{"title":"Editorial responsibilities arising from personalization algorithms","authors":"Koene Ansgar, Vallejos Elvira Perez, Webb Helena, Patel Menisha, Ceppi Sofia, Jirotka Marina, McAuley Derek","doi":"10.29297/orbit.v1i1.26","DOIUrl":"10.29297/orbit.v1i1.26","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Social media platforms routinely apply personalization algorithms to ensure the content presented to the user is relevant and engaging. These algorithms are designed to prioritize and make some pieces of information more visible than others. However, there is typically no transparency in the criteria used for ranking the information, and more importantly, the consequences that the resulting content could have on users. Social media platforms argue that because they do not alter content, just reshape the way it is presented to the user, they are merely technological companies (not media companies). We highlight the value of a Responsible Research and innovation (RRI) approach to the design, implementation and use of personalization algorithms. Based on this and in combination with reasoned analysis and the use of case studies, we suggest that social media platforms should take editorial responsibility and adopt a code of ethics to promote corporate social responsibility.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101247,"journal":{"name":"The ORBIT Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":"Pages 1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2515856220300687/pdf?md5=2d6c01a38ac8fa394d62af2cf6b04110&pid=1-s2.0-S2515856220300687-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69883173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The ORBIT JournalPub Date : 2017-01-01Epub Date: 2017-10-24DOI: 10.29297/orbit.v1i2.49
M.J. Wolf, K.W. Miller, F.S. Grodzinsky
{"title":"Why We Should Have Seen That Coming","authors":"M.J. Wolf, K.W. Miller, F.S. Grodzinsky","doi":"10.29297/orbit.v1i2.49","DOIUrl":"10.29297/orbit.v1i2.49","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this paper we examine the case of Tay, the Microsoft AI chatbot that was launched in March, 2016. After less than 24 hours, Microsoft shut down the experiment because the chatbot was generating tweets that were judged to be inappropriate since they included racist, sexist, and anti-Semitic language. We contend that the case of Tay illustrates a problem with the very nature of learning software (LS is a term that describes any software that changes its program in response to its interactions) that interacts directly with the public, and the developer’s role and responsibility associated with it. We make the case that when LS interacts directly with people or indirectly via social media, the developer has additional ethical responsibilities beyond those of standard software. There is an additional burden of care.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101247,"journal":{"name":"The ORBIT Journal","volume":"1 2","pages":"Pages 1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.29297/orbit.v1i2.49","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45248044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The ORBIT JournalPub Date : 2017-01-01Epub Date: 2017-08-30DOI: 10.29297/orbit.v1i1.17
Magrani Eduardo
{"title":"Threats of the internet of things in a techno-regulated society","authors":"Magrani Eduardo","doi":"10.29297/orbit.v1i1.17","DOIUrl":"10.29297/orbit.v1i1.17","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The promise of hyperconnectivity. Continuous interaction between gadgets, sensors and people points to the rising number of data being produced, stored and processed. On one hand, it may bring benefits to consumers, on the other, growing connectivity, accompanied by data overflow, can also challenge privacy and fundamental rights. This paper approaches some of the challenges faced by the rule of law posed by the advancement of the Internet of Things, which includes a wide variety of actors, most importantly private companies that seek to promote techno-regulation through design, algorithms and market-based contracts.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101247,"journal":{"name":"The ORBIT Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":"Pages 1-17"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2515856220300626/pdf?md5=0cefc0712676f1935b0dc2582633f727&pid=1-s2.0-S2515856220300626-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47743084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The ORBIT JournalPub Date : 2017-01-01Epub Date: 2017-08-30DOI: 10.29297/orbit.v1i1.28
Markus Christen, Bert Gordijn, Karsten Weber, Ibo van de Poel, Emad Yaghmaei
