Water Biology and Security最新文献

{"title":"Adaptation strategies of juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) facing different dissolved oxygen concentrations in a recirculating aquaculture system","authors":"Xinglei Wu ,&nbsp;Dapeng Li ,&nbsp;Jiamin Lu ,&nbsp;Lu Liu ,&nbsp;Qiushi Yang ,&nbsp;Rong Tang ,&nbsp;Xi Zhang ,&nbsp;Li Li","doi":"10.1016/j.watbs.2023.100202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watbs.2023.100202","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Fishes exposed to different dissolved oxygen concentrations over prolonged time periods have different susceptibility and adaptation mechanisms. In this study, healthy grass carp with an average weight of 214.6 ​± ​18.7 ​g were selected for long-term culture in recirculating aquaculture systems at three different dissolved oxygen concentrations, i.e., 3.00 ​mg/L [(2.57 ​± ​0.33) mg/L, DO_2.57), 5.00 ​mg/L [(4.61 ​± ​0.11) mg/L, DO_4.61], which was the control group, and 7.00 ​mg/L [(6.50 ​± ​0.48) mg/L, DO_6.50]. Blood, gill, muscle, and liver samples were collected after 60 ​days. Using hematoxylin-eosin (HE), alcian blue periodic acid Schiff (AB-PAS) staining, determination of respiratory metabolism enzyme activity, and fluorescent quantitative PCR, the adaptability of juvenile grass carp facing different dissolved oxygen levels were explored. The results showed that the respiration rate increased, and hemoconcentration and hemoglobin (Hb), electrolyte and pH changed at DO_2.57. Furthermore, gill lamellae became thinner and longer, the distance between them increased, the mucus on them decreased and the interstitial cell mass decreased. In addition, the relative expression of apoptosis-related genes <em>bcl-2</em> and <em>bcl-xl</em> in gill tissue decreased, while <em>caspase-3</em> and <em>bax</em> increased. In muscles and liver tissues, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and lactic acid content (LA) increased, pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) activity decreased, and genes related to the respiratory metabolic enzymes <em>PDH-A4</em> and <em>PDH-E1α</em> also changed accordingly. The oxygen consumption rate decreased significantly (<em>P</em> ​&lt; ​0.05). At DO_6.50, the distance between gill lamellae, numbers of red blood cells (RBC) and the content of hemoglobin decreased wheras the mucus on gill lamellae increased. The activity of PDH, the expression of <em>PDH-E1a</em> in liver and oxygen consumption rate increased. Different dissolved oxygen concentrations affected the respiratory behavior, gill tissue structure, blood transport capacity and tissue enzyme activity of juvenile grass carp. In summary, juvenile grass carp showed different adaptation strategies when facing different dissolved oxygen concentrations over prolonged periods in recirculating aquaculture systems.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101277,"journal":{"name":"Water Biology and Security","volume":"2 4","pages":"Article 100202"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49728841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Riverine microplastics and their interaction with freshwater fish","authors":"Badiozaman Sulaiman ,&nbsp;Jamie C. Woodward ,&nbsp;Holly A. Shiels","doi":"10.1016/j.watbs.2023.100192","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watbs.2023.100192","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper outlines the nature of microplastic contamination in rivers and the risks to freshwater fishes. We discuss how input sources influence the concentration and composition of microplastics and examine factors that subsequently influence their spatiotemporal dynamics in a river system. We then discuss how the distributions and assemblages of microplastics can impact the risk of interactions with fishes, and the processes associated with the internalisation of microplastic into the body and across the organs and tissues. Finally, we examine the physical and toxicological effects of microplastic exposure in fish species, with special attention directed towards impacts at environmentally relevant concentrations. This review integrates expertise in fluvial geomorphological processes and how they influence the movement and storage of microplastics in river channel environments at a range of scales. We combine this knowledge with expertise in fish ecology and biology to set out a new and integrated analysis of microplastic dynamics in rivers and how these microplastics interact with fish. The integration of knowledge from these fields allows us also to comment upon the microplastic risk to fish and other biota in river environments.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101277,"journal":{"name":"Water Biology and Security","volume":"2 4","pages":"Article 100192"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49713395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transcriptional profiles in zebrafish atp7a mutants and responses of atp7a mutants to Cu stress","authors":"You Wu,&nbsp;Wenye Liu,&nbsp;Lingya Li,&nbsp;Zhipeng Tai,&nbsp;Jing-Xia Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.watbs.2023.100186","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watbs.2023.100186","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>As a copper (Cu) transport ATPase, ATP7A plays an important role in maintaining Cu homeostasis in the body, but the developmental and physiological roles of <em>atp7a</em> in zebrafish embryogenesis are rarely studied. In this study, normal morphological phenotypes of <em>atp7a</em>^{<em>−/−</em>} homozygous zebrafish were observed at both embryonic and adult stages, however, <em>atp7a</em>^−/− larvae exhibited delayed touch response and obvious transcriptome changes. Compared with the WT (wild type), differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in <em>atp7a</em>^{<em>−/−</em>} larvae showed the enrichment in gene ontology (GO) terms related to several processes including ATPase activity, oxidoreductase activity, active transmembrane transporter activity, ion binding, and the citrate cycle. Furthermore, decreases in both ATP content and Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase activity in <em>atp7a</em>^−/− embryos and larvae were unveiled. 