Applied optics最新文献

{"title":"Digitally directed beams for three-dimensional surface reconstruction using a dynamical filter.","authors":"Hiroshi Ohno","doi":"10.1364/AO.577184","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.577184","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction method is proposed that utilizes an imaging system featuring digitally directed illumination beams, generated by a dynamical filter projected through an optical projector equipped with a digital micromirror device (DMD). This projector can digitally change the dynamical filter, thereby altering the directions of the illumination beams. The surface normal of the 3D object can therefore be obtained based on the law of regular reflection for each differently directed beam, and the surface shape can be reconstructed using an inverse matrix method. This method is experimentally validated using a cone with an apex height of 37 µm.</p>","PeriodicalId":101299,"journal":{"name":"Applied optics","volume":"65 12","pages":"E30-E36"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147793980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic weight learning for RGB image demosaicking with a Bayer color filter array.","authors":"Jingyun Liu, Han Liu, Lingyun Wei","doi":"10.1364/AO.590243","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.590243","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Most snapshot color imaging devices adopt a single sensor with a Bayer color filter array (CFA), where only one RGB component is captured at each pixel, requiring demosaicking to recover full-color images. Existing methods range from fast interpolation to deep learning approaches with high reconstruction accuracy but often suffer from a trade-off between performance and computational complexity. To address this issue, we propose an efficient demosaicking method based on dynamic weight learning. The proposed network adaptively computes layer-wise feature weights without increasing model parameters and incorporates a mixed-attention block to jointly exploit global and local information, effectively reducing reconstruction artifacts. Extensive experiments demonstrate superior performance over that of existing methods.</p>","PeriodicalId":101299,"journal":{"name":"Applied optics","volume":"65 12","pages":"3968-3981"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147794029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Generation of 51  µJ, 124  fs pulses based on an all-fiber CPA system and multi-solid-plate compression.","authors":"Yu Wang, Yuxi Pang, Xinyu Hu, Longwang Xiu, Yanfei Liu, Xiangdong Cao","doi":"10.1364/AO.591212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.591212","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We report a high-energy femtosecond laser source based on an all-fiber chirped-pulse amplification system combined with multi-solid-plate nonlinear pulse compression. The system employs a fully fiber-integrated amplification architecture, in which the main amplifier is implemented using an ultra-highly doped fiber amplifier module. A pulse energy of 105 µJ is achieved at the amplifier output, and pulses with an energy of 64 µJ and a duration of 480 fs are obtained after pulse compression. Subsequently, a multi-solid-plate nonlinear compression stage consisting of eight 1-mm-thick YAG plates is employed at the backend. As a result, femtosecond pulses with an energy of 51 µJ and a duration of 124 fs are generated at an average power of 10.2 W. The experimental results indicate that the combination of all-fiber CPA amplification and multi-solid-plate nonlinear compression provides an effective approach for generating high-energy, short-duration, compact, and stable femtosecond laser sources. Such a system shows strong potential for applications in ultrafast spectroscopy, nonlinear optics, and precision material processing.</p>","PeriodicalId":101299,"journal":{"name":"Applied optics","volume":"65 12","pages":"4100-4106"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147794009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrated monitoring method and software for shield tunnel profiles by 3D laser scanning technology.","authors":"Pei Li, Qiusheng Wang","doi":"10.1364/AO.582454","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.582454","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>During shield tunneling, inaccurate measurements and delayed corrections can lead to deviations of the propulsion axis from the design alignment. Therefore, timely monitoring and measurement of tunnel sections after the assembly of shield construction tube segments are essential. While 3D laser scanning technology provides significant potential for tunnel section monitoring, extracting tunnel profiles in curved tunnels remains challenging, and software dedicated to post-processing point cloud data for shield tunnel profiles is limited. This paper presents an integrated method and software system for monitoring shield tunnel cross sections, including curved alignments, using 3D laser scanning data. The approach employs a vector-based extraction method that uses design data to calculate section normal vectors, avoiding reliance on central axis fitting from point clouds in curved segments. The workflow, from data acquisition to deformation visualization, is implemented within a dedicated software tool, providing a practical solution for shield tunnel profile post-processing.