{"title":"A Review of Value-Conflicts in Cybersecurity","authors":"Markus Christen, Bert Gordijn, Karsten Weber, Ibo van de Poel, Emad Yaghmaei","doi":"10.29297/orbit.v1i1.28","DOIUrl":"10.29297/orbit.v1i1.28","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Cybersecurity is of capital importance in a world where economic and social processes increasingly rely on digital technology. Although the primary ethical motivation of cybersecurity is prevention of informational or physical harm, its enforcement can also entail conflicts with other moral values. This contribution provides an outline of value conflicts in cybersecurity based on a quantitative literature analysis and qualitative case studies. The aim is to demonstrate that the security-privacy- dichotomy—that still seems to dominate the ethics discourse based on our bibliometric analysis—is insufficient when discussing the ethical challenges of cybersecurity. Furthermore, we want to sketch how the notion of contextual integrity could help to better understand and mitigate such value conflicts.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101247,"journal":{"name":"The ORBIT Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":"Pages 1-19"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2515856220300705/pdf?md5=4d18bf63d652af956546625cc2bcfa3e&pid=1-s2.0-S2515856220300705-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49201666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The ORBIT JournalPub Date : 2017-01-01Epub Date: 2017-10-24DOI: 10.29297/orbit.v1i2.54
Wade L. Robison
{"title":"Digital Privacy: Leibniz 2.0","authors":"Wade L. Robison","doi":"10.29297/orbit.v1i2.54","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29297/orbit.v1i2.54","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In 1963, Chief Justice Earl Warren called the ‘fantastic advances in the field of electronic communication’ a danger to the privacy of the individual. If we use the privacy torts as developed in American law — intrusion, disclosure, false light, appropriation — we can see how dangerous those advances have been regarding our privacy. We will see how readily so many can do so much more to invade the privacy of so many more. We will also see a thread running through the privacy torts that was not readily visible before: invasions of privacy treat us as objects to be observed, revealed, manipulated, and used.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101247,"journal":{"name":"The ORBIT Journal","volume":"1 2","pages":"Pages 1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2515856220300511/pdf?md5=3bc2f4d1446c3fa2e49bcd8c9112efbc&pid=1-s2.0-S2515856220300511-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"137229292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The ORBIT JournalPub Date : 2017-01-01Epub Date: 2017-08-30DOI: 10.29297/orbit.v1i1.16
Toptchiyska Denitza
{"title":"The Rule of Law and EU Data Protection Legislation","authors":"Toptchiyska Denitza","doi":"10.29297/orbit.v1i1.16","DOIUrl":"10.29297/orbit.v1i1.16","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The article aims to analyse the evolution of the EU data protection legislation against the rule of law standards related to quality of law, formal justice and protection of human rights, focusing on some recent controversial issues related to the application of EU data protection model to technological environment. The analysis looks into the concepts of data controller and data processor as they are essential for the allocation of responsibilities in the processing of personal data as well as for the identification of applicable legislation. Further it considers the right to be forgotten and the implementation of the balance test in cases when there are opposing rights and legitimate interests of the data subject and data controller. The analysis is made on the basis of the EU data protection legislation, that is currently in force, the Opinions of the Article 29 Working Party and the case law of the Court of Justice of the EU (CJEU), which provides guidance on the uniform interpretation of the data protection concepts at EU level. The article also takes in consideration the current reform in the field of data protection in the frames of which in 2016 the new General Data Protection Regulation has been adopted.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101247,"journal":{"name":"The ORBIT Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":"Pages 1-16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2515856220300614/pdf?md5=5249884585adca243a80d7e46a2ec931&pid=1-s2.0-S2515856220300614-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45450596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The ORBIT JournalPub Date : 2017-01-01Epub Date: 2017-10-24DOI: 10.29297/orbit.v1i2.46
Flick Catherine, Dennis L. Meghan, Reinhard Andrew