57 overlapping DEGs were found both in WT stressed with Cu and in WT mutated with <em>atp7a</em>, and GO term analysis indicated the enrichment in the genes related to neurexin family protein binding and neuronal cell-cell adhesion. Moreover, 42 overlapping DEGs in Cu stressed WT and Cu stressed <em>atp7a</em>^−/− were identified. GO term analysis showed an enrichment in the genes related to heme binding, implying that Cu was independent of the integral function of <em>atp7a</em> to affect heme binding. In addition, genes involved in the negative regulation of angiogenesis were down-regulated in <em>atp7a</em>^−/− mutants with and without Cu stress, which failed to occur in WT, implying that the integral function of <em>atp7a</em> is required for maintaining the normal expression of angiogenesis genes. The integrative data in this study demonstrated that <em>atp7a</em> is required for ion transport and angiogenesis, and for Cu-induced neurexin family protein binding defects, rather than for Cu-induced heme binding defects, during zebrafish embryogenesis. These findings provide possible clues for human diseases with ATP7A dysfunction and imbalanced Cu homeostasis.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101277,"journal":{"name":"Water Biology and Security","volume":"2 3","pages":"Article 100186"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49712367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Environmental microbes determine macrophage response towards saponin-induced inflammation in zebrafish larvae","authors":"Adrià López Nadal ,&nbsp;Evelien Kidess ,&nbsp;Jos Boekhorst ,&nbsp;Geert Wiegertjes ,&nbsp;Sylvia Brugman","doi":"10.1016/j.watbs.2023.100187","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watbs.2023.100187","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The microbial consortium within an organism is crucial for its development and immune status. Alteration of the host microbiome by antibiotics or antinutritional factors may contribute to increased disease susceptibility. Here, we investigated whether exposure to different microbes could influence zebrafish larval microbiota composition and modulate their immune response towards a saponin challenge. Adult zebrafish were exposed to the antibiotic oxytetracycline (OxyT) or control tank water and their intestinal content was harvested after 30 ​h (24 ​h exposure, 6 ​h wash-out). Subsequently, zebrafish embryos were exposed to either OxyT-treated content or non-treated content from 3 to 6 days post fertilization (dpf). At 6 dpf part of the group received a saponin challenge until 8 dpf. Zebrafish larvae exposed to OxyT-treated adult gut content (3–6 dpf) showed an altered microbiota composition compared to controls. Interestingly, larvae exposed to saponin-treated OxyT-content showed fewer macrophages (as visualized by fluorescent microscopy using mpx:GFP¹¹⁴;mpeg:mCherry transgenic fish) in the overall fish as well as around the gut area than saponin-treated control-exposed larvae. Fewer macrophages were associated with a decreased expression of interleukin 22 (<em>il22</em>) in larvae exposed to saponin-treated OxyT-content compared to controls. Overall, this study shows that exposure to different microbial environments early in life might affect disease susceptibility of larval zebrafish.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101277,"journal":{"name":"Water Biology and Security","volume":"2 3","pages":"Article 100187"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49712408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Invasive cichlids (Teleostei: Cichliformes) in the Amacuzac River, Mexico: Implications for the behavioral ecology of the native Mexican mojarra Amphilophus istlanus","authors":"M. Franco ,&nbsp;E. Arce ,&nbsp;N. Mercado-Silva ,&nbsp;A. Córdoba-Aguilar ,&nbsp;R. Ramírez-Rodríguez","doi":"10.1016/j.watbs.2023.100182","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watbs.2023.100182","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The introduction of species is a leading cause of biodiversity loss and habitat alteration. Several species have invaded Mexican freshwater ecosystems, adversely affecting native fishes. Specifically, in the Amacuzac River of the Balsas Basin (Central Mexico), at least four non-native cichlids have been recorded: tilapia <em>Oreochromis</em> sp., convict cichlid <em>Amatitlania nigrofasciata</em>, spotcheek cichlid <em>Thorichthys maculipinnis</em>, and green terror <em>Andinoacara rivulatus</em>. These species co-occur with the Mexican mojarra <em>Amphilophus istlanus</em>, the only native cichlid in the Basin. Invasive cichlids compete for resources such as shelter and food, and prey on offspring of the Mexican mojarra. In the presence of invasive cichlids, the costs and risks of foraging and finding available shelter increase for the native cichlid. Predation pressure from invasive cichlid fishes on the Mexican mojarra increases the time invested by parents in caring for offspring and their stress levels, potentially contributing to Mexican mojarra population declines. Here, we gathered the best evidence available to discuss some mechanisms and consequences of such co-occurrences in relation to reproductive behaviors, parental care, competition for resources, and dominance hierarchy, and how the four invasive cichlids have negatively affected the Mexican mojarra.