</p>","PeriodicalId":101299,"journal":{"name":"Applied optics","volume":"65 12","pages":"E57-E67"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147794069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Raman-accelerated power depletion of the fundamental mode in a few-mode fiber in the visible spectral range.","authors":"Wasyhun Asefa Gemechu, Mario Zitelli","doi":"10.1364/AO.585354","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.585354","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study unravels the underlying physical mechanisms responsible for the power-dependent depletion of the fundamental mode in few-mode fibers. Utilizing a holographic mode decomposition technique, our experiments reveal an accelerated amplification of higher-order modes at the expense of the <i>L</i><i>P</i>₀₁ mode. This process modifies the initial modal fractions and ultimately yields an intensity-null profile from a superposition of degenerate modes. Notably, simulations indicate that purely Kerr-driven thermalization models fail to capture these effects. Instead, phase-insensitive intermodal Raman scattering acts as a crucial seed, with differential Raman gain modulating a Kerr-Raman instability that drives spatiotemporal energy dynamics, altering our understanding of spatial self-organization in high-power fiber systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":101299,"journal":{"name":"Applied optics","volume":"65 12","pages":"3935-3943"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147794140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analytically guided design of an off-axis freeform telescope with a coaxial pupil for space-based gravitational-wave detection.","authors":"Tongyu Xu, Xuyang Li, Zhiguang Ren, Hao Yuan","doi":"10.1364/AO.597005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.597005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To suppress tilt-to-length (TTL) coupling induced by the relative jitter between the optical bench and the telescope, a coaxial entrance-exit pupil configuration is required. Compared to existing non-coaxial schemes, this configuration enables direct beam exchange without auxiliary folding mirrors on the optical bench, thereby inherently eliminating a primary noise path induced by relative opto-mechanical motion. In an off-axis four-mirror telescope, achieving pupil co-alignment demands large tilts on tertiary (M3) and quaternary (M4) mirrors, which rapidly increase aberrations. We employ third-order vector aberration theory as an effective tool for screening initial configurations to establish the quantitative relationship between mirror tilt angle and wavefront root-mean-square (RMS), enabling the selection of a favorable initial configuration. Furthermore, circular-domain Zernike polynomials are analytically expanded under an elliptical pupil, providing initial coefficients for freeform optimization. Using these analytic initial values, a coaxial-pupil afocal telescope is designed, achieving a wavefront <i>R</i><i>M</i><i>S</i>≤0.004<i>λ</i> at 1064 nm and an intrinsic <i>T</i><i>T</i><i>L</i>≤0.004<i>p</i><i>m</i>/<i>n</i><i>r</i><i>a</i><i>d</i>, both within the science field of view.</p>","PeriodicalId":101299,"journal":{"name":"Applied optics","volume":"65 12","pages":"4054-4068"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147793880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Symmetry-driven directional selectivity of diffraction-free propagation in hyperbolic metasurfaces.","authors":"Anning Wang, Yi Liu, Xiaoqiang Su, Yanfeng Li, Liyuan Liu, Chunmei Ouyang","doi":"10.1364/AO.586769","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.586769","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hyperbolic metasurfaces with hyperbolic dispersion have gained significant attention due to their unprecedented capabilities to manipulate the propagation of surface plasmon polaritons, such as non-divergent diffraction and polarization-controlled signal routing based on the plasmonic spin Hall effect. However, thus far, selective routing of surface waves has only been observed with the mechanism of plasmonic spin-orbit coupling, which depends on the polarization of light and the hyperbolic iso-frequency contours. Here, we propose and experimentally demonstrate symmetry-dependent selective electric and magnetic surface wave excitation around the geometric phase transition frequency with coexisting transverse electric and transverse magnetic polarization states. Effective medium theory and <i>S</i>-parameter retrieval process are further utilized to analyze the electromagnetic responses and dispersion characteristics of the designed asymmetric hyperbolic metasurface. These results open up a new avenue, to our knowledge, to realize integrated plasmonic devices, holding potential for applications in areas including imaging, sensing, and quantum information science.</p>","PeriodicalId":101299,"journal":{"name":"Applied optics","volume":"65 12","pages":"4156-4162"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147794136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adaptive angle-oriented receiver-enhanced MIMO VLC system for platooning under curved road conditions.","authors":"Rongrong Yin, Mingqi He, Hao Qin, Shaoying Ma, Xiaowei Zhang, Yu Yang","doi":"10.1364/AO.586037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.586037","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study investigates a platoon-oriented visible light communication (VLC) system equipped with a multi-input multi-output adaptive angle-oriented receiver (MIMO-AAOR) under curved-road driving scenarios. To address the degradation of intra-platoon VLC links caused by geometric misalignment and multi-vehicle interference on curved roads, a comprehensive non-sequential ray-tracing model is established by jointly incorporating the three-dimensional geometry of vehicles and roads, LED radiation characteristics, and reflection-scattering properties of both vehicle bodies and road surfaces. An end-to-end link evaluation framework is