{"title":"Exploring simulated game worlds","authors":"Flick Catherine, Dennis L. Meghan, Reinhard Andrew","doi":"10.29297/orbit.v1i2.46","DOIUrl":"10.29297/orbit.v1i2.46","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><em>No Man’s Sky</em> is an open world space procedural exploration game which allows players to traverse space in space ships, land on and explore planets. A group of archaeogamers (archaeologists interested in video games for varying reasons) decided to treat the game as an archaeological site, and within the <em>No Man’s Sky</em> Archaeological Survey explore, catalogue findings, and analyze objects and constructs within the game from an archaeological perspective. One of the aspects of this activity was to create a Code of Ethics – this paper describes the creation of the Code, the difficulties in implementation of the Code, and offers some recommendations to game developers who wish to encourage similar archaeological exploration within their own games.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101247,"journal":{"name":"The ORBIT Journal","volume":"1 2","pages":"Pages 1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S251585622030047X/pdf?md5=87539dc195aa1c91a2da04b66b3fd70d&pid=1-s2.0-S251585622030047X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44794682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The ORBIT JournalPub Date : 2017-01-01Epub Date: 2017-10-24DOI: 10.29297/orbit.v1i2.56
Thessa Jensen, Peter Vistisen
{"title":"Ethical Design Fiction","authors":"Thessa Jensen, Peter Vistisen","doi":"10.29297/orbit.v1i2.56","DOIUrl":"10.29297/orbit.v1i2.56","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this paper we examine how ethical challenges can be approached in and through design fiction. To do so, we develop a new framework for analysis as well as creation of design fictions. Our main focus will be on design fiction within a strategical setting, connecting the notion of design fiction to the design process within large corporations as well as strategic design and decision making. Three cases are presented to support our findings. The final contribution will be the design fiction framework found in the conclusion.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101247,"journal":{"name":"The ORBIT Journal","volume":"1 2","pages":"Pages 1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2515856220300535/pdf?md5=fd1d5383066927b2c6ca23ba21ecab6f&pid=1-s2.0-S2515856220300535-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69883626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Ethics of Information Education for Living with Robots","authors":"Murakami Yuko, Tatsumi Takeo, Otani Takushi, Harada Yasunari","doi":"10.29297/orbit.v1i1.21","DOIUrl":"10.29297/orbit.v1i1.21","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>CT drastically changes our lifestyle. Education must keep up with the change to have our next generation to survive. This paper will first point out lack of unanimous ethical guideline on ICT with illustrations from the current educational practices in Japan, then claim that coherent policies need a coherent conceptual system. As any guidelines of information education reflect a value system, or ethical bases of our decision making, it is essential to invite civilians and non-professionals of ICT to commit themselves in research, development, and education from the early stages.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101247,"journal":{"name":"The ORBIT Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":"Pages 1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.29297/orbit.v1i1.21","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42948364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The ORBIT JournalPub Date : 2017-01-01Epub Date: 2017-08-30DOI: 10.29297/orbit.v1i1.14
Urquhart Lachlan
{"title":"Ethical Dimensions of User Centric Regulation","authors":"Urquhart Lachlan","doi":"10.29297/orbit.v1i1.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29297/orbit.v1i1.14","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this paper, we question the role of information technology (IT) designers in IT regulation. Through our concept of user centric regulation (UCR) we unpack what a closer alignment of IT design and regulation could mean. We also situate how they can respond to their ethical and legal duties to end users. Our concept asserts that human computer interaction (HCI) designers are now regulators and as designers are not traditionally involved in the practice of regulation hence the nature of their role is ill- defined. We believe designers need support in understanding what their new role entails, particularly managing ethical dimensions that go beyond law and compliance. We use conceptual analysis to consolidate perspectives from across Human Computer Interaction and Information Technology Law and Regulation, Computer Ethics, Philosophy of Technology, and beyond. We focus in this paper on the importance of mediation and responsibility and illustrate our argument by drawing on the emerging technological setting of smart cities.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101247,"journal":{"name":"The ORBIT Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":"Pages 1-18"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.29297/orbit.v1i1.14","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"137163107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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