Water Biology and Security最新文献

{"title":"The curious case of Hypotrichidium bichromum n. sp., a new polymorphic and cannibalistic spirofilid ciliate (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia)","authors":"Atef Omar ,&nbsp;Ji Hye Moon ,&nbsp;Jae-Ho Jung","doi":"10.1016/j.watbs.2024.100344","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.watbs.2024.100344","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Members of the genus <em>Hypotrichidium</em> are adapted to a planktonic lifestyle and are characterized among hypotrichs by their unique pyriform body with pointed tail and spiral cirral rows around the whole body. During a survey of Korean freshwater ciliates, we discovered a new <em>Hypotrichidium</em> species that changes its cortical granules color. Observations on the morphology and behavior of <em>Hypotrichidium bichromum</em> n. sp. revealed several other unusual features such as the polymorphic life cycle and cannibalistic behavior. When grown in a fresh culture, well-nourished specimens are characterized by a pyriform body, yellow cortical granules, and two macronuclear nodules. In declining cultures, two morphologically different morphs occur, both with ruby-red cortical granules: (1) a well-nourished morph with a pyriform body and 2–4 macronuclear nodules, which shows a cannibalistic behavior feeding on other well-nourished cells, encysting cells, and reorganizers; (2) a fast-swimming, non-feeding morph with slender body, two macronuclear nodules, and highly degenerated undulating membranes. The complete ontogenetic process of the new species is described to show the origin of each structure. Moreover, phylogenetic analyses based on 18S rRNA gene sequences show that the new species is placed in a clade containing sequences of three congeners.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101277,"journal":{"name":"Water Biology and Security","volume":"4 3","pages":"Article 100344"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144517884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prey adopt similar adaptive strategies with different molecular response mechanisms: How do ciliates respond to different predation risk cues?","authors":"Yumiao Zhou ,&nbsp;Chai Li ,&nbsp;Weihuang Chen ,&nbsp;Xiaofeng Lin ,&nbsp;Jiqiu Li","doi":"10.1016/j.watbs.2025.100364","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.watbs.2025.100364","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The adaptive strategies of prey against predation risk have been pivotal in non-consumptive effects. However, the adaptive strategies of prey and the response mechanisms to various predation risk cues remain unclear. We hypothesized that prey adopt a similar adaptive strategy to address different predation risks, but their response mechanisms depend on the attributes of predation risk cues. To test this hypothesis, we used <em>Didinium</em>-<em>Paramecium</em> as a predator-prey model to first evaluate the effects of various predation risk cues, including homogenates of predators (TD) and prey (TP) alone or in combination (TM), and the density of conspecific prey on the specific growth rate (SGR) to determine their adaptive strategies and their underlying response mechanisms based on transcriptomic analysis. Our results show that predation risk cues considerably enhance prey SGR, with effects in descending order of TM, TD, and TP. However, such effects gradually decrease as the density of conspecific prey increases until they disappear. The trend in the levels of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in prey exposed to different predation risk cues is similar to that of SGRs. In particular, pathways based on DEG enrichment mediated by predation risk cues involve cellular processes, nutrient metabolism, and synthesis of biological macromolecules. However, they differ in type, number, and location within specific biological processes. In conclusion, <em>Paramecium</em> uses early reproduction strategies to address the risk of predation caused by different cues, and differences in its response mechanisms depend on the attributes of the cues of predation risk, resulting in differences in the SGR of the prey.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101277,"journal":{"name":"Water Biology and Security","volume":"4 3","pages":"Article 100364"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144517886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Confronting the “knowledge-action gap” in invasive species prevention: A study of biosecurity behaviors among aquarium hobbyists in Illinois, USA","authors":"Elizabeth J. Golebie ,&nbsp;Carena J. van Riper ,&nbsp;Greg Hitzroth ,&nbsp;North Joffe-Nelson","doi":"10.1016/j.watbs.2024.100337","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.watbs.2024.100337","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Biological invasions threaten water resources worldwide owing to interrelated biological and anthropogenic drivers of change. Though the role of people in the (un)intentional spread of aquatic invasive species is increasingly recognized as a priority, there are widespread assumptions about the importance of public awareness in explaining biosecurity behaviors. A disconnect exists between what people think and what they do—as articulated by the simple but powerful “knowledge-action” gap—that warrants attention to clarify how environmental social science research can most effectively advance invasive species prevention. Using survey data collected from aquarium hobbyists in the U.S. state of Illinois, we investigated the role of belief systems in shaping intentions to engage in biosecurity behaviors, such as purchasing only native species as pets. We also examined how beliefs were rooted in multiple forms