AWWA water science最新文献

{"title":"Modeling chloramine stability and disinfection byproduct formation in groundwater high in bromide","authors":"Kyle Shimabuku,&nbsp;Tarrah Henrie,&nbsp;David Schultise,&nbsp;Sunil Pillai","doi":"10.1002/aws2.1365","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aws2.1365","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Bromide can promote monochloramine decomposition and disinfection byproduct (DBP) formation. Monochloramine and total chlorine stability as well as total trihalomethane and haloacetic acid formation were examined in groundwater with high bromide levels (300–1700 μg/L) following chlorine or KMnO₄ preoxidation. An N,N-Diethyl-p-phenylenediamine (DPD)-based total chlorine method detected chloramines and brominated amines (e.g., NH₂Br, NHBrCl). An indophenol-based monochloramine method showed minimal interference from brominated amines. Differences between these methods' measurements likely indicated brominated amine concentrations. Substantial total chlorine demands (up to ~3.5 mg/L in 4 days) following chlorine preoxidation were observed due to the presence of brominated amines. Total chlorine measurements were more stable and DBP formation was limited following KMnO₄ preoxidation because ammonia was dosed before chlorine, which inhibited brominated amine formation. A kinetic model developed elsewhere for dissolved organic matter (DOM)-free water generally tracked with experimental results but some deviations occurred possibly because DOM consumed bromochloramine or its reaction intermediates.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":101301,"journal":{"name":"AWWA water science","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139915741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Uptake of silicate by pipe scale materials and effects on lead release","authors":"Anushka Mishrra,&nbsp;Ziqi Wang,&nbsp;Daniel E. Giammar","doi":"10.1002/aws2.1364","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aws2.1364","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The interactions between dissolved silica and corrosion scale on lead pipes such as hydrocerussite (Pb₃(CO₃)₂(OH)₂) and aluminum containing amorphous phases can affect the rates of lead release from the pipes to drinking water. Batch experiments that were well mixed to fully suspend these materials complemented previous experiments that were performed with pipes with intact pipe scales. These experiments focused on chemical interactions between the corrosion scale materials and silicate by decreasing the effect of mass transfer processes associated with solute diffusion into and out of intact scales. The findings from the batch experiments help us understand that the benefits of silicate addition in controlling lead release observed in a previous pipe loop study with pipes with intact scale were primarily due to inhibited diffusion of lead through the scale as a result of silicate uptake and not due to chemical interactions between lead-containing solids and silicate.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":101301,"journal":{"name":"AWWA water science","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139704769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Introduction to the topical collection on harmful algal blooms","authors":"Dionysios Dionysiou,&nbsp;Nicole Blute,&nbsp;Triantafyllos Kaloudis,&nbsp;Lauren Weinrich,&nbsp;Arash Zamyadi","doi":"10.1002/aws2.1363","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aws2.1363","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Cyanobacteria, also known as blue-green algae, are prokaryotic photosynthetic microorganisms present in freshwater and water supply systems worldwide. They are asexual phytoplankton species with gram-negative cell walls, and their pigmentation can vary from blue-green to red.</p><p>The accumulation of many excessively buoyant cyanobacterial cells or colonies (scum) at the surface of water bodies is called a “bloom event” or “proliferation.” In extreme cases, such agglomeration may become very dense and even acquire a gelatinous consistency and sometimes even looks like blue-green paint or jelly. The nature of cyanobacterial proliferation is very dynamic, and bloom events are followed by a dying-off phase.</p><p>Fast increase or accumulation in the population of cyanobacteria or algae in water systems can lead to harmful algal blooms (HABs) accompanied by the production of toxins. These events are exacerbated by climate change and population growth. It should be noted that harmful blooms caused by cyanobacteria are called “cyano-HABs,” but here we use the term <i>HABs</i> to also include cyano-HABs as well.</p><p>Cyanobacteria have long been recognized for their nitrogen fixing capacity (the ability to convert atmospheric N₂ to NH₃). It is estimated that they have been present in Earth's life cycle for more than 3.5 billion years. However, in the last 30 years, most of the literature covering cyanobacteria has focused on their ability to produce a variety of toxins responsible for intermittent but repeated, widespread poisoning of wild and domestic animals, aquaculture species and fish populations, and humans.</p><p>While many potentially toxic and/or nuisance species of cyanobacteria and their associated toxins have been detected, the mechanisms and drives for toxin production and release are not well understood. The increasing frequency and intensity of cyanobacterial proliferation leading to neurotoxin and hepatotoxin production is a problem for water utilities. The main toxins of interest are microcystins (e.g., MC-LR, MC-RR, MC-YR, MC-LA, MC-LW, MC-LF), nodularins, Anatoxin-a, Anatoxin-a(S), cylindrospermopsins, saxitoxins, aplysiatoxin, debromoaplysiatoxin, lyngbyatoxin-a, lipopolysaccharides, and most recently β-Methylamino-L-alanine. While microcystins such as MC-LR are the most frequently reported of the cyanobacterial toxins worldwide, other toxins are being detected more often than in the past, especially in more temperate climates.