsp;Darren A. Lytle,&nbsp;Woo Hyoung Lee,&nbsp;Stephen M. Harmon,&nbsp;Jonathan G. Pressman,&nbsp;David G. Wahman","doi":"10.1002/aws2.1375","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aws2.1375","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Ductile iron and copper coupons were aged 137–189 days and 2 days, respectively, with 2 mg Cl₂ L⁻¹ monochloramine under four water chemistries (pH 7 or 9 and 0 or 3 mg L⁻¹ orthophosphate). Subsequently, microelectrode profiles of monochloramine concentration, oxygen concentration, and pH were measured from the bulk water to near the coupon reactive surface, allowing estimation of flux and apparent surface reaction rate constants for monochloramine and oxygen. Both metals showed similar trends with orthophosphate where orthophosphate decreased metal reactivity with monochloramine (pH 9) and oxygen (pH 7). Comparing iron and copper coupons, apparent surface reaction rate constants for monochloramine and oxygen were one and two orders of magnitude greater, respectively, for iron coupons under all conditions. Overall, this research provides the first insights into monochloramine concentration, oxygen concentration, and pH by direct measurement near ductile iron and copper reactive surfaces aged in the presence of monochloramine.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":101301,"journal":{"name":"AWWA water science","volume":"6 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141430250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Monitoring natural organic matter in drinking water treatment with photoelectrochemical oxygen demand","authors":"Isobel DeMont,&nbsp;Lindsay E. Anderson,&nbsp;Jessica L. Bennett,&nbsp;Chrissa Sfynia,&nbsp;Paul Bjorndahl,&nbsp;Peter Jarvis,&nbsp;Amina K. Stoddart,&nbsp;Graham A. Gagnon","doi":"10.1002/aws2.1378","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aws2.1378","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Conventional metrics such as total organic carbon (TOC) and ultraviolet absorbance at 254 nm (UV₂₅₄) may oversee aspects of natural organic matter (NOM) reactivity in drinking water treatment. The novel photoelectrochemical oxygen demand (peCOD) analyzer indirectly measures the oxygen consumed during NOM oxidation with photo- and electrochemical methods, quantifying NOM reactivity. peCOD was valuable for tracking NOM degradation in nine drinking water treatment facilities, particularly in processes where conventional metrics failed to capture changes in NOM from partial oxidation (e.g., biofiltration and oxidation). However, peCOD exhibited moderate correlations with TOC (R² = 0.67) and UV₂₅₄ (R² = 0.48), indicating the need for its concurrent use with conventional methods. While peCOD was not a significant predictor of disinfection by-product formation potential (R² &lt; 0.20), its inclusion alongside standard NOM metrics improved the performance of multivariable regression models. Thus, peCOD provided a rapid, standardized, operator-friendly, environmentally conscious, concentration-based approach for evaluating NOM characteristics in drinking water samples.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":101301,"journal":{"name":"AWWA water science","volume":"6 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/aws2.1378","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141430251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A data-driven predictive model for disinfectant residual in drinking water storage tanks","authors":"Grigorios Kyritsakas,&nbsp;Joby Boxall,&nbsp;Vanessa Speight","doi":"10.1002/aws2.1376","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aws2.1376","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A data-driven approach is developed and proven for ranking the risk of low disinfection residual in water distribution storage tanks, 1 month ahead. The forecasting methodology uses water quality data collected from drinking water treatment plants, storage tank outlets, and rainfall data as inputs. This methodology was developed and tested with data from a water utility serving more than 5 million people. Results show high-risk category prediction accuracy of 75%–80%. Using a final year of unseen validation data, more than 90% of the storage tanks ranked in the top 20 by the forecasting methodology experienced low disinfectant residual in the following month. Storage tanks are critical water distribution system infrastructure that are currently managed reactively. The adoption of such readily transferable machine learning approaches enables direct proactive management strategies and efficient interventions that can help ensure drinking water quality.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":101301,"journal":{"name":"AWWA water science","volume":"6 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/aws2.1376","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141424950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determination of oxidation rate constant for nodularin-r, saxitoxin, dc-saxitoxin, and neo-saxitoxin with conventional water treatment plant oxidants and advanced oxidation processes","authors":"Samar Maalouf,&nbsp;Craig Adams,&nbsp;Christiane Hoppe-Jones","doi":"10.1002/aws2.1374","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aws2.1374","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The effectiveness of chemical oxidation depends on the type of cyanotoxins present in the water and varies with the water quality parameters. This study investigated four cyanotoxins to understand their reactions with conventional drinking water treatment plant oxidants and with advanced oxidation. Kinetic rate constants between saxitoxin, and two variants (dcSTX and neoSTX), and nodularin-R with chlorine, monochloramine, permanganate, ozone, and hydroxyl radicals (UV-H₂O₂) were developed under different pH and temperature conditions. Nodularin-R kinetic rate constants were comparable to peer-reviewed microcystin-LR rate constants with reaction rates in the order of OH radicals &gt; ozone &gt;&gt; chlorine &gt; permanganate &gt;&gt; monochloramine. The speciation of saxitoxins with pH had a dominant effect on their reaction rates with the listed oxidants. Chlorine was the only oxidant effective for saxitoxins removal. The reaction rates of saxitoxins with OH radicals varied slightly with pH but were around two orders of magnitude less than microcystin-LR's.