of knowledge. Self-efficacy was the strongest driver of intended biosecurity behavior, whereas both perceived benefits and risk perceptions were instrumental in explaining hobbyists’ decisions. Beliefs were informed by two types of reported knowledge, which in turn, were influenced by a range of information sources. Our results suggest that a more nuanced conceptualization of public awareness is urgently needed given its critical but often misunderstood role in the formation of beliefs that influence participation in biosecurity behaviors. Knowledge of both biological invasions and biosecurity behaviors, in addition to information sources, needs to be distinguished in future research. These multiple forms of knowledge serve as the foundation for belief systems that activate behavior change among aquarium hobbyists. We also argue that science communication and outreach campaigns that highlight the risks of invasive species while strengthening self-efficacy and perceived benefits of prevention will be the most effective pathways for fostering hobbyist engagement in biosecurity behaviors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101277,"journal":{"name":"Water Biology and Security","volume":"4 3","pages":"Article 100337"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144517485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Underwater noise in the Xinluo reserve: A potential stressor for the critically endangered Yangtze finless porpoise","authors":"Yi-Ning Yang ,&nbsp;Yu-Wei Chen ,&nbsp;Hao-Ran Ji ,&nbsp;Peng-Xiang Duan ,&nbsp;Sara Platto ,&nbsp;Wei-Lun Li ,&nbsp;Yuan-Hui Xiong ,&nbsp;Fei Fan ,&nbsp;Jian-Zhong Shen ,&nbsp;Ke-Xiong Wang ,&nbsp;Ding Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.watbs.2024.100342","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.watbs.2024.100342","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nature reserves in the Yangtze River, China, are crucial for protecting the Yangtze finless porpoise (<em>Neophocaena asiaeorientalis asiaeorientalis</em>) and their habitats. Despite a 10-year fishing ban along the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River instated on January 2020 to alleviate pressures on the porpoise's prey, other stressors, particularly underwater noise, continue to impact these rare cetaceans, which rely heavily on vocalization for prey detection, communication and navigation. Between September 2020 and September 2021, underwater noise monitoring was carried out in the Xinluo Baiji National Nature Reserve, located in Hubei province, China, with the aim of assessing the potential impact of underwater noise pollution on the Yangtze finless porpoise. The reserve was divided into 30 sub-sections to systematically monitor underwater noise across the reserve. Passive acoustic monitoring was conducted at each site within these sub-sections during four sampling periods, and these data were subjected to comparative analysis with data collected in 2012 and 2017. The results showed that the root mean square sound pressure levels at each site ranged from 117 to 162 ​dB. Power spectral levels (11.2–152 ​kHz) exceeded the average audiogram levels for the porpoise at most sites. 94.2% and 93.3% of the sites exceeded underwater acoustic thresholds known to induce a hearing threshold shift for the porpoise in terms of both the averaged cumulative unweighted sound exposure level, and cumulative weighted sound exposure level respectively. Noise levels in this section during 2020–2021 were approximately 25 and 30 ​dB higher compared to the levels recorded in 2012 and 2017, and likely due to increased shipping activity and the proximity of sampling sites to the shipping channel. The rise in noise levels might contribute to the observed declines in the porpoise population within this area. To mitigate these impacts, implementing noise control measures is essential, such as regulating navigation speed and limiting the number of vessels in the reserve.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101277,"journal":{"name":"Water Biology and Security","volume":"4 3","pages":"Article 100342"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144517486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A temperature-induced sex reversal mechanism in ricefield eels","authors":"Yimin Zhang ,&nbsp;Tingting Luo ,&nbsp;Yuhua Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.watbs.2025.100360","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.watbs.2025.100360","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The ricefield eel (<em>Monopterus albus</em>), a protogynous hermaphrodite, is an important aquaculture freshwater fish in China. Intensive studies have focused on the sex reversal of this species, but the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. We performed comparative transcriptome analysis for gonadal tissues of female, intersex, and male ricefield eels. The results suggest that temperature may play a role in inducing the sex reversal. Moreover, an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) gene signature was found, suggesting an involvement of germinal epithelium in contributing to gonadal transformation. Our <em>in vitro</em> and <em>in vivo</em> experiments show that thermal cues are sensed by thermosensors such as Trpv4 in the gonadal cells of ricefield eels, which can be transduced to the sex determination cascades. The epithelial cells of germinal epithelium can become Sertoli cells via an EMT. Our study provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the sex reversal of ricefield eels.