developed for curved-road conditions, enabling accurate estimation of path loss and the equivalent signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR). A single-photodiode VLC scheme (MIMO-PD-VLC) is adopted as the baseline for comparison. Typical sharp-curve, moderate-curve, and near-straight segments are analyzed to evaluate the impact of an AAOR horizontal field of view (FoV), the platoon size, and the cruising speed on system performance. Simulation results demonstrate that an AAOR horizontal FoV of approximately 20^∘-25^∘ achieves an effective balance between signal aggregation and interference suppression. As the platoon size increases and the speed rises, the proposed MIMO-AAOR-VLC system consistently outperforms the MIMO-PD-VLC baseline. The median SINR gain remains around 12-17<i>d</i><i>B</i>, confirming robust suppression of intra-platoon interference under dynamic driving. The findings provide quantitative theoretical guidance and an engineering reference for the FoV configuration of vehicular VLC receivers and the co-design of platoon operating parameters under curved-road environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":101299,"journal":{"name":"Applied optics","volume":"65 12","pages":"4031-4043"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147793914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-precision calibration of a fringe projector based on Gaussian bicubic interpolation and orthogonal constrained homography.","authors":"Hanyu Hong, Kui Li, Ying Zhu, Yan Qin","doi":"10.1364/AO.578028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.578028","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A grating projection system consists of a projector and a camera, where the projector functions as the inverse imager of the camera. Achieving high-precision calibration remains a major challenge. This study proposes an improved high-precision projector calibration technique. First, the grating fringe features of the calibration plate are enhanced using the Gaussian bicubic interpolation algorithm, and the projector pixel coordinates are calculated using the phase mapping formula, forming point pairs with the camera pixel coordinates. Then, a linear system of equations is constructed using the orthogonal constrained homography transformation equation. The optimized homography matrix and precise projector pixel coordinates are iteratively obtained to complete the calibration. This method eliminates the need for bundle adjustment to find optimal parameters, improves calibration accuracy and robustness, and reduces time costs. Experiments show that the calibration accuracy is approximately 0.02 mm, an 89% improvement over the traditional direct mapping method. This technique is suitable for fast 3D reconstruction and significantly improves the calibration accuracy of projectors.</p>","PeriodicalId":101299,"journal":{"name":"Applied optics","volume":"65 12","pages":"E46-E56"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147793978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Compact dual-channel integral-field snapshot underwater hyperspectral imager.","authors":"Fengqin Lu, Jun Ma, Qingsheng Xue, Zhenyu Liu, Kun Su, Kaixiang Meng, Wenxue Song","doi":"10.1364/AO.590046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.590046","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In contrast to push-broom hyperspectral imagers, the snapshot approach substantially reduces sensitivity to platform motion and vibration, which constitutes a crucial advantage for underwater mobile deployment. Here, we present the design and development of a compact, integral-field snapshot underwater hyperspectral imager. The system comprises a relay panchromatic imaging channel with high spatial resolution and a spectral imaging channel with lower spatial resolution. By fusing high-resolution panchromatic images with low-resolution spectral images, we obtain hyperspectral images with a enhanced spatial resolution. Both the panchromatic imaging channel and the spectral imaging channel share a common front objective, which features a focal length of 16 mm and a field of view of 38^∘×29^∘. By leveraging prism dispersion, the spectral imaging system covers a wavelength range from 450 to 1000 nm with a spectral resolution of better than 6 nm at 532 nm. By introducing a relay imaging system into the panchromatic channel, we reduce the back focal distance of the front objective lens while simultaneously shortening the overall length of the spectral imaging system. This addresses a key limitation of existing dual-channel snapshot underwater hyperspectral imaging systems-namely, their excessive length, which hinders integration with underwater vehicles. Compared with conventional dual-channel systems, the proposed design achieves a reduction in length of 182 mm, resulting in compact dimensions of 145 mm in diameter and 452 mm in length, thereby facilitating integration onto underwater vehicle platforms. In addition, a spectral-guided spatial-spectral fusion framework is specifically developed for the dual-channel configuration. The proposed method separately encodes spectral and spatial features and integrates them through multi-scale alignment and progressive reconstruction to handle the large resolution gap between channels while preserving spectral fidelity. Experimental results obtained across diverse scenes demonstrate the system's superior spectral imaging performance, thereby establishing it as a robust solution for underwater snapshot hyperspectral imaging.</p>","PeriodicalId":101299,"journal":{"name":"Applied optics","volume":"65 12","pages":"3902-3919"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147793985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}