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":101301,"journal":{"name":"AWWA water science","volume":"6 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141251309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Data-efficient and risk-based pressure sensor placement optimization for water systems","authors":"Thomas Ying-Jeh Chen,&nbsp;Joseph Dryer,&nbsp;Ankur Rathor,&nbsp;Greg Hoover,&nbsp;Amin Ganjidoost","doi":"10.1002/aws2.1373","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aws2.1373","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Deployment of remote metering infrastructure can help utilities improve pressure management and limit pipe break impacts. Since it is cost-infeasible to install sensors to fully cover an entire system, a risk-based approach where devices are deployed in areas of systemic vulnerabilities will maximize the benefit of these limited resources. Previous work on sensor allocations requires well-calibrated hydraulic models that contain a full asset inventory. This high barrier of data requirement makes it difficult to apply existing methods. In this research, we present a more efficient methodology with lower data requirements. Proxies for system vulnerabilities are generated using historic break records, and GIS inventories are used to derive candidate installation points. The problem is presented as a generalized version of the well-studied maximal coverage location problem, where locations are selected for optimal coverage of risky areas. The workflow is demonstrated on a small suburban utility in Pennsylvania, USA.</p>","PeriodicalId":101301,"journal":{"name":"AWWA water science","volume":"6 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141165014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of water quality and operational factors on microcystin removal by powdered activated carbon","authors":"Matthew T. Alexander,&nbsp;Thomas E. Waters,&nbsp;Morgan McNeely,&nbsp;Thomas F. Speth,&nbsp;Nicholas R. Dugan","doi":"10.1002/aws2.1372","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aws2.1372","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The feasibility of using a 2^6-1 fractional factorial design to screen the relative importance of six water quality and operational factors in the removal of microcystin-LR (MC-LR) by powdered activated carbon (PAC) was evaluated through jar testing. The factors were: PAC type, PAC dose, total organic carbon (TOC) concentration, turbidity, alum dose, and timing of PAC versus coagulant application. Follow-up tests were performed to examine the interaction of PAC dose and TOC concentrations. All MC-LR analyses were performed by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). The top three effect magnitudes were the same by ELISA and LC/MS/MS:PAC dose &gt; PAC type &gt; PAC application time. Correlation coefficients between removals estimated by ELISA and LC/MS/MS were &gt;0.9 (<i>p</i> « .05). With both methods, the effects of PAC type and dose were found to be markedly larger than the other factors. The follow-up tests indicated a greater impact of PAC dose at higher natural organic matter concentrations. Factorial designs are not commonly used to plan drinking water jar test experiments. The results generated in this study were plausible with respect to the existing body of adsorption knowledge, thus helping to demonstrate the feasibility of the factorial approach.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":101301,"journal":{"name":"AWWA water science","volume":"6 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141078970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physical and compositional characteristics of drinking water storage tank sediment","authors":"Darren A. Lytle,&nbsp;Christy Muhlen,&nbsp;Scott H. Lippitt,&nbsp;Evan Crockett,&nbsp;Riley Achtemeier","doi":"10.1002/aws2.1371","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aws2.1371","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Thirty-one drinking water storage tank sediment samples were collected in 13 states, 17 distribution systems, and 29 tanks over the course of 4 years. Sediment samples were characterized for elemental composition and physical properties, which were found to be inconsistent both between samples of the same distribution system and across geographical regions. Differences between samples from the same tank also indicated spatial differences in sediment composition within storage tanks. Color was found to qualitatively trend toward darker or lighter depending on the concentration of a few elements (iron, aluminum, calcium, and magnesium). Particle shape varied between samples though uniformity increased as the particle size decreased. The average sediment particle density in this study (1.99 g/cm³) was lower than the density of a widely used sediment resuspension model silica sand (2.65 g/cm³), possibly resulting in underestimation of resuspension in models. This study suggests that sediment properties are highly site and storage tank specific, necessitating individual characterization to achieve greatest accuracy in storage tank suspension and draining model inputs.