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101277,"journal":{"name":"Water Biology and Security","volume":"4 3","pages":"Article 100360"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144517888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Key environmental factors determining life history strategies of river fishes and their historical changes in the Yangtze River","authors":"Lan Zhu ,&nbsp;Dan Yu ,&nbsp;Martin Reichard ,&nbsp;Mingzheng Li ,&nbsp;Jiaxin Gao ,&nbsp;Huanzhang Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.watbs.2025.100376","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.watbs.2025.100376","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Life history theory predicts that species-specific life history traits are shaped by variations in environmental conditions. Understanding the key environmental factors determining life history strategies can provide insights into the mechanisms of community assembly and identify potential biodiversity threats by predicting selective responses to environmental perturbations. We collected life history traits for fish species from 14 river basins across 5 continents to identify their life history strategies and explore the related key environmental factors. Our results showed that fishes from all the river basins conformed to a triangular life history strategy model including periodic, opportunistic, and equilibrium endpoints. However, the proportions of these three strategies varied significantly amongst river basins. For example, the Rhine River basin had a high proportion of fish with the periodic strategy and a low proportion of fish with the opportunistic strategy, whereas the Mississippi River basin displayed the opposite pattern. At the river basin extent, linear regression analysis revealed that the proportion of species with the opportunistic strategy increased with mean annual temperature, annual variation in river discharge, and annual precipitation, and was negatively associated with latitude. In contrast, species with the periodic strategy were negatively related to annual variation in river discharge and positively with latitude. These findings corroborate that opportunistic species are adapted to unpredictable environments, whereas periodic species are adapted to predictable environments. We then used molecular phylogeny to reconstruct the ancestral state of Yangtze fishes and analyzed the percentage composition of the three life history strategies across geological times. We found dominance of the equilibrium strategy in the Upper Cretaceous followed by dominance of periodic fishes before the Paleocene. Opportunistic fish species began to dominate the Yangtze River basin after the Miocene, with more than half of the fish species being opportunistic. This implies that the environmental conditions in the Yangtze River basin evolved from stable (low annual variation in river discharge) to unstable (high annual variation in river discharge and high annual precipitation) states, possibly associated with the onset of seasonality expressed as prevalence of a monsoon climate and the overall alteration of precipitation patterns. Life history theory can give hints for assessing river ecological conditions because changes in strategy proportions may indicate the alteration of environmental conditions. Such changes can aid in developing suitable strategies for river ecological protection and fish resource management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101277,"journal":{"name":"Water Biology and Security","volume":"4 3","pages":"Article 100376"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144517483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Do fish in an urban river system use a rehabilitated and reconnected stormwater pond during the summer?","authors":"Jessica L. Reid ,&nbsp;Gillian Zorn ,&nbsp;Sam Woods ,&nbsp;Jennifer Lamoureux ,&nbsp;Sean J. Landsman ,&nbsp;Jonathan D. Midwood ,&nbsp;Steven J. Cooke","doi":"10.1016/j.watbs.2024.100333","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.watbs.2024.100333","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>For mobile animals such as fish, different habitat types at various life stages are required to support a broad range of ecological requirements. However, in urban areas, access to suitable habitat may be impeded. Moreover, rehabilitation efforts focused on urban waterbodies are infrequent, small-scale, and inadequately monitored. We characterized the connectivity of the fish community between the Jock River in eastern Ontario and a rehabilitated stormwater management pond during late spring. Passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags were implanted into over 800 individual fish, representing sixteen species with a wide range of body sizes and life-histories. Summer residency and behavior were assessed using detections from an array of autonomous PIT receiver stations. This research revealed that there is ecological connectivity between an adjacent rehabilitated stormwater pond and the Jock River. Some species were resident in the pond during the entire summer monitoring period while others such as sunfish (<em>Lepomis</em> sp.) and rock bass (<em>Ambloplites rupestris</em>) made regular forays between the river and the pond. There was also evidence of significant movement within the pond for species such as golden shiner (<em>Notemigonus crysoleucas</em>) and northern pike (<em>Esox lucius</em>). This study demonstrates the potential for created habitats in floodplain areas initially intended for stormwater management to be rehabilitated to provide significant ecological value in urbanized watersheds.