</p><p>Indeed, HABs can cause unpleasant taste and odor, which can decrease consumer confidence in the safety of their drinking water. Most often 2-methyl isoborneol (2-MIB) and geosmin, known for their signature earthy and musty odors, are the only two T&amp;O compounds screened by laboratories in the United States. However, a range of compounds beyond those two can contribute to T&amp;O issues. Less commonly studied classes, including sulfides, aldehydes, ketones, and pyrazines, can","PeriodicalId":101301,"journal":{"name":"AWWA water science","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/aws2.1363","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139643876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of phosphate addition on PFAS treatment performance for drinking water","authors":"Levi M. Haupert,&nbsp;Adam Redding,&nbsp;J. Margaret Gray,&nbsp;John Civardi,&nbsp;Boris Datsov,&nbsp;Toby T. Sanan,&nbsp;Marc A. Mills,&nbsp;Thomas F. Speth,&nbsp;Jonathan B. Burkhardt","doi":"10.1002/aws2.1361","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aws2.1361","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Adding new unit operations to drinking water treatment systems requires consideration of not only efficacy for its design purpose but also costs, water quality characteristics, impact on overall regulatory compliance, and impact of other treatment unit operations. Here, pilot study results for ion exchange (IX) and granular activated carbon (GAC) are presented for a utility with both per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and volatile organic contaminant removal needs. Specifically, the impact of upstream air stripping and phosphate addition on PFAS treatment performance was evaluated. Modeling was used to fit the IX and GAC pilot data and predict performance under different scenarios. GAC performance was generally consistent for treating water before or after the air stripper, but the addition of phosphate prior to air-stripping resulted in a loss of 15%–25% capacity for some PFAS on IX media, demonstrating the need to consider the entire treatment train before implementing PFAS removal unit operations.</p>","PeriodicalId":101301,"journal":{"name":"AWWA water science","volume":"5 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://awwa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/aws2.1361","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"109231646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Building resilience for an uncertain drinking water future","authors":"Jingyan Huang,&nbsp;Taler Bixler,&nbsp;Weiwei Mo","doi":"10.1002/aws2.1362","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aws2.1362","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Enhancing drinking water resilience has become increasingly important. However, a comprehensive analysis of drinking water emergency countermeasures is lacking. This study evaluated eight countermeasures including monitoring, local alternatives, reclaimed water, interconnection, bulk water, pre-packaged water, emergency treatment, and isolation valves from resilience and sustainability (i.e., life cycle cost) perspectives. While countermeasures such as interconnections perform relatively well from both perspectives, there is a clear trade-off between resilience and cost. Local alternatives and emergency treatment respond quickly and provide sustained supply during emergencies but may incur higher costs. Bulk water and pre-packaged water are typically inexpensive but have limited supply capacity and take time to distribute. As future threats are likely to become more frequent and prolonged, it is prudent for service providers to invest in countermeasures that perform well in both resilience and cost and use an integrated approach that combines high capital projects with bulk/pre-packaged water contracts.</p>","PeriodicalId":101301,"journal":{"name":"AWWA water science","volume":"5 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://awwa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/aws2.1362","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"92294288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Erratum—Evaluating the sustainability of indirect potable reuse and direct potable reuse: A southern Nevada case study","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/aws2.1360","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aws2.1360","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Correction to https://doi.org/10.1002/aws2.1153.</p><p>Since publication of the article, a production error was identified in Table 1, where the last two column headings were swapped. The error had no effect on the analyses or conclusions reported in the study.</p><p>Correction to Table 1.</p>","PeriodicalId":101301,"journal":{"name":"AWWA water science","volume":"5 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://awwa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/aws2.1360","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"137727225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nitrogen-sparging assisted anoxic biological drinking water treatment system","authors":"Asher E. Keithley,&nbsp;Peyton Woodruff,&nbsp;Daniel J. Williams,&nbsp;Nicholas R. Dugan,&nbsp;Darren A. Lytle","doi":"10.1002/aws2.1359","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aws2.1359","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Existing heterotrophic denitrification reactors rely on microorganisms to consume dissolved oxygen (DO) and create conditions suitable for denitrification, but this practice leads to excessive microbial growth and increased organic carbon doses. An innovative reactor that uses nitrogen gas sparging through a contactor to strip DO was developed and tested in the