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":101301,"journal":{"name":"AWWA water science","volume":"6 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140919343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Protocol for responding to the detection of Legionella pneumophila in drinking water distribution systems","authors":"Timothy A. Bartrand,&nbsp;Mark W. LeChevallier,&nbsp;Jennifer L. Clancy,&nbsp;Gary A. Burlingame","doi":"10.1002/aws2.1370","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aws2.1370","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A protocol for responding to <i>Legionella pneumophila</i> detections in distribution system samples is presented and justified. The protocol was developed using existing protocols for building water systems, vetted in workshops, and provided to utilities participating in a research project. The protocol provides action levels and actions that utilities can take when <i>L. pneumophila</i> is detected in distribution system samples. Action levels are based on the best available science and expert judgment and are similar to those in protocols for assessing building water system monitoring results. Action levels should be reassessed as additional data and knowledge on the occurrence and growth potential of <i>L. pneumophila</i> in distribution systems become available. All positive detections trigger assessments that focus first on conditions local to the sample location and then extend further into the distribution system. Higher concentration or more frequent detections initiate more assertive responses and communication than lower concentration and frequency detections. The protocol provides a starting point for the development of protocols for purposes such as <i>L. pneumophila</i> operational surveillance or within an outbreak investigation.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":101301,"journal":{"name":"AWWA water science","volume":"6 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140550100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterizing PFAS concentrations in drinking water treatment residuals","authors":"Conner C. Murray,&nbsp;Alexander S. Gorzalski,&nbsp;Erik J. Rosenfeldt,&nbsp;Christine Owen,&nbsp;Chris Moody","doi":"10.1002/aws2.1367","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aws2.1367","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <p>While drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) are not considered a source of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), PFAS concentrate in treatment residuals relative to their source water concentrations. Regulatory actions considered for PFAS-impacted residuals could affect the cost and viability of conventional residual management practices. This study estimated the annual quantity of residuals generated in the United States and presents a framework for understanding how PFAS may concentrate in these residual streams. Findings of this work indicate that PFAS may substantially impact DWTP residuals management, especially coagulation and softening solids, at concentration factors greater than 100 and spent adsorbents at PFAS concentration factors greater than 10,000. If potential regulatory actions were to apply to coagulation and softening residuals, those regulations must consider impacts on disposal of more than 420,000,000 wet tons of at-risk DWTP residuals which are generated annually.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":101301,"journal":{"name":"AWWA water science","volume":"6 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140348811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predicting per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances removal in pilot-scale granular activated carbon adsorbers from rapid small-scale column tests","authors":"Zachary R. Hopkins,&nbsp;Detlef R. U. Knappe","doi":"10.1002/aws2.1369","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aws2.1369","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) occur widely in drinking water, and consumption of contaminated drinking water is an important human exposure route. Granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorption can effectively remove PFAS from water. To support the design of GAC treatment systems, a rapid bench-scale testing procedure and scale-up approach are needed to assess the effects of GAC type, background water matrix, and empty bed contact time (EBCT) on GAC use rates. The overarching goal of this study was to predict PFAS breakthrough curves obtained at the pilot-scale from rapid small-scale column test (RSSCT) data. The scale-up protocol was developed for pilot data obtained with coagulated/settled surface water (TOC = 2.3 mg/L), three GACs, and two EBCTs. Between 7 and 11 PFAS breakthrough curves were available for each pilot column. RSSCT designs were investigated that assumed intraparticle diffusivity is independent of GAC particle size (i.e., constant diffusivity [CD]) or linearly dependent on GAC particle size (i.e., proportional diffusivity [PD]). CD-RSSCTs effectively predicted the bed volumes of water that could be treated at the pilot-scale to reach 50% breakthrough (BV_50%) of individual PFAS. In contrast, PD-RSSCTs overpredicted BV_50% obtained at the pilot-scale by a factor of ~2–3. The shape of PFAS breakthrough curves obtained with CD-RSSCTs deviated from those obtained at the pilot-scale, indicating that intraparticle diffusivity was dependent on GAC particle diameter (<i>d</i>_p). Using the pore surface diffusion model (PSDM), intraparticle diffusivity was found to be proportional to (<i>d</i>_p)^0.25 when considering data up to about 70% PFAS breakthrough. This proportionality factor can be used to design RSSCTs or scale up existing CD-RSSCT data using the PSDM. Using pilot-scale data obtained with groundwater and wastewater-impacted groundwater as well as with additional GACs, the developed RSSCT scale-up approach was validated for PFAS breakthrough percentages up to 70%. The presented methodology permits the rapid prediction of GAC use rates for PFAS removal.</p>","PeriodicalId":101301,"journal":{"name":"AWWA water science","volume":"6 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/aws2.1369","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140164435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}