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101277,"journal":{"name":"Water Biology and Security","volume":"4 2","pages":"Article 100333"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143843800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inside Front cover - Contents","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/S2772-7351(25)00033-2","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S2772-7351(25)00033-2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":101277,"journal":{"name":"Water Biology and Security","volume":"4 2","pages":"Article 100390"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143843887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"miR-144 targets Nrf2 affecting the intestinal oxidative damage induced by oxidized fish oil in Megalobrama amblycephala with emphasis on autophagy and apoptosis","authors":"Jie Yang ,&nbsp;Xiaochuan Zheng ,&nbsp;Xin Liu ,&nbsp;Qunlan Zhou ,&nbsp;Cunxin Sun ,&nbsp;Changyou Song ,&nbsp;Aimin Wang ,&nbsp;Bo Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.watbs.2024.100340","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.watbs.2024.100340","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To explore the modulatory role of <em>miR-144</em> in <em>Nrf2</em> cascade reactions and assess its potential as a target for alleviating oxidative fish oil-induced intestinal damage in <em>Megalobrama amblycephala</em>, four experimental diets were formulated. A conventional diet was kept as the control diet (NC), while experimental diets consisted of the control diet supplemented with oxidized fish oil (OF, peroxide value: 323 ​mmol/kg), OF ​+ ​<em>miR-144</em> agomir and OF ​+ ​<em>miR-144</em> antagomir, respectively. In the oxidative stress model of <em>M.</em> <em>amblycephala</em> induced by oxidized fish oil, dihydroethidium (DHE) fluorescence probe and morphological results revealed that oxidized fish oil markedly elevated the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) within intestinal cells and destroyed the intestinal barrier structure, such that the height of the intestinal villus and the thickness of the muscle layer were significantly reduced, and intestinal barrier-related genes <em>ZO-1</em>, <em>Occludin</em> and <em>Claudin-7α</em> were significantly down-regulated. Additionally, oxidized fish oil treatment activated autophagy and apoptosis of intestinal cells, which was manifested by the significant up-regulation of autophagy-related genes <em>Beclin-1</em>, <em>VPS34</em>, <em>P62</em> and <em>ATG5</em> (<em>P</em> ​&lt; ​0.05), the increase of autophagosomes, and the significant up-regulation of apoptosis-related genes <em>HSP27</em>, <em>Caspase3</em>, <em>Caspase8</em> and <em>Caspase9</em> (<em>P</em> ​&lt; ​0.05). Further studies showed that <em>miR-144</em> agomir significantly enhanced <em>Keap1</em> expression and inhibited <em>Nrf2</em> expression, while <em>miR-144</em> antagomir had the opposite effect. Importantly, forced expression of <em>miR-144</em> induced ROS accumulation by silencing <em>Nrf2</em>, raised the expression of inflammatory factors (<em>P</em> ​&lt; ​0.05), and even further induced the development of autophagy and apoptosis, while <em>miR-144</em> antagomir could offset this effect by reactivating <em>Nrf2</em> expression. In summary, this study showed that silencing <em>miR-144</em> could protect intestinal cells of <em>M.</em> <em>amblycephala</em> from oxidative damage by targeting the <em>Nrf2</em> signaling pathway. Therefore, <em>miR-144</em> is expected to be a regulatory target for ameliorating intestinal oxidative damage induced by oxidized oils.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101277,"journal":{"name":"Water Biology and Security","volume":"4 2","pages":"Article 100340"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143843712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Single-cell RNA sequencing of zebrafish olfactory epithelium reveals cellular heterogeneity and responses to a conspecific alarm substance","authors":"Wenjun Chen ,&nbsp;Haifeng Jiang ,&nbsp;Cheng Wang ,&nbsp;Zufa Ding ,&nbsp;Dan Yu ,&nbsp;Yang Liu ,&nbsp;Shunping He ,&nbsp;Liandong Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.watbs.2024.100324","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.watbs.2024.100324","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Olfaction, the sense of smell, is vital for the survival of many species and serves as an excellent system for investigating the molecular basis of behavior. Fishes possess a well-developed olfactory system that governs various behaviors related to feeding, reproduction, and fear. However, the cellular diversity and heterogeneity of the fish olfactory epithelium remains largely unexplored. This study presents a single-cell atlas of the zebrafish olfactory epithelium using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq). Through scRNA-seq analysis of approximately 10,587 ​cells, we identified nine distinct cell types with unique transcriptional profiles, including immature and mature olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs), horizontal basal cells, globose basal cells, and sustentacular cells, as well as lymphocyte and myeloid cells expressing immune signals. Further subcluster analysis revealed selective and combinatorial expression of key components in odorant-mediated signal transduction by distinct OSN populations. Additionally, we discovered transcriptional changes specific to certain OSN populations following exposure to a conspecific alarm substance. The single-cell transcriptional atlas of the zebrafish olfactory epithelium provided in this study serves as a valuable tool for exploring cell diversity and assessing genetic profiles from functional and behavioral perspectives in fish.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101277,"journal":{"name":"Water Biology and Security","volume":"4 2","pages":"Article 100324"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143843884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}