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101277,"journal":{"name":"Water Biology and Security","volume":"2 3","pages":"Article 100182"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49712371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physical habitat condition as a key tool to maintain freshwater biodiversity in neotropical artificial ponds","authors":"Marden S. Linares ,&nbsp;Livia B. dos Santos ,&nbsp;Marcos Callisto ,&nbsp;Jean C. Santos","doi":"10.1016/j.watbs.2023.100189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watbs.2023.100189","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In areas highly affected by anthropogenic disturbances, artificial (human-made) freshwater ecosystems can provide habitat for maintaining and conserving regional freshwater biodiversity. We assessed how the physical habitat of artificial ponds affected the structure of benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages. To do so, we tested two hypotheses. (1) Physical habitat disturbances are not detrimental to the diversity of nearby artificial ponds, and (2) Physical habitat disturbances do not cause significant shifts in taxonomic composition. Our results rejected both null hypotheses, i.e., macroinvertebrate diversity metrics correlated significantly and positively with Physical Habitat Integrity index scores, and only sites with high habitat condition scores were significantly associated with sensitive indicator taxa. Our results highlight the importance of maintaining physical habitat conditions for sustaining the ecological health of artificial ponds.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101277,"journal":{"name":"Water Biology and Security","volume":"2 3","pages":"Article 100189"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49712457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tropical and subtropical streams: A synthesis","authors":"Robert M. Hughes,&nbsp;Paulo Santos Pompeu,&nbsp;Marcos Callisto,&nbsp;Kai Chen,&nbsp;Leandro Juen,&nbsp;Bianca de Freitas Terra","doi":"10.1016/j.watbs.2023.100188","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watbs.2023.100188","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Tropical and sub-tropical streams harbor great biodiversity and are responsible for crucial ecosystem services. Intending to contribute to the understanding of how anthropogenic stressors and pressures alter functional or taxonomic diversity in biotic assemblages or processes in these systems, <em>Water Biology and Security</em> published eight papers. The research originated from Cameroon (Central Africa), southeastern Brazil, eastern Amazonia, and eastern China, representing eight river basins: Huai, Sui and Yishusi from east Asia; São Francisco, Doce, Jequitinhonha, and Amazon from South America; and Congo from Africa. The last two are the most biodiverse on the planet. The studied biomes included tropical rainforest and savanna, neotropical savanna and rainforest, neotropical savanna mountains, and subtropical monsoon forest. The response variables included fish assemblages (3 papers), entire macroinvertebrate assemblages or sub-groups (4 papers), and stream physical habitat structure (1 paper).</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101277,"journal":{"name":"Water Biology and Security","volume":"2 3","pages":"Article 100188"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49712012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Successful transplantation of cryopreserved spermatogonia in Sebastes schlegelii: A simple and suitable alternative approach for conservation of viviparous fish","authors":"Li Zhou ,&nbsp;Xueying Wang ,&nbsp;Shuran Du ,&nbsp;Shihong Xu ,&nbsp;Yanfeng Wang ,&nbsp;Zongcheng Song ,&nbsp;Qinghua Liu ,&nbsp;Jun Li","doi":"10.1016/j.watbs.2023.100142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watbs.2023.100142","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Black rockfish (<em>Sebastes schlegelii</em>) is one of the most important marine economic viviparous fishes. Recently, germplasm degradation and genetic diversity reduction have occurred due to overfishing and long-term artificial breeding. Germ cell transplantation combined with cryopreservation may be an alternative way to protect genetic resources. However, in viviparous fish that undertake fertilization and embryo development <em>in vivo</em>, transplantation is more difficult than in oviparous fish, including selection of transplantation stage, isolation of germ stem cells, and preparation of sterile recipients. This seriously restricts the development of viviparous transplantation. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to explore a transplantation method suitable for these species. Donor cells were isolated from cryopreserved whole testes of 300–400 ​g male <em>Sebastes schlegelii</em> in May, labeled by PKH26, and intra-peritoneally transplanted into allogeneic larvae at 5–10 days post-birth. Subsequently, the development of donor-derived cells in recipients were continuously detected by fluorescence labeling, histology, microsatellite markers, and fecundity tests. The results showed that donors were rich in spermatogonia (75%) and recipients maintained a high survival rate after transplantation, with a rate of &gt;20% at sexual maturity. Further, donor-derived cells successfully migrated (100%), colonized, and incorporated into the developing recipient gonad (93.33%). Finally, transplanted recipients could normally develop and differentiate into male and female individuals, with donor-derived gametes found in 65.38% of mature recipients. In the present study, we first establish a simple and suitable transplantation method for <em>Sebastes schlegelii</em> using immature males and specific larvae, which will serve as a promising tool in the protection of germplasm resources for this transplantation-restricted marine viviparous species.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101277,"journal":{"name":"Water Biology and Security","volume":"2 3","pages":"Article 100142"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49712409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seasonal occurrence of microplastics in sediment of two South African recreational reservoirs","authors":"Thendo Mutshekwa ,&nbsp;Linton F. Munyai ,&nbsp;Lutendo Mugwedi ,&nbsp;Ross N. Cuthbert ,&nbsp;Farai Dondofema ,&nbsp;Tatenda Dalu","doi":"10.1016/j.watbs.2023.100185","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watbs.2023.100185","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Inland water systems are regarded as a pathway and sink of plastic pollutants from the terrestrial environment. Aquatic ecosystems are globally contaminated with microplastics, but the spatiotemporal occurrence and density of microplastics in freshwater ecosystems remain poorly understood. The present study seasonally assessed differences in microplastic density in the sediments from two South African recreational reservoirs associated with low human activities (macadamia orchards) and high human activities (communal areas). Microplastics were recovered from all of the reservoirs assessed, indicating their extensive occurrence and densities. Microplastic numbers were significantly higher in reservoirs associated with high anthropogenic activities during the hot-dry season (140.6 particles kg⁻¹ dwt) and lower in reservoirs associated with low anthropogenic activities during the hot-wet and cool-dry seasons, i.e., 22.60 particles kg⁻¹ dwt and 16.13 particles kg⁻¹ dwt, respectively. Overall, polypropylene (31%) and polystyrene (30%) were identified as the dominant types of microplastic polymer in both reservoir types. Moreover, no correlative relationships were observed for environmental parameters and microplastic densities across reservoirs and seasons, suggesting a widespread and largely context-independent pollution level. These results show that microplastics are not evenly distributed between waters associated with low human activities and high human activities. Future work should seek greater sample sizes and centre around observing microplastic contamination in the region by examining their sources, transport, and impacts to freshwater environments, whilst informing management strategies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101277,"journal":{"name":"Water Biology and Security","volume":"2 3","pages":"Article 100185"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49712452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification of driving factors of algal growth in the South-to-North Water Diversion Project by Transformer-based deep learning","authors":"Jing Qian ,&nbsp;Nan Pu ,&nbsp;Li Qian ,&nbsp;Xiaobai Xue ,&nbsp;Yonghong Bi ,&nbsp;Stefan Norra","doi":"10.1016/j.watbs.2023.100184","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watbs.2023.100184","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Accurate and credible identification of the drivers of algal growth is essential for sustainable utilization and scientific management of freshwater. In this study, we developed a deep learning-based Transformer model, named Bloomformer-1, for end-to-end identification of the drivers of algal growth without the needing extensive a priori knowledge or prior experiments. The Middle Route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project (MRP) was used as the study site to demonstrate that Bloomformer-1 exhibited more robust performance (with the highest <em>R</em>², 0.80 to 0.94, and the lowest RMSE, 0.22–0.43 ​μg/L) compared to four widely used traditional machine learning models, namely extra trees regression (ETR), gradient boosting regression tree (GBRT), support vector regression (SVR), and multiple linear regression (MLR). In addition, Bloomformer-1 had higher interpretability (including higher transferability and understandability) than the four traditional machine learning models, which meant that it was trustworthy and the results could be directly applied to real scenarios. Finally, it was determined that total phosphorus (TP) was the most important driver for the MRP, especially in Henan section of the canal, although total nitrogen (TN) had the highest effect on algal growth in the Hebei section. Based on these results, phosphorus loading controlling in the whole MRP was proposed as an algal control strategy.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101277,"journal":{"name":"Water Biology and Security","volume":"2 3","pages":"Article 100184"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49733803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}