lab. It reduced influent nitrate from 15 to &lt;1 mg/L as N with nitrite accumulation &lt;1 mg/L as N. It maintained a consistent flow rate and developed minimal headloss, making it easier to operate than the denitrifying dual-media filter that was operated in parallel. Gravel, polyvinyl chloride pieces, and no packing media were assessed as options for the nitrogen-sparged contactor, and gravel was found to support denitrification at the highest loading rate and was resilient to nitrogen-sparging shutoffs and intermittent operation. This innovative reactor appears promising for small drinking water systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":101301,"journal":{"name":"AWWA water science","volume":"5 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/aws2.1359","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50137320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Water lead levels in Massachusetts schools and early education and childcare facilities","authors":"Liam Amery,&nbsp;John Tobiason,&nbsp;Emily Kumpel","doi":"10.1002/aws2.1358","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aws2.1358","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Exposure to lead through drinking water is of concern for children, particularly at schools and early education and care facilities (EECFs), where they spend much of their time. We use lead and copper data from monitoring in schools and EECFs in Massachusetts (USA) and create risk indices based on the percentage of fixtures in a school above three water lead level (WLL) thresholds (15, 5, and 1 ppb) to model which building characteristics, water source, and water treatment practices are associated with a school exceeding these thresholds. Local building characteristics had larger effects than information about the public water supplier (PWS), and buildings built from 1950 to 1980 were most at risk. Daily flushing and fixture replacement often decreased elevated WLLs, and water coolers had lower WLLs than other fixtures. These findings highlight the value of WLL monitoring programs and can be used to prioritize future investment in monitoring and remediation.</p>","PeriodicalId":101301,"journal":{"name":"AWWA water science","volume":"5 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/aws2.1358","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50136409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Filter operation effects on plant-scale microbial risk: Opportunities for enhanced treatment performance","authors":"Dafne de Brito Cruz,&nbsp;Trevor J. Brown,&nbsp;Chao Jin,&nbsp;Kelsey L. Kundert,&nbsp;Norma J. Ruecker,&nbsp;Liza Ballantyne,&nbsp;Philip J. Schmidt,&nbsp;William B. Anderson,&nbsp;Monica B. Emelko","doi":"10.1002/aws2.1357","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aws2.1357","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Granular media filtration remains a critical treatment process and regulatory requirement for managing pathogenic protozoa in drinking water. It is a dynamic process in which performance inherently varies. While research has focused on characterizing or maximizing (oo)cyst removal in individual filters, the risk implications of combinations of filters moving through different phases of the filter cycle (leading to temporal variation in plant-scale performance) have not been described. Increasing threats from climate-change-exacerbated landscape disturbances leading to more variable source water quality emphasize the need for such evaluations. Here, a modeling framework was developed to investigate the impacts of individual filter performance variation on plant-scale performance. It is shown that improving maximal removal during stable operation does not necessarily improve average performance. The effect of other design and operational strategies like increasing the number of filters or implementing proactive operations (e.g., avoiding breakthrough) are analyzed, thereby providing guidance for increasing treatment resilience.</p>","PeriodicalId":101301,"journal":{"name":"AWWA water science","volume":"5 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/aws2.1357","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50130473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design considerations for biological ion exchange drinking water filters: Resin selection, backwash, and regenerations","authors":"Karl Zimmermann,&nbsp;William Szu-Wei Chen,&nbsp;Jaycee Wright,&nbsp;Madjid Mohseni","doi":"10.1002/aws2.1356","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aws2.1356","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Two pilot studies provide insights into the design and operations of biological ion exchange (BIEX) drinking water filters. A lab-scale pilot with strong-base anionic (SBA) and weak-base anionic (WBA) resins demonstrated 35% and 31% removal of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) up to 30 months, until secondary ion exchange exhaustion. While the WBA resins exhibited 14% less removal of DOC, their larger capacity doubled the duration until filter exhaustion. WBA filters were less affected than their SBA counterparts by sulfate-containing inlet waters. In a second pilot, while water with high DOC yielded rapid exhaustion of SBA resins, air scouring increased the breakup of filter media and improved solids removal by 30× compared to hydraulic backwash alone. Significantly, DOC removal improved by 36% for a week following air scour. Key recommendations include the use of WBA resins to extend operating life while implementing air scouring can dramatically improve short-term DOC removal.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":101301,"journal":{"name":"AWWA water science","volume":"5 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/aws2.1356","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50132234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}